Origins: Before we start
30 Family Languages
5000 languages in the World
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
called
Produced bysuch as
GermanicItalicCeltic Indo-IranianHellenicBalto-Slavic
seems to have a
COMMON ANCESTOR
How can be hypothesized proto-indo-European as an
ancestor language?• BY: Comparing E.g. Spanish- Italian-Latin
Identifying features Spelling, Pronunciation, Meaning
Analysing History Cultural clashes, invasions , colonisations, Family languages
Common Features: COGNATESCOGNATES
words with a common etymological
origin
E.g. PROTO- INDO-EUROPEAN. Germanic Family. English-German
FORM MEANING
are
presentingsimilar
Influences in future English and German
English – German angel r Engelmuscle r Muskelmother e Mutterfish n. r Fischfriend m. r Freund
*Etymology Studies the history of words (history, formation, meaning through the time)
Common Features: COGNATESCognate Sets
Comparative Reconstruction
Languages Family Language
Ancestor Language
Common features
the
uses
Reconstruct
Majority Principle
Most Natural Development Principle
Most of the words in a language have the same
sound in the beginning of the utterance
(Common sound changes)
1. Final vowels disappear2. Voiceless sounds become voiced between voiced
vowels3. Stops become fricatives4. Consonants become voiceless at the end of words
of a
from ato
based on
presenting two principles
Language Change: OLD English 7th Century to the end of the 11th Century
Influences
Germanic languageSpoken tribes invadedBritish Isles
5th Century
Anglo Saxons JutesConsequences: English got many of the basic words usedtodayEg. Mann (Man), etan (eat) Drincan (drink), cild (child)
INVADED
6th Century 8th Century
Conversionof the anglo saxonsto Christianity
Religion Vocabulary
Consequences: Because of their new beliefs, anglo saxons integratedreligious vocabulary into English Eg. Church, priest, candle, angel
10th Century
Vikings came across and invaded coastal regions of Britain
Consequences: Because of this Cultural clash, new words were Added to English from Old Norse, Vikings language.Eg. Give, law, skin, leg, sky, they
Language Change: MIDDLE English 1100 to 1500
Norman French Invasion In England
1066
William the Conqueror.
French became the ruling class
Influences
Consequences: French became the language of the Nobility, government, law and civilized behaviour. Eg. Army, court, defence,Faith, prison, tax
Literature
English still remained as it can be seen in Chaucer’s writings, in which a sort of English version of French was used for the reason that was considered a language of prestigue.
Language Change: MODERN English 1500 to Present
1500 to present
Consequences: - Many words were created- It helped to the standardization of English (acceptation)
Literature
Shakespeare as a main exponent of the many changes from old English to Modern English
English experimented many changes
The invention of the Printing Press
New Technology
Consequences: - Helped to spread the
language to the peopleas well as educate them
Features of English Education
Sound Changing -Letter “e” at theend of words disappeared (as well as many others like the sound /x/)-“th” became “sSyntactic Changing Lexical Changing
Because of all of the new advanced a great quantity of books started to be printed, therefore
people had the chance to accessed to information as well as language (grammar books, dictionaries)
Language Change: About the CHANGES
Sound Changes
-Change in vowels hu:s haws (house)-Elimination of some sounds like: /x/ -Reversal of place of two adjoining sounds (Metathesis)-The addition of a sound into centre of a word (Epenthesis)-The addition of a sound to the beginning of a word (Prothesis)
Syntactic Changes
-Changing in word order( Verb-Subject, to Subject Verb)-Double Negative “And not gave you me never a kid”
Lexical Changes
-Borrowed words, which are no longer in use. -Broadening the meaning and uses of wordsE.g. Holy Day (a specific day) Holiday (general break from work) -Narrowing the meaning and uses of wordsE.g. Mete (any kind of food) Meat (a certain type of food )
Language Change: The process of change
Social Changes
Wars, invasions
Languagepoint A in time
Languagepoint B in time
AS W
ELL
AS
Uses of languageaccording to generations
The process of Change
Diachronically Synchronically
Historical Perspective
One languagein different placesat the same time
can be analyzed
which means which means