A v
isio
n f
or
po
pu
lati
on
ma
na
ge
me
nt
pla
ns
Th
e
go
al
of
po
pu
lati
on
m
an
ag
em
en
t p
lan
s is
to
p
rovi
de
a
c
oo
rdin
ate
d
fra
me
wo
rk
for
ma
na
ge
me
nt
of
the
in
div
idu
al
ca
rniv
ore
s th
at
co
nst
itu
te
a
bio
log
ica
lly
me
an
ing
ful
po
pu
lati
on
ir
resp
ec
tive
of
ho
w m
an
y a
dm
inis
tra
tive
u
nit
s (c
ou
nti
es,
fe
de
ral
sta
tes,
co
un
trie
s)
the
y c
ove
r. T
his
co
ord
ina
ted
fra
me
wo
rk
aim
s to
se
t so
me
b
asi
c
pri
nc
iple
s a
nd
g
en
era
l g
oa
ls f
or
the
ma
na
ge
me
nt
of
the
p
op
ula
tio
n,
wh
ile
allo
win
g
for
loc
ally
a
da
pte
d
solu
tio
ns
wit
hin
th
e
dif
fere
nt
pa
rts
tha
t fa
ll w
ith
in
the
d
iffe
ren
t a
dm
inis
tra
tive
u
nit
s.
Th
is
ap
pro
ac
h
is
refe
rre
d t
o a
s “f
ree
do
m w
ith
in f
ram
es”
. It
is
b
ase
d
on
th
e
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
th
at
Eu
rop
e
is
a
div
ers
e
co
nti
ne
nt,
b
oth
in
te
rms
of
hu
ma
n
cu
ltu
re
an
d
ec
olo
gy.
Th
ere
fore
, th
ere
is n
o u
niv
ers
al a
pp
roa
ch
fo
r la
rge
ca
rniv
ore
co
nse
rva
tio
n t
ha
t c
an
Be
st p
rac
tic
es
–h
ow
to
co
nse
rve
ca
rniv
ore
s
wo
rk i
n a
ll c
irc
um
sta
nc
es.
Ra
the
r, t
he
a
pp
roa
ch
mu
st b
e t
ailo
red
to
th
e l
oc
al
soc
ial
an
d e
co
log
ica
l c
on
dit
ion
s a
nd
th
e
sta
tus
of
the
la
rge
ca
rniv
ore
po
pu
lati
on
. T
he
g
uid
elin
es
wh
ich
h
ave
b
ee
n
de
velo
pe
d
inc
lud
e
de
taile
d
rec
om
me
nd
ati
on
s fo
r b
oth
th
e p
roc
ess
b
y w
hic
h
the
p
op
ula
tio
n
leve
l m
an
ag
em
en
t p
lan
sh
ou
ld b
e d
eve
lop
ed
a
nd
on
th
e c
on
ten
t. S
om
e o
f th
e m
ost
im
po
rta
nt
issu
es
tha
t n
ee
d
to
be
a
dd
ress
ed
co
nc
ern
(1
) e
nsu
rin
g t
ha
t th
e
co
nn
ec
tivi
ty
wit
hin
th
e
po
pu
lati
on
is
e
nh
an
ce
d o
r m
ain
tain
ed
, (2
) e
nsu
rin
g t
he
c
on
ne
cti
vity
w
ith
o
the
r p
op
ula
tio
ns
is
als
o
en
ha
nc
ed
o
r m
ain
tain
ed
, (3
) e
nsu
rin
g t
ha
t to
tal
mo
rta
lity
leve
ls a
re
sust
ain
ab
le.
Su
cc
ess
ful
co
nse
rva
tio
n
of
larg
e
ca
rniv
ore
s in
Eu
rop
e r
eq
uir
es
a f
lexi
ble
a
nd
pra
gm
ati
c a
pp
roa
ch
. Th
ere
are
ma
ny
dif
fere
nt
situ
ati
on
s th
at
ca
n
ari
se,
ho
we
ver
the
re
are
a
nu
mb
er
of
issu
es
tha
t c
on
sta
ntl
y o
cc
ur
in
mo
st
po
pu
lati
on
s.
