Animal Behavior:
Habitat Choice
Animal Behavior:
Habitat Choice
Relates to Alcock Ch. 8
Announcements
Schedule:
This lecture will include lecture and lab time
Lectures will be on Alcock Ch. 8 and beginning of Alcock Ch. 10 &11
In-class discussion of homework on Ch. 5, Ch 6& 9 and Ch. 7 &8
Field Trip Vote (Nov 22, Dec 6)
Announcements
You will receive
Mouse ethogram labs
(use comments on zoo behavior study paper)
Datasheets from 2nd lab
(use structure as a reference for zoo study)
Posted
Previous lecture
(Slideshare software)
Information for writing paper
Updated syllabus
Due dates/Deadlines
Due dates/deadlines:
Re-submission of pre-midterm homeworks is due November 20
Re-submission deadline for HW 6,7,8 (Ch. 5, Ch. 6&9, Ch. 7&8) is November 20
Posted on Nov 14th is the information for structuring ethogram and zoo proposal.
You will receive zoo proposal revisions and the ethograms (I forgot to hand them out) on Tuesday the Nov 18th.
Zoo proposal is due Nov 25
Zoo paper is due December 2
Zoo oral presentations given on December 4
Note: There is a penalty in your grade for not completing homework on time
Review previous lecture
Review:
Theories to explain adaptive behavior
Game theory
Behavioral choices (strategies) in a social context)
Optimal theory
Optimizing a fitness proxy
e.g. optimal foraging theory
Habitat Choice and Feeding: Outline
Habitat selection
Source habitats (populations); sink habitats (populations)
Habitat preference
Dispersal
Inbreeding depression
Migration
Costs
Benefits
Migration as Conditional tactic
Habitat selection
Factors:
Resource availability
Competition for resources
Habitat selection and Competition
Competition influences habitat selection
Primarily measured by resource competition
Habitat selection and Competition
Example: Aphids
Location on leaf
Habitat selection and Competition
Game theory
High quality habitat vs low quality
Fitness tradeoff between high quality habitat and density of population such that individual fitness is high in lower quality, less dense habitat
Habitat selection and Competition
Trade-off between quality of rocks and size of territories in male lizards
Swarm of bees making a new hive, Distance of equally optimal habitat, more distant location is chosen
In areas where hives are bigger (northern Europe) and competition more intense, swarms move farther to found a new hive, than areas where hives are smaller (southern Europe)
Dispersal
Costs
Energy
Predation risk
Risk of not finding a habitat
Dispersal benefits
Reduced inbreeding depression
Inbreeding depression = increase risk when closely related individuals mate of getting both recessive alleles of damaging traits
Reduce competition (e.g., territorial disputes)
Dispersal cost/benefit tradeoffs
Is there a cost benefit tradeoff to dispersal?
Why/why not?
Dispersal cost/benefit tradeoffs
Energetics cost of flight (dispersal) vs. energy to reproduction
Experiment
Two phenotypes:
large wings (flight)
Small wings (no flight)
Inhibit formation of wings on large phenotype (juvenile hormone)
large wings (flight)
(less energy to reproduction)
large wings (no flight)
(greater energy to reproduction)
Therefore flight apparatus comes at a cost to reproductive output
Migration
Costs
benefits
White sharks
discoveries of migration and new mysteries of life
history
Kevin C. Weng - University of Hawaii at Manoa
30 September 2008
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
Movement Ecology
Territorial
Nomadic
Migratory
Mammal
Migration known in 1960
Grey whale
Eschrichtius gibbosus
Gilmore 1960
Serventy 1967, Baker 1978Bird: Migration Known in 1967Short-Tailed ShearwaterPuffinus tenuirostris
Distribution c. 1999
Patrol coast
Short acoustic tracks
(Carey, McCosker, Strong)
Compagno 1984
Historical Records Precede Captain Cook
Taylor 1985
HURL Sightings
October 4, 2004, Makapuu: Terry Kerby & Amy Baco-Taylor
Jimmy Hall
28 Dec 2005,
Haleiwa
Population Status
No population estimates
Seal colonies off California ~100s
Aggregation in S. Africa ~1000s
Aggregations in Australia ~100s
Pyle, pers. com.; Cliff et al. 1996; Strong et al. 1996
Genetic Population Structure
Reeb, unpublished: separate stock in E PacificPardini et al. Nature 2001:Separate stocks in South Africa and Australia???
Mating
?
Reproductive Biology
Pregnant White Sharks
MediterraneanJapanTaiwanAustraliaNew Zealand???
Young-of-Year White sharks:
Possible Parturition/Nursery
MediterraneanJapanAustraliaNew Zealand
CaliforniaBajaNE AtlanticSouth Africa
Long distance movement to Baja
Trophic Links
Stomach contents (Klimley 1985)
Ontogenetic diet shift:
< 340 cm: fish
> 340 cm: fish + mammals
(Estrada et al. 2006)
Seal behavior and distribution: predator avoidance (Le Bouef & Crocker 1985)
Pelagic Fishes can be Tracked with Recently Developed Tools
SPOT fin-mounted transmitter - Argos position
Adult white shark
PAT Tag - Temperature, Pressure, LightJuvenile white sharkSalmon shark
Our group helped to pioneer this technology
Adult White Sharks:
Farallon Islands, California
Monterey Bay Aquarium
White Shark Data
20 white sharks tracked
435 (401-457) cm total length (median Q1 Q3)
3,336 total days of tracking
Track length 182 (85-217) days
Longest track 367 days
03-583 Male 4.5 m04-155 Male 4.3 mScot Anderson & Adam Brown
Pelagic White Sharks
Boustany et al., 2002 Nature(n = 6)
White Shark to Hawaii
04-160 4 m FemalePhoto: Scot Anderson & Adam BrownTag found by beach-comber at Sea Ranch, CA
White shark movement to Hawaii
Weng et al. 2007 Marine Biology
Seasonal Distribution:
White Sharks (n = 15)
Weng et al. 2007
White Shark Range Expansion
Boustany et al. 2002Weng et al. 2007Compagno 1984
Species range (fishery data)Individual movements
A Week in Life of a White Shark in Hawaii
Diel pattern of behavior
Onshore day, offshore night?
Dolphins, large pelagics, whale placentas?
Monk seals?
Why Migrate to Hawaii ?
Escape winter
Find food
Mate or give birth
Why Migrate to Hawaii ?
Escape winter
Find food
Mate or give birth
No winter in California CurrentX
Why Migrate to Hawaii ?
Escape winter
Find food
Mate or give birth
Pelagic fishes
Sharks & rays
Turtles
Dolphins
Whales
Whale placentas
Reverse Diel Behavior
Deepest dives at night
Nearshore during day
Offshore during night
?
Why Migrate to Hawaii ?
Escape winter
Find food
Mate or give birth
?Both males and femalesNo records of neonates
Return Migration of White Shark
04-156 3.6 m Unknown sexPhoto: Scot Anderson & Adam Brown
Radio Direction Finder
Recover archival tags
Reacquire animal at sea and sample environment or collect additional data
Doppler antennaController Receiver (401.65 MHz)ProcessorSmart friends (Hans Thomas, MBARI)
Full cycle of migration
Days of the Year
White Shark Behavior Changes Dramatically in Different Habitats
OffshoreTravelingNearshore
Vertical Habitat Through Migration
Why Migrate to Subtropical Gyre ?
Escape winter
Find food
Mate or give birth
Why Migrate to Subtropical Gyre ?
Escape winter
Find food
Mate or give birth
Pelagic fishesSharks & raysLow abundance
Primary Productivity
Potential Prey for White Sharks Offshore?
Catch of Bigeye Tuna 2000-2004 IATTC, 2006
White Sharks
Foraging Offshore?
Catch of Bigeye and Yellowfin Tuna 2000-2004 IATTC, 2006
Parturition?
Juvenile white sharks: Southern California & Baja
Weng et al., in press, MEPS
Mexico Pacific:
Why Migrate to Subtropical Gyre ?
Escape winter
Find food
Mate or give birth
Both males and femalesNeonates in S. CA Bight
Mexico Sharks (Guadalupe Isl.)
Domeier and Nasby-Lucas, in press, MEPS
Parturition?
Young bornAdult
Nearshore nursery
Adult
Nearshore nurseryYoung born
Kevin Weng, Stanford University
Migration: Indian Ocean
Aggregation Region
Bonfil et al 2005 Science
Neritic Migrations
Bonfil et al 2005 Science
Africa to Australia
O+3. 8 m shark: not mating
Bonfil et al 2005 Science
Migration: Australia/NZ
Hotspots + highways
3.0 4.0 m white sharks
Bruce et al. 2006, unpublished
Long Distance Movements Linking Australia + New Zealand
Bruce et al. unpublished
Summary White Shark
FeedFeed? Mate?Transit
Summary: White Sharks
Not neritic huge pelagic habitat for the year
Predictable seasonal migration
Regular use of mid-ocean and isolated islands
Australia? Neritic
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