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Argumentative/Persuasive Reading
& writing
Reading an Argument
Considering RhetoricalContext
(Author,Audience,Date/Place
of Publication)
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uidelines for Determining
Rhetorical Context !ho wrote this argument,and what
are his/her training,"ersonal
bac#ground,and "olitical learning$ !ho is the intended audience$
!here did it a""ear originall%$
!hen was the argument written$
!h% was the article written$
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A te"'%'te" anal%sis of oulmin *ethod of
evaluation of logical"attern
Anal%+e the Claimdentif% the Claim
-oo# for .ualiers0 Absolute,Relative,or1niversal /2t%"icall%2 /3usuall%2 /3most of the
time24ind the 5xce"tions
ummari+e the Claim
Assess the arguer6s refutations
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Argumentation versus
Persuasion hese words are often used interchangeabl%8 Argumentation0 the "rocess of forming
reasons and of drawing conclusions anda""l%ing them to a case in discussion8 Anargument involves the "rocess ofestablishing a claim and then "roving it withthe use of logical reasoning, exam"les, andresearch8
Persuasion0 the tactical "rocess of moving toa belief, "osition or a course of action8
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t%les of argumentative of
writing oulmin model0 4ollows the "attern
of a claim ("ro"osition/thesis), data
(su""ort) with :ualiers, warrant, and aconcession8
Rogers6 model0 1se of Rogerianarguments to come to a conclusion thatmixes both views of the issue to reach a
common ground8
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the uses;8 5ver%da% life
!or#"lace
Academic environment
Reading and -istening' (current
events)
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Audience !rite with sincerit% towards audience
using an ethical a""eal
Don6t write with an arrogance or withdisregard to o""osing views
r% starting in introduction, gaining
condence of audience his a""roach will show %our concern
and fair'minded "ur"ose
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Persuasive 5ssa% =utline
Contin8 8 4irst argument or reason to
su""ort %our "osition A8 o"ic sentence ex"laining %our
"oint
8 5laboration
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Persuasive =utline Contin8
8econd Argument or reason
?8 hird Argument
?8 =""osing view"oint A =""osing "oint to %our argument 8Rebuttal to the o""osing "oint
C8 5laboration0 %llogistic -ogic
?8 Conclusion0
A8 ummar% of main "oints or
reasons
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ntroduction inArgumentative/Persuasive
essa%s include0 A2 hoo# or grabber2 to catch
attention(trong tatement02Cigarettes arethe number one cause of lung cancer in theworld@2),(.uotations058>ubbard once said,3ruth is stronger than ction82),tatistics,anecdote,a :uestion,exaggerationor outrageous statement0he whole world
watched as the comet ew overhead8 hesis or focus statement0 o"ic,stance,Pur"ose,sco"e,organi+ation
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5xam"le ntroduction0 Brabber0trong tatement=f all the
"roblems facing the environment
toda%,the one that bothers me the mostis global warming8ome scientists sa%that the earth is getting warmerbecause of the greenhouse e9ect8
Bhesisn this "a"er will describe thegreenhouse e9ect and whether theatmos"here is actuall% getting warmer8
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>5 =D< of a Persuasive
Provide evidence to su""ort the o"iniono9ered in the thesis statement
1se Deductive/nductive reasoning to "rovidesolid reasons to bac# %our thesis
5laborate with the use of statistics orresearch,exam"les,or real'life ex"eriences
Clarif% a "osition,draw com"arison,ma#e an
anal%sis,draw an analog%,refute counterarguments,and generate h%"otheticalinstances(cues0e8g8 su""ose that,what if,etc8)
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Conclusion
Restate %our thesis or focus statement ummari+e the main "oints b%
"ara"hrasing !rite a "ersonal comment or call for
action0 with a "rediction,with a:uestion to draw reader6s own
conclusion,with a recommendationstressing the actions or remedies thatshould be ta#en
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eneral uideline for!riting a Persuasive 5ssa%
>ave a rm o"inion that %ou li#e %ouraudience to acce"t
egin with a grabber or hoo# =9er evidence to su""ort %our o"inion
Discuss and refute the o""osing views
Conclude with a restatement of what%ou want the reader to do or believe
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=btaining information
% reading
Conversation with others
1se %our own observations .uestionnaire
Periodicals
Alwa%s cite sources used *a#e sure the information %ou receive is
relevant and credible and valid
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5vidence
ncludes0
5stablished ruths