Th
e
firs
t c
on
ce
rns
de
pre
da
tio
n
on
d
om
est
ic
live
sto
ck.
D
ep
red
ati
on
ra
tes
ca
n
be
se
rio
us
in
situ
ati
on
s w
he
re n
atu
ral
pre
y is
sc
arc
e
an
d
wh
ere
liv
est
oc
k a
re
gra
zed
in
c
arn
ivo
re
ha
bit
at
wit
ho
ut
an
y fo
rm
of
pro
tec
tio
n.
De
pre
da
tio
n
ca
use
s a
n
ec
on
om
ic
loss
fo
r fa
rme
rs
an
d
ca
n
cre
ate
ne
ga
tive
att
itu
de
s to
wa
rds
larg
e
ca
rniv
ore
s. T
he
re a
re m
an
y m
eth
od
s th
at
ca
n
be
u
sed
to
p
rote
ct
live
sto
ck
fro
m
larg
e c
arn
ivo
res.
Th
e m
ost
wid
ely
use
d
tod
ay
are
mo
de
rn e
lec
tric
fe
nc
es
an
d t
he
tr
ad
itio
na
l sh
ep
he
rd –
live
sto
ck
gu
ard
ing
d
og
sy
ste
m.
If
use
d
co
rre
ctl
y th
ese
m
eth
od
s c
an
gre
atl
y re
du
ce
de
pre
da
tio
n,
ho
we
ver,
th
eir
in
tro
du
cti
on
ma
y re
qu
ire
so
me
re
stru
ctu
rin
g
of
live
sto
ck
hu
sba
nd
ry.
A
sec
on
d
issu
e
co
nc
ern
s c
om
pe
titi
on
wit
h h
un
ters
fo
r g
am
e.
Th
ere
a
re o
ver
5 m
illio
n h
un
ters
in
Eu
rop
e,
an
d
wild
un
gu
late
s c
on
stit
ute
a h
igh
ly p
rize
d
an
d v
alu
ab
le q
ua
rry
for
hu
nte
rs.
Th
ese
sp
ec
ies
are
a
lso
th
e
na
tura
l p
rey
of
wo
lve
s a
nd
lyn
x. T
he
im
pa
ct
tha
t la
rge
c
arn
ivo
re
de
pre
da
tio
n
ha
s o
n
the
a
vaila
bili
ty
of
ha
rve
sta
ble
g
am
e
for
hu
nte
rs c
an
va
ry f
rom
th
e in
sig
nif
ica
nt
to
the
dra
ma
tic
. In
all
ca
ses,
th
e p
rese
nc
e
of
larg
e c
arn
ivo
res
req
uir
es
tha
t h
un
ters
re
-eva
lua
te
the
ir
qu
ota
s to
ta
ke
pre
da
tio
n i
nto
ac
co
un
t. O
ne
of
the
mo
st
co
ntr
ove
rsia
l a
spe
cts
o
f m
an
ag
em
en
t c
on
ce
rns
hu
nti
ng
an
d l
eth
al
co
ntr
ol
of
larg
e c
arn
ivo
res.
In
pra
cti
ce
, th
ere
is
no
re
aso
n w
hy
larg
e c
arn
ivo
res
ca
nn
ot
be
h
arv
est
ed
in
th
e
sam
e
wa
y a
s o
the
r g
am
e s
pe
cie
s p
rovi
de
d t
he
ir p
op
ula
tio
ns
are
su
ffic
ien
tly
larg
e a
nd
we
ll m
on
ito
red
. In
fa
ct,
in
m
an
y p
art
s o
f E
uro
pe
th
eir
a
cc
ep
tan
ce
b
y th
e
rura
l p
ub
lic
ma
y d
ep
en
d o
n t
he
ir b
ein
g h
arv
est
ed
. E
ven
in
are
as
wh
ere
th
ey
are
no
t h
un
ted
, le
tha
l c
on
tro
l m
ay
be
n
ee
de
d
in
a
ran
ge
o
f c
irc
um
sta
nc
es.
