EEE 11
Programming Fundamentals
Jhoanna Rhodette I. [email protected]
Consultation: EEEI 209 (CNL Faculty Room) Tue 8-12 nn, Thur 8-10 am, Thur 1-4pm, Fri 1-2:30 pm
EEE 11: Programming Fundamentals
Why are WE here?
EEE 11: Programming Fundamentals
Programming is not, by itself, hard.
● Does not require innate capability.● Does not require physical ability.● It does, however, require:
A certain degree of CraftsmanshipPatience and Resolve to stick to a problem
Attention to detail
EEE 11: Programming Fundamentals
Attention to Detail
● Details matter● Computers are incredibly stupid!● Computers do EXACTLY what you tell them to do● When you're programming, it helps to be able to ``think'' as
stupidly as the computer does, so that you're in the right frame of mind for specifying everything in minute detail, and not assuming that the right thing will happen unless you tell it to.
EEE 11: Programming Fundamentals
Good Memory
Standardfunctions
SyntaxDefined
variables andfunctions
Techniques
EEE 11: Programming Fundamentals
Ability to abstract and think on several levels
● Need to compartmentalize tasks: little black
boxes● Solve big problems by solving the little problems● Be aware of the assumptions made
EEE 11: Programming Fundamentals
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
projecteuler.net
You don't learn how to play basketball by watching ESPN.
You don't learn how to play play the piano by
reading a book.
EEE 11: Programming Fundamentals
Other tips:● Bring your lecture notes to class● Buy / borrow from the library a C programming
book (any book!)– Kernighan & Richie: The C Programming
Language● Use your time in the laboratory wisely● Have access to a computer outside lab hours.● Have F U N
Course OutlineFIRST EXAM
● Introduction ComputersNumber Representation Problem Solving and Algorithms
● C Programming SyntaxVariables and data typesOperators, expressions and statementsControl structures
SECOND EXAM● Modularity
FunctionsStandard Libraries
● Aggregate Data TypesArrays and strings Multi-dimensional ArraysStructures and Unions
Course OutlineTHIRD EXAM
● Dynamic Data StructuresMemory and PointersLinked ListsTrees Others
● File I/OSearching and Sorting UNIX/Linux environment
Grading System
● Lecture Grade (50%) Laboratory Grade (50%): Exams 45% Machine Problems 30% Exercises, HW, Attendance 5% Machine Exercises 20%
Must pass BOTH
● Final grade92-100 1.0 72 - <76 2.2588 - <92 1.25 68 - <72 2.5084 - <88 1.50 64 - <68 2.7580 - <84 1.75 60 - <64 3.076 - <80 2.0 <60 5.0
Textbooks
● C for engineers and scientists, Cheng, 2009● The Joy of C 3/e, Miller & Quilici, 1997● C: How to Program 6/e, Dietel & Dietel, 2010● C by Dissection 4/e, Kelley & Pohl, 2000
● C Programming Language, Kernighan & Ritchie, 1988
... actually, any book in C is better than having no book at all!
Class Policies● UVLE will be used extensively in this course.
– It is the student's responsibility to check the email associated with UVLE regularly for updates and course announcements.
– Students are required to enroll themselves in the following course in UVLE:
Course name: EEE 11 : Programming Fundamentals Password: eee11jipedrasa● Students must read and comply with the UP Acceptable
Use Policy (AUP).● No make-up or final exam will be given. Students who
arrive 30 mins late after the start of the exam will NOT be allowed to take the exam.
Class Policies● Attendance will be checked every lecture meeting. A
student found absent more than 20% of the total course time (around 3 lecture/lab meetings) may be given a failing grade.
● Cheating in the exam, machine exercises and machine problems is punishable with a grade of 5.0 and is grounds for suspension/expulsion.
● Avoid talking in class. Keep your phone in silent mode, or turn it off when the class is in session.
● No eating and drinking inside the lecture halls.
Practice ........ practice ....... practice .....
EEE 11
Lecture 1:
History of ComputersComputer System
Number Representation
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What is a computer?
