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LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
Edited by Chi Hun, Kim
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History of LCD
시기 발명자 ( )형태 종류
1854년 R.C Virchow 농도 전이형 액정 발견
1888년 F. Reinitzer 온도 전이형 액정 발견
1930년 V. Freedericksz Freedericksz 전이 발견
1962년 Wiiliams DSM- LCD 특허 출원
1971년 Schadj, Helfrich TN- LCD
1972년 P. Brody Activ- Matrix 제안
1980~1983년 N.Clark, S. longerwall, K.Yoshino LCD강유전성 액정
1984년 Scheffer, Nehring STN- LCD
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Operation Mechanism ( TN-LCD & STN-LCD )
1) TN-LCD 2) STN-LCD
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Operation Mechanism (TFT-LCD)
3) TFT-LCD
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Structure of LCD
Back light
Liquid crystal
Glass substrate
Glass substrate
Color filter
Polarizers
Signal lines
Transparent display electrode
Thin film transistor
Scan lineTransparent commonelectrode
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Black Matrix
Role- Isolation of light source from adjacent pixel- Effect of increase in contrast- Prevention of inaccurate operation
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Component - Black Matrix
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Color Filter Material
구 분 재 료
Binder Polymer (Copolymer or Terpolymer)아크릴계 수지
Photoinitiator and Sensitizer Triazine, I369, DETX
Functional Monome Polyfunctional Acrylates
Solvents PGMEA(Methoxypropylacetate)EEP(Ethyl- 3- ethoxypropionate)Cyclohexanone
Pigments ( 0.15μm ) 평균입경 이하
Red: Dianthraquinone(CI Pigment R177)Green: Halo- Cu- phthalocyanine(CI Pigment G36)Blue: Cu- phthalocyanine(CI Pigment B15:6)Yellow: Isoindoline(CI Pigment Y139)Violet: Dioxazine(CI Pigment V23)
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ITO Etching Margin in PVA Mode
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Two Types of Spacer
It can be expected that the demand of column spacer increase according to increasing of market of LCD-TV.
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Organic Insulating Layer
Black Matrix type - VGA 60%
Organic insulator - VGA 80 ~ 82%
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Materials of Organic Insulating Layer
• Photosensitive resin
• PAC
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Structure
Structure of polarizer in LCD- PVA (Poly vinyl alcohol)- TAC (Tri-acetyl cellulose)- Protection Film- AR(Anti-reflection) AG(Anti-Glare)
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BLU : Optical Sheets & LGP
• Optical Sheets • LGP
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The Functional of Alignment Layer
• LC Alignment by Rubbed Alignment Layer • Regulation of LC Movement
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What is Pretilt Angle (θp)?
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Necessity of Pretilt Angle
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Polyimide (Alignment Layer)
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Steric Effect
⇒ 2.4°
⇒ 6.2°
⇒ 13.3°
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Ultra Violet Arrangement
Polysiloxane cinnamate: PSCN
Photo-dimerized monolayer : PDML
Poly(ω(4-chalconyloxy) alkoxyphenylmaleimide) 6FD-HAB-CI polyimide
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Voltage Holding Ratio (VHR)
VHR(%)PI-1 : 99%PI-2 : 90%PI-3 : 80%PI-4 : 60%PI-5 : 50%
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Liquid Crystal
Nematic, Smectic, Cholesteric, FerroelectricAnti-ferroelectric, Discotic, Polymer LC
Themotropic LC, Lyotropic LC
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Molecular Structure of Liquid Crystal Compounds
Terminal group(Alkyl, Alkoxy, CN, Halogen atm etc.
Central Groups: Benzene or cyclohexane ring
Lateral Substituted group : H, Halogen atom, CN, OH, NO2etc.)
Linkage Groups: Ester, Ethylene, Methyloxy, Acetylene,
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History of Liquid Crystal Compounds
C NR O/ R C NR
C O OR C N
N
N
C NR O /R
C NR
C NR
C NR
C N
O
O
R
C H 2C H 2 C NR
C H 2C H 2R C N
1972/3
1973
1973/4
1976/77
1980
1983
: BDH
: Halle D.D.R
Hoffmann -La Roche
: Merck, F.R.G
: Halle , D.D.R
Hull, BDH
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Fluorine Substituted Liquid Crystal Compounds
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Components for Use in Wide Working Range TN Mixtures
R R '
R C H2
C H2
R '
C H2
C H2
R 'R
R 'R
F
R '
F
C H2
C H2
R
Low viscosity
Wide range, low viscosity
R 'R
R 'R
C H2
C H2
R 'R
C H2
C H2
R 'R
High clearing point
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Chiral Liquid Crystal Compound
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Color Filter PR
Black Matrix
Liquid Crystal
Alignment Layer
Polarizer
Prism Film
Retardation Film
Substrates
Full Color
Pixel
Light Valve
LC Aligning
Polarization of Light
Light Pass
Phase Compensation
Panel substrate
Acrylic Polymer, Pigment
Cr/CrOx, Resin
Organic
Polyimide
PVA, TAC, Adhesives
PET film, UV-Curing resin
Polycarbonate, LC film
Glass, Plastic
Item Function Materials
Current Materials in TFT-LCD
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* : In Plane Switching** : Vertical Alignment
Wide Viewing Angle
Brightness Enhancing
UV-Alignment Layer- IPS* Mode- VA** Mode
High Aperture Tech- Organic Passivation Layer- TFT on CF Array (TOC)
PhotopolymersPhoto-PolyacrylatesPolyimides
Dielectric PolymersHybrid Polymers
Flexible DisplayPlastic SubstrateOrganic TFTOrganic Gate Insulator
Optical PolymersConducting Polymers
Target Application Polymer Materials
New Color TechnologyNovel PDPR for TVInk - Jet Technology
New Polymer Binders
Fast Response Time TV Application (~6 msec) New type LC
New TFT-LCD Technology with (New) Polymer Materials
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Large Area TFT-LCD Market (Quantity)
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Large Area TFT-LCD Market (Revenue)
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Mobile TFT-LCD Applications & Market Size
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Reference
1) Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1847-1873
2) J. R. Park, G. Ryu, J. Byun, H. Hwang S. T. Kim, and I. Kim, Optical review, 9, 207 (2002)
3) http://smdl.snu.ac.kr/lecture/dis/ybkim/kyb.ppt
4) Polymer Science and Technology Vol. 15, No. 6, pp.674-682 December 2004
5) Polymer Science and Technology Vol. 14 No. 2, pp.174-180 April 2003
6) Polymer Science and Technology Vol. 12, No. 3, pp.674-682 June 2001
7) B. O. Myrvold, H. Yokokura, Y. Iwakabe, K. Kondo and S. Ohhara, Japan display, 827 (1992)
8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD
9) http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/LCD.html
10) http://web.media.mit.edu/~stefan/liquid-crystals/liquid-crystals.html
11) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display