In
all
ca
ses
wh
ere
la
rge
c
arn
ivo
re
po
pu
lati
on
s a
re
sub
jec
t to
d
elib
era
te h
um
an
-ca
use
d m
ort
alit
y th
ere
is
a
n
ee
d
to
est
ab
lish
e
ffe
cti
ve
reg
ula
tory
an
d m
on
ito
rin
g s
yste
ms.
Ca
rniv
ore
s a
nd
Na
tura
20
00
Th
e L
arg
e C
arn
ivo
re In
itia
tive
fo
r E
uro
pe
(L
CIE
)
Co
mp
are
d t
o m
an
y o
the
r th
rea
ten
ed
or
en
da
ng
ere
d
spe
cie
s la
rge
c
arn
ivo
res
are
ve
ry
ad
ap
tab
le
in
the
ir
ch
oic
e
of
ha
bit
ats
an
d a
re r
ath
er
tole
ran
t o
f hu
ma
n
ac
tivi
tie
s. T
he
y a
re a
ble
to
exp
loit
a w
ide
ra
ng
e
of
ha
bit
ats
, in
clu
din
g
fore
sts
of
ma
ny
typ
es,
alp
ine
tu
nd
ra,
shru
bla
nd
s,
an
d
in
som
e
ca
ses
eve
n
ag
ric
ult
ura
l la
nd
s.
Th
ere
fore
, w
ith
in
Na
tura
20
00
si
tes
it i
s u
nlik
ely
to
be
la
rge
ca
rniv
ore
s th
at
pla
ce
th
e
gre
ate
st
de
ma
nd
s o
n
ma
na
ge
me
nt
or
rest
ric
tio
ns
of
hu
ma
n
lan
d-u
se.
Ma
inta
inin
g
fore
st
co
ver
an
d
ab
un
da
nt
wild
u
ng
ula
te
pre
y is
m
ost
im
po
rta
nt
for
wo
lve
s a
nd
lyn
x. F
or
be
ars
, it
is
im
po
rta
nt
to
en
sure
th
at
suit
ab
le
tre
es
tha
t p
rovi
de
ma
st a
re m
ain
tain
ed
, a
s w
ell
as
sec
lud
ed
are
as
for
de
n s
ite
s.
In N
atu
ra2
00
0 s
ite
s w
he
re e
mp
ha
sis
is
pla
ce
d o
n m
ain
tain
ing
liv
est
oc
k g
razi
ng
to
c
on
serv
e
spe
cif
ic
tra
dit
ion
al
lan
dsc
ap
es
the
re i
s a
po
ten
tia
l c
on
flic
t b
etw
ee
n
ca
rniv
ore
s a
nd
liv
est
oc
k –
wh
ich
w
ill
req
uir
e
the
m
od
ific
ati
on
o
f liv
est
oc
k h
usb
an
dry
. In
div
idu
ally
, N
atu
ra2
00
0 s
ite
s a
re l
ike
ly t
o o
nly
em
bra
ce
th
e
ho
me
ra
ng
es
of
som
e
ind
ivid
ua
l la
rge
c
arn
ivo
res.
Ho
we
ver,
wh
en
vie
win
g t
he
e
nti
re
ne
two
rk,
the
se
site
s h
ave
th
e
po
ten
tia
l to
ma
ke
a m
ajo
r c
on
trib
uti
on
to
la
rge
ca
rniv
ore
co
nse
rva
tio
n,
esp
ec
ially
if
att
en
tio
n i
s p
aid
to
th
e m
atr
ix i
n w
hic
h
the
y a
re
em
be
dd
ed
su
ch
th
at
co
nn
ec
tivi
ty is
ma
inta
ine
d.