>istorical, scientic, and geogra"hical facts
Authoritative "oint of view
Primar% sources tatistics
Personal ex"erience/5xam"les
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*anaging evidence
Reliabilit%
>ow much endorsing evidence$
Contradictor%
>ow well established is evidence$
Does it su""ort/t %our claim$ Allow it to be conclusive
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-ogos0 reasoningstrategies
nduction0 A "rocess through which the"remises "rovide some basis for theconclusion8
Deduction0 A "rocess through which the"remises "rovide conclusive "roof for theconclusion8 Reductio ad Absurdum0 (toreduce to absurdit%) o :uestion a "ositionb% showing that its conse:uence are"roblematic if carried to their logical end8
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.uestions of Credibilit%
>as the reader been able to rel% on what%ou have said in the "ast$ f the% areunfamiliar with %ou;
Do %ou #now what %ou6re tal#ing about$Are %ou familiar with all sides of the issue$
>ave %ou done %our research on the issue$ >ave %ou documented %our research
thoroughl% and accuratel%$ >ave %ou thoughtfull% addressed
the o""osition$
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ome !a%s to 1se the hree A""eals
Credibility Logic Emotion
how that %ouare fair' and
o"en'minded Point to other
3ex"erts2 or anauthorit% otherthan %ourself
Cite research how wh% "eo"le
should listen to%ou and %oubelieve
Rel% "rimaril% onfacts
1se deductive orinductivereasoning toreach %ourconclusion
1se classicalargument,including reasonand evidence tosu""ort %our
claim
1se emotionall%charged or
highl%connotativewords
A""eal to"eo"les fears,
concerns,"assions, vanit%,sense of ustice,and so forth
a#e advantage
of rh%thm andrefrain in
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%llogism
he sim"lest se:uence of logical"remises and conclusions
ever% s%llogism contains at least three"arts0 a maor "remise (global assum"tion)
a minor "remise (s"ecic claim)
a conclusion
4 AE and EC, then AEC
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5nth%meme
shorten version of s%llogism
a s%llogism without stating either
the maor or minor "remise (it isim"lied)
less formal than the s%llogism
sometimes more "ersuasive
are often 3because2 statements
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4allaciesE mista#es made in thelogic of arguments
Common fallacies found in arguments include0 >ast% enerali+ations' a conclusion based on insuFcient or
biased evidence
7on e:uitur' 3t does not follow2 li""er% slo"e' the snow ball e9ect
Card tac#ing'"resenting "art of the claim
tereot%"ing Ad "o"ulum' an emotional a""eal that s"ea#s to "ositive (such as
"atriotism, religion, democrac%) or negative (such as terrorism orfascism) conce"ts rather than the real issue at hand
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4allacies (cont8)
5ither/=r
egging the claim' conclusion that the writer should
"rove is validated within the claim( Circular argument) Arguing =9 the "oint he argument ad >ominem' 3attac# the "erson6s
character than their o"inion2 A""eal to crowd uilt b% association Post >oc, ergo Pro"ter >oc'2after this, therefore
because of this2 4ault% analog%0 assuming two unli#e things are similar
when in fact the% are not Red >erring
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Avoid also;
trawman tactics' "ointing out andfocusing on ims% wea#nesses of
o""osing side8 Anon%mous authorit%' refers to a source
of authorit% but does not name thesource nor ex"lain its legitimac%8
his will show that %ou are tr%ing to"rove %our "osition b% disregardingother facts8
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rue argument vs8 validargument
true argument' argument that hasconclusion that "eo"le commonl%
consider to be fact based on theirworldl% ex"erience or wide's"read belief
valid argument' argument that has aconclusion that logicall% follows its
underl%ing assum"tion regardless ofwhether the assum"tion is true or not
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Revising
Consider the obections of the o""osinga""eal
Do %ou ca"ture the audience$ s evidence a""ro"riate to the argument$
Are the authorities :ualied to be used asa source$
s the "ro"osition clearl% stated$ s it free of fallacies$
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i"s of writing an essa%
Avoid emotional language e able to determine di9erence between a
logical conclusion and an emotional "oint ofview
Don6t ma#e u" evidence Cite %our sources *a#e an outline' D= >5 !R7 PR=C5 e "re"ared to defend %our side b% #nowing
the strongest arguments for the other side8
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Concluding
Restate %our "osition8
ummari+e %our main "oints8
Predict the conse:uences if it doesor does not "revail8
Pre"are to end %our essa% "ossibl%with an emotional a""eal8
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he 5nd@