Bolívar fights Spanish troops in his endeavorsto free South America.
Simón Bolívar
1750-1914: AN AGE OF REVOLUTIONS
Latin American Independence Movements
IMPERIALISM IN THE CARIBBEAN AND SOUTH AMERICA, 1898–19174
Referred to as Banana Republics
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LATIN AMERICAN WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
What caused discontent in Latin America?
How did Haitians, Mexicans, and people in Central America win independence?
How did nations of South America win independence?
WHAT CAUSED DISCONTENT IN LATIN AMERICA?
By the late 1700s, the revolutionary fever that gripped Western Europe had spread to Latin America. There, discontent was rooted in the social, racial, and political system that had emerged during 300 years of Spanish rule.
Peninsulares were those born of Spanish parents in Spain;
therefore, they had the most wealth, education, & status. Creoles resented their second-class status. Mestizos and mulattoes were angry at being denied the status, wealth, and power available to whites. Native Americans suffered economic misery under the Spanish. Enslaved Africans who worked on plantations longed for freedom.
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STRUGGLES FOR INDEPENDENCE
CENTRAL AMERICA
MEXICO
HAITI
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In 1791, Toussaint L’Ouverture led slaves in revolt. By 1798, enslaved Haitians had been freed. In 1802, Napoleon sent an army to recapture Haiti.Napoleon’s forces agreed to a truce, or temporary peace.
In 1804, Haitian leaders declared independence.
Father Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelas led popular revolts.
Rebels led by Agustín de Iturbide overthrew the Spanish viceroy, creating an independent Mexico. Iturbide took the title of emperor, but was quickly overthrown.
Liberal Mexicans set up the Republic of Mexico.
Spanish-ruled lands declared their independence in the early 1820s.
Local leaders set up the United Provinces of Central America.
The union soon fragmented into separate republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica.
INDEPENDENCE IN SOUTH AMERICA
Simon Bolívar, called “The Liberator,” :the George Washington of South America,” led an uprising that established a republic in Venezuela. He then captured Bogotá, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. In 1816, José de San Martín helped Argentina win freedom from Spain. He then joined forces with Bolívar. Bolívar tried to unite the liberated lands into a single nation called Gran Colombia. However, bitter rivalries made that dream impossible. Before long, Gran Columbia split into three independent countries: Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. (Panama)
In South America, Native Americans had rebelled against Spanish rule as early as the 1700s, with limited results. It was not until the 1800s that discontent sparked a widespread drive for independence.
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INDEPENDENT NATIONS OF LATIN AMERICA ABOUT 18443
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA
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European domination of Latin America
Spread of Enlightenment ideas
American and French revolutions
Growth of nationalism in Latin America
People of Latin America resent colonial rule and social injustices
Revolutionary leaders emerge
Napoleon invades Spain and ousts Spanish king
Toussaint L‘Ouverture leads slave revolt in Haiti
Bolívar, San Martín, and others lead successful revolts in Latin America
Colonial rule ends in much of Latin America
Attempts made to rebuild economies
18 separate republics set up
Continuing efforts to achieve stable democratic governments and to gain economic independence
Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects
Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes
Pedro I
François Toussaint-
Louverture- Miguel Hidalgo
Simón Bolívar
José de San
Martín
Key Peopl
e
LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS, 18TH & 19TH C.
Wars of
Independence
In Latin America
Many Latin American nations tried a break for freedom while Napoleon was in power in Spain & Portugal
RESULTS
Caudillos Strong military leaders emerge Dictatorship and totalitarian systems emerge
Dependency theory challenges “Modernity” theory Western European markets determine the product South America dependent upon others buying their one
crop Banana Republics
United Fruit Company controlled Central America in late 19th and early 20th century
Phrase coined to designate politically unstable, dependent on limited agriculture, and ruled by a small, wealthy and corrupt clique put in power by the United States government in conjunction with the CIA and the US business lobby
LATIN AMERICAN SOCIAL CLASSES
Peninsulares were men born in Spain or Portugal who held highest offices and important military and political positions
Creoles were Spaniards born in the Latin American colonies who were officers in army, but not in government and controlled much of the land and business in the colonies. But they deeply resented power of the peninsulares.
Mestizos made up the majority of the society because it was mixed European and Indian. They worked as servant to the peninsulares and Creoles and as plantation overseers and farmhands.
The Native Americans/Africans were the lowest society group but also the largest. They were not known as citizens but did much labor.
Mulatto-European and African mixed ancestry.
FRENCH COLONIES: REVOLUTION IN HAITI
Saint Domingue, now known as Haiti
Western third of island of Hispanola in Caribbean Sea.