Th
e L
CIE
is
a W
ork
ing
Gro
up
wit
hin
th
e
Sp
ec
ies
Su
rviv
al
Co
mm
issi
on
(S
SC
) o
f th
e
Wo
rd
Co
nse
rva
tio
n
Un
ion
(I
UC
N).
T
he
LC
IE f
un
cti
on
s a
s a
fo
ca
l p
oin
t fo
r a
n
etw
ork
o
f e
xpe
rts
wo
rkin
g
on
is
sue
s re
leva
nt
for
larg
e
ca
rniv
ore
c
on
serv
ati
on
. T
he
me
mb
ers
of
the
LC
IE
inc
lud
e
scie
nti
sts
fro
m
seve
ral
dis
cip
line
s,
co
nse
rva
tio
nis
ts,
an
d
ad
min
istr
ato
rs.
Th
e L
CIE
wo
rks
in t
hre
e
ma
in a
rea
s:
Th
e L
CIE
wo
rks
wit
h a
ll re
leva
nt
inte
rest
g
rou
ps,
in
clu
din
g
scie
nti
sts,
N
GO
s,
go
vern
me
nt
ag
en
cie
s a
nd
pa
n-E
uro
pe
an
b
od
ies
like
th
e C
ou
nc
il o
f E
uro
pe
an
d t
he
E
uro
pe
an
Co
mm
issi
on
. A
cti
viti
es
inc
lud
e
de
velo
pin
g g
oo
d c
on
serv
ati
on
pra
cti
ce
g
uid
elin
es
an
d
po
siti
on
st
ate
me
nts
, h
old
ing
a
nd
fa
cili
tati
ng
w
ork
sho
ps,
p
rovi
din
g
exp
ert
ise
o
n
de
ma
nd
, a
nd
h
elp
ing
tr
an
sfe
r kn
ow
led
ge
a
nd
e
xpe
rie
nc
e
be
twe
en
d
iffe
ren
t p
art
s o
f E
uro
pe
. In
su
mm
ary
, o
ur
go
al
is
to
pro
vid
e a
te
ch
nic
al
pla
tfo
rm o
f sc
ien
tifi
c
an
d e
xpe
rie
nc
e b
ase
d e
xpe
rtis
e t
ha
t th
e
wh
ole
co
nse
rva
tio
n c
om
mu
nit
y c
an
dra
w
on
to
he
lp c
on
serv
e l
arg
e c
arn
ivo
res
in
Eu
rop
e.
Info
rma
tio
n a
bo
ut
the
LC
IE a
nd
Eu
rop
e’s
la
rge
ca
rniv
ore
s c
an
be
fo
un
d a
t:
ww
w.l
cie
.org
1.
Co
ord
ina
tio
n a
nd
ne
two
rkin
g b
etw
ee
n
pro
jec
ts r
un
by
LC
IE w
ork
ing
gro
up
m
em
be
rs a
nd
pa
rtn
ers
;
2.
So
me
sp
ec
ific
LC
IE w
ork
ing
pro
jec
ts
an
d p
rod
uc
ts;
3.
Insp
ira
tio
n a
nd
gu
ida
nc
e t
o t
he
wid
er
co
nse
rva
tio
n c
om
mu
nit
y.