● A programmable machine that responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program)
● Anything that “computes”– e.g. calculator
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History of Computers: Early days● 500 B.C.- Abacus● 1600s - Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Leibniz
mechanical calculators● 1800s - Joseph Jacquard
“programmable” weaving loom - Charles Babbage's analytical engine - punch card system
● 1940 - John Atanasoff's computer using boolean algebra
● 1943 - First electronic computer ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
● 1951 - John von Neumann architecture: stored-program computers
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Early computers
ENIAC (1946)Babbage Difference Engine(1832)
25k parts, 13,600kg, £17470
17,468 vacuum tubes, 150kW
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History of Computers: Commercialization● 1950s - 1st commercial computer (IBM)● 1957 - Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA)● 1962 - Space War = 1st computer game● 1964 - IBM System/360 = 1st OS● 1968 - ARPANET at UCLA● 1969 - UNIX OS by AT&T Bell Labs
- UCLA introduces the Internet● 1970 - Intel produces 1st microprocessor
- Mouse is patented● 1972 - Pong by Atari = 1st commercial video game● 1973 - Xerox develops 1st GUI system● 1974 - TCP is published
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History of Computers: Killer Apps● 1975 - Microsoft is established● 1976 - Apple Computers founded; Apple I released● 1977 - Apple II with colored graphics is introduced
- 1st commercial network ARCNET● 1978 - TCP splits to TCP/IP; UDP created
- Apple DOS 3.1 (1st OS of Apple computers) - VisiCalc (early version of spreadsheets)
● 1979 - Wordstar (word processor)● 1981 - IBM personal computers are introduced
using MS-DOS● 1982 - Wordperfect 1.0; Lotus 1-2-3● 1983 - ARPANET standardizes TCP/IP
(birth of the modern internet) - MS Windows
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History of Computers: Modern Internet● 1984 - IBM releases 1st portable computer (30 lbs)
- 1st MUD is released - Appletalk is released
● 1985 - Nintendo Entertainment System (NES)● 1991 - Linux is introduced● 1992 - Windows 3.1● 1993 - DOOM was released
(turning point of 1st person shooter)● 1994 - Netscape was established
- Yahoo search engine● 1995 - Windows 95 and IE 1.0● 1997 - IEEE 802.11 Wifi standard● 1998 - Google is released
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Moore's Law
“The number of transistors on a chip will double every 18 to 24 months”
-Gordon Moore, 1965
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Transistor Counts
Source: Intel
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Intel Xeon 7400 Series (2008)
Intel Xeon 7400 Series (2008)
64-bit processor, 6 cores1.9 billion transistors
2.66 GHz, 130W
Intel 4004 Microprcessor (1971)
4-bit processor, 1 core2,000 transistors
0.06MHz
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Desktop Computer
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Inside Your PC
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Basic Functional Units of A Computer
Input
Output
Memory
Arithmetic and Logic
Control
I/O Processor
KeyboardMouseTouch-screen
MonitorPrinter
● Primary storage● Main memory● Volatile● Fast● expensive, low capacity● RAM
● Secondary storage● Non-volatile● Cheap, high capacity● Generally slower
+,-,/,*compare
coordinator
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Hardware vs Software
● Hardware – Refers to objects that you can actually touch– disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards,
printers, boards, and chips
● Software – Untouchable / intangible component of a computer– exists as ideas, concepts, and symbols, but it has no
substance
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So how does hardware relate to software?
● An analogy (Computer ↔ Book) Computer Book– Hardware pages and the ink– Software paragraphs & overall theme
A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages
Software to makes the computer useful
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Creating / Building a software
IdeasSourceCodes
Interpreter
Linker
Compiler
Binaries / Executable
Library
Objectfiles
SourceCodes
SourceCodes
Source codes follow a “language”that is understood by the system
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Compilers vs Interpreters
● Compiler – looks at the entire piece of source code– collects and reorganize the instructions to increase
efficiency (if possible)
● Interpreter– analyzes and executes each line of source code– Checks validity of the code
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Programming Languages:The Four Generations
● First generation: machine language– form directly understandable by the computer’s
processor (series of 1’s & 0’s)– processor dependent
● Second generation: assembly language– mnemonic system to represent the machine
language instructions– an assembly process translated the encoded
instructions into machine language
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Programming Languages:The Four Generations
● Third generation programming languages (3GL)– use of compilers and interpreters to translate
statements into machine language– Procedure-oriented
– COBOL, FORTRAN, C, BASIC, Pascal, Ada, LISP, Prolog– Object-Oriented
– Java, C++, Python, C#
● Fourth generation programming languages (4GL)– closer to human languages– require fewer commands to perform a given task
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Number Representation
● Computers can only process numbers
● Real-world data are normally mapped to numerical values
– e.g. Colors are in RGB values of 0-255 each
● Use of appropriate number systems to make representations simpler
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Positional Number Systems● Each digit is assigned a weight dependent on its
position relative to a radix point
● Set of symbols consisting of r elements are used to represent each digit
– r is also known as radix or base
● Example: 6 7 8 . 9 1 (r =10 elements are 0, 1 … 9) 6 has a weight of r2=102
If radix point is here
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Conversion to Decimal
● Multiply each binary digit by its weight, then add all the products
● Mathematical representation: Let ABCDE be a 5-digit number in base r then the value of ABCDE
r is
A r4 + B r3 + C r2 + D r1 + E r0
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Example using binary (base 2)
1 1 0 1 1 . 0 12 = ( ? )10
x 2-2 = 0.25x 2-1 = 0x 20 = 1x 21 = 2x 22 = 0x 23 = 8x 24 = 16
Answer = 27.25 10
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Example using octal (base 8)
1 2 5 0 6 . 1 78 = ( ? )10
x 8-2 = 0.109x 8-1 = 0.125x 80 = 6x 81 = 0x 82 = 320x 83 = 1024x 84 = 4096
Answer = 5446.234 10
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Hexadecimal (Base 16 )● Digits include
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
● Use A = 10 B = 11 C = 12 D = 13 E = 14 F = 15
● e.g. ABC16
= 10x162 + 11x161 + 12x160 = 2,748
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Conversion from decimal (Integer portion)
Conversion from Decimal (Integer portion)● Continuously divide the integer portion of the number by r.● Note the remainder after each division● The resulting number are just the remainders from the last to
first (left to right).