• The first Latin American uprising was in the French colony of Haiti, which was where huge plantations of sugar, cotton and coffee spread across the mountains and valleys of the lush tropical land. The Plantations were owed by French planters and worked by the colony’s enslaved African population
• There was a high demand of sugar and coffee from the small colony of Haiti
• 500,000 to 560,000 people living in Haiti in the late 1700s were enslaved or had been
• Unrest erupted in the early 1790’s when enslaved Africans led by François Toussaint-Louverture revolted by setting fires to plantation homes and fields of sugarcane.
• Napoleon sent forces in 1802 in order to take control of the colony and successfully captured Toussaint-Louverture and imprisoned him in France until his death in 1803.
• Yellow fever was the death of thousands of French soldiers which is what the Haiti people needed to defeat the French and gain their independence in 1804.
TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE Former slave, self-educated. Untrained in military and political
matters, but became a skilled general and diplomat.
Allegedly got name (“opening” in French) from being able to find openings in enemy lines.
Took leadership of a slave revolt that broke out in 1791.
100,000 slaves in revolt. By 1801, L’Ouverture moved into
Spanish Santo Domingo (the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispanola), took control of territory and freed slaves.
In January 1802, French troops landed. Toussaint agreed to an end of fighting
if the French would end slavery French accused him of planning
another uprising. Sent him to a prison in the French
Alps. He died 10 months later, April 1803.
Father Miguel Hidalgo was a Mexican priest who was the leader of the Mexican war for Independence. He started the movement of independence in 1810. With his help, the fight for independence lasted for 11 years but Miguel did not see it to the end. He was executed in 1811 because of traitors who sold him out to the Spaniards.
Miguel Hidalgo was known as a risk taker with the motto: “We want a free Mexico;” with this motto, his fight for independence never ended.
May 8, 1753 –July 30, 1811
• Miguel Hidalgo led the fight against the Spanish government in Mexico because of the deep care he had for the poverty-stricken Native Americans and mestizos.
• Hidalgo’s goals were political freedom, an end to slavery, and improvements to living conditions for Mexico’s poor and revolt was the only way to bring change
• On September 16, 1810, Hidalgo gave a stirring address that became known as “el Grito de Dolores” that called for Mexicans to fight for “Independence and Liberty.”
• In 1811 the well-trained Spanish army finally overwhelmed the rebels and Hidalgo was captured and executed
Simón Bolívar July 24, 1783 – December 17,
1830
Agustín de Iturbide
September 27, 1783 – July 19,
1824
José Francisco de San Martín
February 25, 1778 – August 17, 1850
O'Higgins Rides Again, Arica, Chile - Every South American city displays its heroes in bronze. In Arica, it's Bernardo O'Higgins who does the honors. O'Higgins fought alongside of Argentina's Jose San Martin, defeating Spain at Chacabuco, bringing independence to Chile in 1818, and served as its first "Supreme Director".
Chilean liberator Bernardo O’Higgins by the famous Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siquieros at Chillán’s Escuela México.
The son of the Irish-born governor of Chile, he was a leading figure in the movement to overthrow the ruling Spanish administration and was the first head of state of the independent Chile.
Agustín de Iturbide decisively ended the Mexican War of Independence. After the liberation of Mexico was secured, he was proclaimed President of Regency in 1821 and Constitutional Emperor of the new nation, reigning as Emperor briefly from May 19, 1822 to March 19, 1823. Agustín de Iturbide is also credited as the original designer of the Mexican flag.
Simón Bolívar led many colonies to independence because he believed in equality and saw liberty as “the only object worth a man’s life.” Bolívar’s nickname was “The Liberator” because he devoted his life to the freedom for Latin Americans. In 1810, Simón Bolívar started a revolt against the Spaniards in Caracas which lasted 9 years until he crushed Spain’s power in northern South America. Also called “George Washington of South America”
José de San Martín led Latin American armies over the Andes Mountains and into Chile where he joined Bernardo O’Higgins. The two men successfully achieved independence for Chile in 1818. In 1820, they also captured Lima and declared Peru independent. In 1826, Bolívar and his armies had liberated all of South America.
Bolivar
San Martín
O’ Higgins
GRAN COLOMBIA, 1820-1830
Bolivar’s vision of a united South America. Present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and
Panama. Short-lived due to dissension amongst various
factions. Bolivar resigned in 1828. In 1830, Bolivar’s Gran Colombia divided into
Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.
Panama later split from Colombia with US assistance, 1903.
BRAZIL GAINS INDEPENDENCE Brazil gains independence without
the bloodshed because when Napoleon’s French army had invaded Portugal, causing the Portuguese royal family to flee to Brazil.
King João transferred his monarchy to Brazil and immediately introduced governmental reforms in Brazil. With the different reforms made by King João, Brazil was a self-governing kingdom without the Portuguese in 1815.
In September 1822 Brazil won full independence from Portugal and crowned Dom Pedro as Emperor Pedro I of Brazil.