LA
RG
E C
AR
NIV
OR
ES
K
NO
W N
O B
OU
ND
AR
IES
LA
RG
E C
AR
NIV
OR
ES
K
NO
W N
O B
OU
ND
AR
IES
Th
e E
uro
pe
an
po
pu
lati
on
so
f la
rge
ca
rniv
ore
sa
t a
gla
nc
eT
he
Eu
rop
ea
np
op
ula
tio
ns
of
larg
ec
arn
ivo
res
at
a g
lan
ce
Ca
rniv
ore
co
nse
rva
tio
n in
21
st c
en
tury
Eu
rop
eF
rom
th
e p
oin
t o
f vi
ew
of
larg
e c
arn
ivo
res
(gra
yw
olv
es,
Eu
rasi
an
lyn
x, b
row
n b
ea
rs
an
d w
olv
eri
ne
s) t
he
ea
rly
to m
id 2
0th
ce
ntu
ry w
as
a c
lose
ca
ll. D
uri
ng
th
is p
eri
od
th
eir
po
pu
lati
on
s, w
hic
h h
ad
on
ce
co
vere
d m
uc
h o
f th
e E
uro
pe
an
co
nti
ne
nt,
ha
d
be
en
re
du
ce
d
to
sma
ll fr
ag
me
nts
b
y th
e
co
mb
ine
d
imp
ac
t o
f d
ire
ct
hu
ma
n
pe
rse
cu
tio
n a
nd
ha
bit
at
ch
an
ge
. Ju
st i
n t
ime
, th
e 1
96
0’s
an
d 1
97
0’s
sa
w a
gra
du
al
ch
an
ge
in
p
ub
lic
att
itu
de
s to
wa
rds
the
se
spe
cie
s w
hic
h
lea
d
to
ch
an
ge
s in
a
ttit
ud
es,
ha
bit
at
an
d l
eg
isla
tio
n i
n t
he
ir f
avo
ur.
Sin
ce
th
en
th
eir
po
pu
lati
on
s h
ave
re
bo
un
de
d
ma
inly
th
rou
gh
n
atu
ral
exp
an
sio
n,
bu
t in
so
me
c
ase
s th
rou
gh
re
intr
od
uc
tio
n.
To
da
y, m
ost
po
pu
lati
on
s o
f la
rge
ca
rniv
ore
s in
Eu
rop
e a
re e
ith
er
sta
ble
or
exp
an
din
g.
Th
ere
are
sti
ll a
fe
w s
ma
ll p
op
ula
tio
ns
(esp
ec
ially
be
ars
) w
ho
se f
utu
re i
s a
ca
use
of
co
nc
ern
, b
ut
on
a E
uro
pe
an
sc
ale
th
e s
tatu
s o
f th
ese
sp
ec
ies
ap
pe
ars
to
be
se
cu
re. T
he
refo
re, w
e a
re n
ot
at
a s
tag
e w
he
re w
e a
re t
ryin
g
to s
ave
th
em
fro
m im
min
en
t e
xtin
cti
on
. In
ste
ad
we
are
try
ing
to
fin
d w
ays
to
ac
hie
ve
a s
ust
ain
ab
le c
oe
xist
en
ce
wit
h v
iab
le p
op
ula
tio
ns
of
the
se s
pe
cie
s in
th
e s
ha
red
la
nd
sca
pe
wh
ere
we
live
, w
ork
an
d p
lay.
Th
is is
a b
old
exp
eri
me
nt
wh
ich
ha
s n
eve
r b
ee
n a
tte
mp
ted
be
fore
in
Eu
rop
e.
La
rge
ca
rniv
ore
s h
ave
de
mo
nst
rate
d t
ime
an
d
ag
ain
th
at
the
y a
re a
ble
to
liv
e c
lose
to
us,
an
d t
o t
ole
rate
ma
ny
of
the
dra
ma
tic
c
ha
ng
es
tha
t w
e h
ave
infl
icte
d o
n t
he
Eu
rop
ea
n la
nd
sca
pe
. T
he
qu
est
ion
re
ma
ins
if
we
are
ab
le t
o li
ve w
ith
th
e la
rge
ca
rniv
ore
s.