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Examples
7710 = ( ? )2
2 /772 /38 12 /19 02 /9 12 /4 12 /2 0 1 0 ANS: 10011012
5610 = ( ? )2
2 /562 /28 02 /14 02 /7 02 /3 12 /1 1 0 1 ANS: 1110002
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Simplified Derivation
● Let K = value in Decimal– Let this equal to ABCDE in binary
e.g. K=1310 = 01101
2 (A=0, B=1, C=1,D=0,E=1)
K = 24A + 23B + 22C +21D+20EK/2 = 23A + 22B + 21C +20D remainder E
L = 23A + 22B + 21C +20DL/2 = 22A + 21B + 20C remainder D...
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Conversion from decimal (fraction portion)
Conversion from Decimal (fraction portion)● Continuously MULTIPLY the fractional portion of the number
by r.● Note the integer portion after each multiplication the remove it
from the number● The resulting number is just the integer parts extracted while
multiplying
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Example
0.710 = ( ? )2 , up to 5 bits after the binary point
2 * .7 = 1.4 12 * .4 = 0.8 02 * .8 = 1.6 12 * .6 = 1.2 12 * .2 = 0.4 0 Answer: 0.101102
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Simplified Derivation
● Let K = value in Decimal– Let this equal to 0.ABC... in binary
e.g. K=0.6410 = 0.101...
2 (A=1, B=0, C=1)
K = 2-1A + 2-2B + 2-3C ...2K = A + 2-1B + 2-2C ... A = whole #
L = 2-1B + 2-2C ...2L = B + 2-1C B = whole #...
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Mixed numbers?
● Handle fractional and whole part separately then add
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Octal to/from binary● An octal digit is ALWAYS equal to three (3)
binary digits, – e.g. 5
8 = 101
2
● Simply replace the octal digit with the corresponding binary digits and vice-versa Octal Binary 0 000 1 001 2 010 3 011 4 100 5 101 6 110 7 111
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Example
1 2 5 0 6 1 78
= ( ? )2
= 111= 001= 110= 000= 101= 010= 001
Answer = 001 010 101 000 110 001 111 2
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Hexadecimal to/from binary● A hexadecimal digit is equal to four (4) binary
digitsHexadecimal Binary Hexadecimal Binary
0 0000 8 1000 1 0001 9 1001 2 0010 A 1010 3 0011 B 1011 4 0100 C 1100 5 0101 D 1101 6 0110 E 1110 7 0111 F 1111
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Example
E 2 5A 6 1 716
= ( ? )2
= 0111= 0001= 0110= 1010= 0101= 0010= 1110
Answer = 1110 0010 0101 1010 0110 0001 0111 2
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Hexadecimal to/from Octal● Expand first to binary then group by 4 or 3
depending on the destination
● e.g. ABC16
= (?)8
= A B C
16
= 1010 1011 1100
2
… regroup by 3's ...
= 101 010 111 100
2
= 5 2 7 4
8
= 5274
8
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Credits
The Center for Programmers and Users. Fundamentals of Programming Hand-out 1
http://www.howstuffworks.comDefinitions from: http://www.webopedia.com
Flowchart examples from:http://www.eng.iastate.edu/efmd/161algor.htm#examples
Additional reading:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer