Leadership
Leadership
What Is Leadership?
“The behavioral process of influencing
individuals and groups toward set goals.”
or “influencing others through credibility,
capability, and commitment”
Leaders Versus Managers
A manager takes care of such things as scheduling, budgeting, and organizing, whereas a leader is more concerned with the direction of an organization, including its goals and objectives.
VISION
How Leaders Are Chosen
1. Appointed Leaders
2. Emergent Leaders
Approaches to Studying Leadership
Trait approach
Behavioral approach
Interactional approach
What personality characteristics are common to great leaders?
Key question:
The Trait Approach: The Great Person Theory of Leadership
Results:
What are the universal behaviors (not traits) of effective leaders?
Key question:
Successful leaders use both “consideration” (focus on friendship, mutual trust, respect) and “initiating” (focus on rules, goals, and objectives).
Leaders in non-sport settings
The Behavioral Approach
Leaders in sport
The Behavioral Approach
Effective coaches focus on:
Instruction anddemonstration
The Behavioral Approach
CBASCoaching Behavior Assessment System
Reactive vs. Spont.
Facilitating positive coaching behaviors (frequent use of reinforcement and mistake-contingent encouragement) assures…
Coaching Behavior Assessment System (CBAS) Categories
Reactive BehaviorsReinforcement
Mistake-contingent technical instruction
Mistake-contingent encouragement
Punishment
Punitive technical instruction
Ignoring mistakes
Keeping control
Coaching Behavior Assessment System (CBAS) Categories
Spontaneous BehaviorsGeneral technical instruction
Organization
General encouragement
General communication
Both person and situation factors must be jointly considered to understand effective leadership.
Key:
The Interactional
Approach
Implications:1.
2.
3.
The Interactional
ApproachA relationship-oriented leader focuses on
a task-oriented leader focuses on
Relationship– and task–oriented leaders compared The effectiveness of an
individual’s leadership style stems from _____________the situation.
The Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership
The Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership
Optimal performance and satisfaction are achieved when a leader’s required, preferred, and actual behaviors are consistent.
Key:
Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) Dimensions
Training (instructive behaviors)
Democratic behavior (decision-making style)
Autocratic behavior (decision-making style)
Social support (motivational tendencies)
Positive feedback (motivational tendencies)
Teamwork and the Business World
• Research by Goleman (2000) on the emotional intelligence of business executives identified six leadership styles that are also applicable in sport.
• Different situations call for different leadership styles.
The Coach As Team Leader
• Leadership Styles
– Coercive– Authoritative (best)– Affiliative– Democratic– Pace-setting– Coaching
Antecedents of Leadership
Age and Maturing
Antecedents of Leadership
Gender
Antecedents of Leadership
Type of Sport
Consequences of Leadership
SatisfactionCoach-athlete compatibility in decision style, generous coach social support, and allowing democratic decisions are generally associated with higher athlete satisfaction.
Consequences of Leadership
Performance
Jim Loehr Concepts of Leadership
Consistent Core Competencies• Theme 1: Spiritual leadership
– Clearly define the team mission, goals, and vision.– Recruit commitment and motivation by aligning
team and individual values.– Institute and enforce ethical standards and a code
of conduct that govern both leader and team behavior.
Consistent Core Competencies
• Theme 2: Mental leadership– Ability to focus attention and think clearly under
pressure.– Effectively manage time.– Act decisively from a reality-based perspective.– Have self-awareness.
Consistent Core Competencies
• Theme 3: Emotional leadership– Communicate effectively.– Instill hope, trust, and confidence in teammates.– Demonstrate empathy, humility, and compassion.– Instill in others a sense of challenge, opportunity,
and excitement when facing adversity.
Consistent Core Competencies
• Theme 4: Physical leadership– Behave in accordance with personal and team
values.– Demonstrate integrity: “walk the talk.”– Be accountable and hold others accountable to
clearly defined, measurable outcomes.– Define team success in concrete behavioral terms.
Multidimensional Engagement
Ordinary vs. Extraordinary Leadership
• Adversity is the true test of leadership.
• The crises of competitive sport can become powerful forces of disengagement.
• An important aspect of effective leadership is teaching athletes how to remain fully engaged in spite of injuries, bad losses, parental pressure, negative media coverage, etc.