On
e t
hin
g i
s c
lea
r, a
ch
ievi
ng
co
exi
ste
nc
e w
ith
la
rge
ca
rniv
ore
s in
mo
de
rn d
ay
Eu
rop
e r
eq
uir
es
ca
refu
l p
lan
nin
g a
nd
ma
na
ge
me
nt
of
bo
th l
arg
e c
arn
ivo
res
an
d
hu
ma
n a
cti
viti
es.
Cru
cia
l to
all
ma
na
ge
me
nt
ac
tivi
tie
s is
th
at
the
y o
cc
ur
at
the
rig
ht
spa
tia
l sc
ale
s a
nd
th
at
the
y a
re c
oo
rdin
ate
d. L
uc
kily
, th
ere
are
two
se
pa
rate
bo
die
s o
f p
an
-Eu
rop
ea
n l
eg
isla
tio
n,
the
Be
rn C
on
ven
tio
n a
dm
inis
tra
ted
by
the
Co
un
cil
of
Eu
rop
e a
nd
th
e H
ab
ita
t’s
Dir
ec
tive
ad
min
istr
ate
d b
y th
e E
uro
pe
an
Co
mm
issi
on
, th
at
ha
ve p
rovi
de
d s
om
e c
on
tin
en
t w
ide
co
ord
ina
tio
n.
Ho
we
ver,
if
we
are
to
mo
ve
forw
ard
an
d r
ea
lly a
ch
ieve
su
sta
ina
ble
co
exi
ste
nc
e t
he
re is
a n
ee
d t
o d
eve
lop
eve
n
mo
re c
on
cre
te a
nd
co
ord
ina
ted
ac
tio
ns
at
the
on
ly le
vel t
ha
t re
ally
ma
kes
bio
log
ica
l se
nse
–
the
p
op
ula
tio
n.
Re
co
gn
isin
g
this
, th
e
Eu
rop
ea
n
Co
mm
issi
on
h
as
co
mm
issi
on
ed
th
e L
arg
e C
arn
ivo
re I
nit
iati
ve f
or
Eu
rop
e (
LC
IE)
top
rod
uc
e a
se
t o
f g
uid
elin
es
for
de
velo
pin
g p
op
ula
tio
n b
ase
d m
an
ag
em
en
t p
lan
s fo
r la
rge
ca
rniv
ore
s.
Co
nse
rvin
g l
arg
e c
arn
ivo
res
–th
e n
ee
d f
or
a p
op
ula
tio
n
ap
pro
ac
hL
arg
e
ca
rniv
ore
s u
se
very
la
rge
a
rea
s –
wit
h
sin
gle
in
div
idu
als
ra
ng
ing
o
ver
terr
ito
rie
s o
f 1
00
to
20
00
km
2.
As
a r
esu
lt t
he
y te
nd
to
oc
cu
r a
t ve
ry l
ow
de
nsi
tie
s,
an
d
the
ir
po
pu
lati
on
s fu
nc
tio
n
on
m
ass
ive
sc
ale
s o
f m
an
y th
ou
san
d
squ
are
ki
lom
etr
es.
Yo
un
g in
div
idu
als
ca
n d
isp
ers
e o
ver
very
la
rge
are
as
–w
ith
on
e w
olf
in
S
ca
nd
ina
via
ha
vin
g b
ee
n d
oc
um
en
ted
to
tra
vel o
ver
10
00
km
(a
s th
e c
row
flie
s).
As
a r
esu
lt t
he
y a
re v
ery
dif
fic
ult
to
co
nse
rve
on
th
e t
rad
itio
na
l sc
ale
s o
f p
rote
cte
d
are
as
an
d s
ing
le c
ou
ntr
ies.
Of
the
33
la
rge
ca
rniv
ore
po
pu
lati
on
s th
at
we
ha
ve
ide
nti
fie
d i
n E
uro
pe
, o
nly
4 a
re c
on
tain
ed
wit
hin
th
e b
ord
ers
of
a s
ing
le c
ou
ntr
y –
an
d e
ven
th
ese
sp
an
mu
ltip
le a
uto
no
mo
us
reg
ion
s w
ith
in f
ed
era
l sta
tes.