In 1825, Portugal finally recognized Brazil’s independence.
CHALLENGES THAT COME WITH GROWTH
• Because of the high mountains and thick jungles made transportation and communication difficult, hindering trade and economic growth, which let many fertile lands remaining undeveloped.
• Stable food source is important to growth; building infrastructure is equally important—schools, roads, hospitals…
• In the Colonies the executive branch of the government had the political power.
• The judicial branch was weak and limited, and • the legislative branch was practically nonexistent. • The leaders were well educated but had no experience in the
legislative process, and with low literacy rates, the people were slow to get a grip on democratic process.
• But there were still the separation between the upper and lower classes, but now the creoles owned the best land and controlled business and government, not the peninsulares.
• Although Catholicism remained the official religion and Church and government continued to be closely tied.
• With the gain of independence came the increase of political conflicts. Liberals called for separation of Church and state, the breakup of large estates, higher taxes on land, public social services, and civilian control of the government. There were liberals than there were the creoles, most of whom were rich landowners, church leaders, and military officers. The decades that followed the wars for independence saw an ongoing struggle for economic strength and social justice.
POLITICAL PROBLEMS
Many problems had their origins in colonial rule, as independence barely changed the existing social and political hierarchy.
With few roads and no traditions of unity, the new nations were weakened by regionalism, loyalty to a local area.
What they really needed: Land Reform a break with traditional customs experience with government infrastructure separation of Church and State
During the 1800s, most Latin American nations were plagued by revolts, civil war, and dictatorships.
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Revolutions in Europe
Events in France
OPPOSING IDEOLOGIES
At the Congress of Vienna, the powers of Europe tried to turn the clock back to the way things had been before 1789.
Other voices, however, kept challenging the order imposed by the Congress of Vienna. The clash of people with opposing ideologies, or systems of thought and belief, plunged Europe into more than 30 years of turmoil.
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WHAT WERE THE GOALS OF CONSERVATIVES?
Conservatives pursued the following goals:
Restore royal families to the thrones they had lost when Napoleon swept across Europe.
Maintain a social hierarchy in which lower classes respected and obeyed their social superiors.
Maintain an established church.
Suppress revolutionary ideas.
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THE LIBERAL AND NATIONALIST CHALLENGE
Liberals wanted: Governments based
on written constitutions and separation of powers.
Natural rights of liberty, equality, and prosperity.
Rulers elected by the people and responsible to them.
A republican form of government.
Laissez-faire economics.
National groups who shared a common heritage set out to win their own states.
Nationalism gave people with a common heritage a sense of identity.
Nationalism often bred intolerance and led to persecution of other ethnic or national groups.
Challenging the conservatives at every turn were liberals and nationalists who were inspired by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
LIBERALISM NATIONALISM
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Revolutions in Europe
REVOLTS AGAINST THE OLD ORDER
In the Balkans, first Serbia, and later Greecefought for and won independence from their Ottoman rulers and becomes “The PowderKeg of Europe”.
In Spain, Portugal, and various states in the Italian peninsula, rebels struggled to gain constitutional governments. In response, a French army marched over the Pyrenees to suppress the revolts in Spain. Austrian forces crossed the Alps to smash rebellious outbreaks in Italy.
Spurred by the ideas of liberalism and nationalism, revolutionaries fought against the old order.
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4THE BALKANS, 1878
HOW DID REVOLUTION SPREAD IN 1830?
The revolts in Paris inspired uprisings elsewhere in Europe. Most were suppressed by military force. But here and there, rebels did win changes from conservative governments. Even when they failed, revolutionaries frightened rulers badly enough to encourage reform later in the century.
Belgium The one notable success for Europe’s revolutionaries in 1830 took place in Belgium. The Congress of Vienna had united Belgium and Holland under the Dutch king. The Belgians resented this arrangement and pushed for independence. In 1831, Belgium became an independent state with a liberal constitution.
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Poland Nationalists in Poland staged an uprising in 1830. However, the rebels failed to gain widespread support, and were brutally crushed by Russian forces.
REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE, 1830 AND 1848
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REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
In Austria, revolts caused Metternich to resign. The Austrian government agreed to reforms, but these gains were temporary. With Russian help, Austrian forces defeated the rebels. Many were imprisoned, executed, or exiled.
Nationalists in Italy rebelled against Austrian Hapsburg rulers. They expelled the pope and installed a nationalist government. Before long, Austrian troops ousted the new government and the French army restored the pope to power.
In Prussia, liberals forced King Frederick William IV to agree to a constitution written by an elected assembly.
Within a year, Frederick dissolved the assembly and issued his own constitution keeping power in his own hands.
In 1848, revolts in Paris again unleashed a tidal wave of revolution across Europe.