If
we
are
to
e
nsu
re t
ha
t p
op
ula
tio
ns
of
larg
e c
arn
ivo
res
in E
uro
pe
re
ac
h a
nd
sta
y a
t fa
vou
rab
le
co
nse
rva
tio
n s
tatu
s th
ere
is a
ne
ed
fo
r d
iffe
ren
t re
gio
ns
an
d c
ou
ntr
ies
to c
oo
pe
rate
in
th
e d
eve
lop
me
nt
of
co
ord
ina
ted
ma
na
ge
me
nt
pla
ns
for
the
bio
log
ica
l u
nit
s a
s th
ey
exi
st –
un
its
wh
ich
in
so
me
ca
ses
spa
n o
ver
8 c
ou
ntr
ies.
Th
is w
ill r
eq
uir
e
tra
nsb
ou
nd
ary
co
op
era
tio
n b
etw
ee
n E
U a
nd
no
n-E
U c
ou
ntr
ies.
It
is a
n a
mb
itio
us
go
al
–b
ut
on
e w
hic
h i
s n
ec
ess
ary
to
gu
ara
nte
e t
he
su
rviv
al
of
the
se s
pe
cie
s in
E
uro
pe
fo
r fu
ture
ge
ne
rati
on
s.
Bro
wn
be
ars
Urs
usar
ctos
Wo
lve
s C
anis
lup
us
Wo
lve
rin
e G
ulo
gul
o
Eu
rasi
an
lyn
x Ly
nxly
nx
Dis
trib
utio
n: 1
0 b
ea
r p
op
ula
tio
ns
in E
uro
pe
. Ve
ry s
ma
ll p
op
ula
tio
ns
inc
lud
e t
he
C
an
tab
ria
n(n
ort
he
rn S
pa
in),
th
e P
yre
ne
es
(Fra
nc
e a
nd
Sp
ain
), t
he
Alp
s (I
taly
),
an
d A
bru
zzo
(Ita
ly).
Th
ere
are
tw
o m
ed
ium
siz
ed
po
pu
lati
on
s, t
he
Sta
raP
lan
ina
(Gre
ec
e)
an
d t
he
Rila
Rh
od
op
e(B
ulg
ari
a -
Gre
ec
e).
La
rge
p
op
ula
tio
ns
inc
lud
e t
he
Din
ari
c-P
ind
os
(Au
stri
a, S
love
nia
, Cro
ati
a, B
osn
ia &
H
erz
eg
ovi
na
, Mo
nte
ne
gro
, Se
rbia
, Alb
an
ia,
M
ac
ed
on
ia a
nd
Gre
ec
e),
th
e
Ca
rpa
thia
n (
Po
lan
d, S
lova
kia
,
Uk
rain
e, R
om
an
ia, S
erb
ia),
th
e S
ca
nd
ina
via
n (
No
rwa
y,
Sw
ed
en
), t
he
Ka
relia
n(n
ort
he
ast
ern
No
rwa
y,
Fin
lan
d, R
uss
ia)
an
d t
he
Ba
ltic
(E
sto
nia
, La
tvia
,
Be
laru
s, R
uss
ia).
Dis
trib
utio
n: N
ort
he
rn E
uro
pe
in t
wo
ma
in p
op
ula
tio
ns;
th
e S
ca
nd
ina
via
n p
op
ula
tio
n (
75
0
ind
ivid
ua
ls)
co
veri
ng
No
rwa
y, S
we
de
n a
nd
no
rth
we
ste
rnF
inla
nd
, an
d t
he
Fin
nis
h-R
uss
ian
p
op
ula
tio
n (
45
0 in
div
idu
als
) c
ove
rin
g F
inla
nd
,
n
ort
hw
est
ern
Ru
ssia
an
d n
ort
he
ast
ern
No
rwa
y.
Th
ere
is p
rob
ab
ly s
om
e e
xch
an
ge
of
ind
ivid
ua
ls
b
etw
ee
n t
he
se t
wo
po
pu
lati
on
s, a
nd
th
e
Fin
nis
h-R
uss
ian
po
pu
lati
on
is c
on
ne
cte
d
to t
he
larg
er
Sib
eri
an
po
pu
lati
on
to
the
ea
st.
Dis
trib
utio
n: 1
0 p
op
ula
tio
ns.
No
rth
we
ste
rnIb
eri
a (
Sp
ain
an
d P
ort
ug
al -
24
00
),
Sie
rra
Mo
ren
a(s
ou
the
rn S
pa
in -
50
), A
lps
(Fra
nc
e, I
taly
an
d S
wit
zerl
an
d –
13
0-1
60
),
Ita
lian
(It
alia
n p
en
insu
la –
50
0-8
00
), C
arp
ath
ian
(C
zec
h R
ep
ub
lic,
Slo
vaki
a, s
ou
the
rn P
ola
nd
, Uk
rain
e, R
om
an
ia, S
erb
ia,
Hu
ng
ary
-5
00
0),
Din
ari
c-B
alk
an
(S
love
nia
, Cro
ati
a, B
osn
ia
& H
erz
eg
ovi
na
, Se
rbia
, Mo
nte
ne
gro
, Alb
an
ia,
F
YR
Ma
ce
do
nia
, Gre
ec
e, B
ulg
ari
a -
50
00
), K
are
lian
(Fin
lan
d, w
est
ern
Ru
ssia
-7
50
), B
alt
ic (
Ru
ssia
,
E
sto
nia
, La
tvia
, Lit
hu
an
ia, B
ela
rus,
no
rth
ea
ste
rnP
ola
nd
, Uk
rain
e -
36
00
), a
nd
Ge
rma
n-P
olis
h
(e
ast
ern
Ge
rma
ny,
we
ste
rn P
ola
nd
-<
50
)
a
nd
Sc
an
din
avi
a (
No
rwa
y,
S
we
de
n –
13
0-1
50
).
Dis
trib
utio
n: 8
po
pu
lati
on
s, in
clu
din
g t
he
Sc
an
din
avi
an
(N
orw
ay,
Sw
ed
en
, n
ort
he
ast
Fin
lan
d –
20
00
an
ima
ls),
th
e N
ort
he
ast
ern
(Fin
lan
d, w
est
ern
Ru
ssia
, E
sto
nia
, La
tvia
, Lit
hu
an
ia, n
ort
he
ast
ern
Po
lan
d,
Be
laru
s, n
ort
he
rn U
kra
ine
–4
00
0 a
nim
als
),
the
Ca
rpa
thia
ns
(so
uth
ern
Po
lan
d, C
zec
h
Re
pu
blic
, Slo
vaki
a, U
kra
ine
, Ro
ma
nia
,
Hu
ng
ary
an
d S
erb
ia –
25
00
an
ima
ls),
th
e B
alk
an
(A
lba
nia
, FY
R M
ac
ed
on
ia,
S
erb
ia, M
on
ten
eg
ro -
<1
00
an
ima
ls),
D
ina
ric
(Slo
ven
ia, C
roa
tia
,
B
osn
ia &
He
rze
go
vin
a),
Alp
ine
(Fra
nc
e, I
taly
, Sw
itze
rla
nd
,
G
erm
an
y, A
ust
ria
,
Lic
he
nst
ein
, Slo
ven
ia),
Jura
-Vo
sge
s(S
wit
zerl
an
d, F
ran
ce
,
G
erm
an
y) a
nd
th
e
B
ava
ria
n-B
oh
em
ian
(G
erm
an
y, C
zec
h
Re
pu
blic
, Au
stri
a).
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