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Conflicting IdeologiesThis cartoon shows Prince Metternich standing resolute against the angry crowd behind him who are pushing for reform. Metternich represented the conservative order and opposed revolutionary ideals such as freedom and progress.
How does the cartoonist portray those in the crowd?What does the crowd support?What did Metternich do to suppress revolutionary ideas?
Metternich Flees Austria
4THE BALKANS, 1878
Serbs in BattleSerb leader Karageorge (left) leads the Serbs against the Ottomans at the Battle of Misar during the first Serbian rebellion.
(a)Why would this battle and others like it help lead to a sense of Serbian national identity?
(b)Why was this sense of nationalism important for the Serbs?
Rebels Fail in PolandNationalists in Poland also staged an uprising in 1830. But, unlike the Belgians, the Poles failed to win independence for their country.In the late 1700s, Russia, Austria, and Prussia had divided up Poland. Poles had hoped that the Congress of Vienna would restore their homeland in 1815. Instead, the great powers handed most of Poland to Russia.In 1830, Polish students, army officers, and landowners rose in revolt. The rebels failed to gain widespread support, however, and were brutally crushed by Russian forces. Some survivors fled to Western Europe and the United States, where they kept alive the dream of freedom.
Belgium Wins IndependenceThe one notable success in 1830 took place in Belgium. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna had united the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium) and the Kingdom of Holland under the Dutch king. The Congress had wanted to create a strong barrier to help prevent French expansion in the future.The Belgians resented the new arrangement. They and the Dutch had different languages. The Belgians were Catholic, while the Dutch were Protestant. The Belgian economy was based on manufacturing; the Dutch, on trade.In 1830, news of the Paris uprising ignited a revolutionary spark in Belgium. Students and workers threw up barricades in Brussels, the capital. Britain and France believed that they would benefit from the separation of Belgium and Holland and supported Belgian demands for independence. As a result, in 1831, Belgium became an independent state with a liberal constitution.
Events in France
REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 AND 1848
• Why did revolutions occur in France in 1830 and 1848?
• How did revolution spread in 1830?
• What were the results of the 1848 revolutions?
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WHY DID REVOLUTIONS OCCUR IN FRANCE IN 1830 AND 1848?
Charles X, a strong believer in absolutism, suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press.
When the government tried to silence critics and prevent public meetings, angry crowds took to the streets.
1830
1848
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Moderate liberals put in place a constitutional monarchy, and chose Louis Philippe as king.
Liberals and radicals rebelled and took control of Paris.
Revolutionary leaders proclaimed a Second Republic.
Louis Philippe abdicated.
REVOLT IN FRANCE IN 1830
Wanted to restore absolute monarchs Had support of ultraroyalists- -nobles favoring
a return to the old order Dissolved the Assembly and held new elections Issued the July Ordinances
Measures that showed the dissolved assembly, ended press freedom, and restricted voting rights
Les Trois Glorieuses—in return for July Ordinances Three glorious days of rioting and revolution,
again! Parisian workers and students forced Charles to
give up the throne and flee to Great Britain
Charles X
Louis Philippe accepted the throne as “The Citizen King” Dressed and behaved like a middle class
citizen Favored wealthy and ignored middle class
demands Francois Guizot
Prime minister of France Also refused middle class demands
Louis-Philippe I
François Guizot accepts the charter from Louis-Philippe, the "Citizen-King".
FRANCE--THE REVOLUTION OF 1848
Guizot feared a demonstration and cancelled a banquet
February 22 Crowds flooded the streets singing “The
Marseillaise” and shouted protests to Guizot Troops called to calm it sided with the rebels
and joined the parade 52 civilians were killed or wounded Louis Philippe fled to Great Britain Rebels declared France a republic
Marianne/Liberte
Written and composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle
Allons, enfants de Patrie,http://www.nationalanthems.info/fr.htmLe jour de gloire est arrive;Contrenous de la tyranne,L'etendard sanglant est leve,L'etendard sanglant est leve,Entendezvous, dans les campagnes, « The Marseillaise »Mugir ces feroces soldats?Ils viennent jusque dans nos bras,Egorger nos fils, nos compagnes. Aux armes, citoyens! Formez vos bataillons! Marchons, marchons! Qu'un sang impur abreuve nos sillons!
Arise children of the fatherlandThe day of glory has arrivedAgainst us tyranny'sBloody standard is raisedListen to the sound in the fieldsThe howling of these fearsome soldiersThey are coming into our midstTo cut the throats of your sons and consortsTo arms citizens Form your battalionsMarch, marchLet impure bloodWater our furrows
WHY DID THE UPRISINGS FAIL?
Rulers used military force to suppress the uprisings.
Revolutionaries did not have mass support.
A growing gulf divided workers seeking radical economic change and liberals pursuing moderate political reforms.
By 1850 the rebellions had faded, ending the age of liberal revolution that had begun in 1789.
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