ObjectivesObjectives
Understand how Cold War tensions finally erupted in a shooting war in 1950. The United States confronted a difficult challenge defending freedom halfway around the world.
Understand how Cold War tensions finally erupted in a shooting war in 1950. The United States confronted a difficult challenge defending freedom halfway around the world.
The Korean WarThe Korean War
Caught between ideologiesCaught between ideologies
TensionsTensions
1949, China goes communist with the rise of Mao Zedong
Japan had ruled Korea from 1910-1945, but had been driven out by the United States and the Soviet Union.
1945-the Allies had divided Korea into two zones, the Soviets occupied the northern zone and U.S. troops occupied the southern zone.
1949, China goes communist with the rise of Mao Zedong
Japan had ruled Korea from 1910-1945, but had been driven out by the United States and the Soviet Union.
1945-the Allies had divided Korea into two zones, the Soviets occupied the northern zone and U.S. troops occupied the southern zone.
North and South KoreaNorth and South Korea
Divided KoreaDivided Korea
North Korea was led by communist leader Kim Il Sung
South Korea was led by Syngman Rhee and called itself the Republic of Korea
North Korea was led by communist leader Kim Il Sung
South Korea was led by Syngman Rhee and called itself the Republic of Korea
Kim Il Sung Kim Il Sung
Syngman Syngman RheeRhee
U.S. InvolvementU.S. Involvement
South Korea was unstable economically
The United States feared that South Korea would fall to communism
U.S. government helped to build up the South Korean military
Both the U.S. and the Soviets removed their troops from Korea in 1949.
South Korea was unstable economically
The United States feared that South Korea would fall to communism
U.S. government helped to build up the South Korean military
Both the U.S. and the Soviets removed their troops from Korea in 1949.
Fighting BeginsFighting Begins
North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950.
The UN became involved and asked for an immediate cease fire
The Soviets were boycotting the U.N. due to the denial of admittance of China to the world governing body
North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950.
The UN became involved and asked for an immediate cease fire
The Soviets were boycotting the U.N. due to the denial of admittance of China to the world governing body
Support for South KoreaSupport for South Korea
June 27th-The U.N. Security Council labeled North Korea as an aggressor and offered support to South Korea
The U.S. sponsored this resolution
U.S. forces entered South Korea under the direction General MacArthur
15 other countries gave military and monetary support, however no other country gave the same support that the United States did.
June 27th-The U.N. Security Council labeled North Korea as an aggressor and offered support to South Korea
The U.S. sponsored this resolution
U.S. forces entered South Korea under the direction General MacArthur
15 other countries gave military and monetary support, however no other country gave the same support that the United States did.
Split PowerSplit Power
By September the North Koreans had pushed the U.S. and South Korean forces into a retreat
September 15, 1950, General MacArthur led a counterattack and recaptured Seoul, which is South Korea’s capital
The UN and U.S. forces were hit with a counterattack from the North Koreans and eventually had to settle with a defensive line at the 38th parallel
By September the North Koreans had pushed the U.S. and South Korean forces into a retreat
September 15, 1950, General MacArthur led a counterattack and recaptured Seoul, which is South Korea’s capital
The UN and U.S. forces were hit with a counterattack from the North Koreans and eventually had to settle with a defensive line at the 38th parallel
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/koreatxt.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/koreatxt.html
China’s InvolvementChina’s Involvement
China aided North Korea in late November.
Due to China’s involvement, General MacArthur called for a major expansion of the war. His proposal included:
Blockading China’s coast
Invading the interior of China
Nuclear weapons proposed
China aided North Korea in late November.
Due to China’s involvement, General MacArthur called for a major expansion of the war. His proposal included:
Blockading China’s coast
Invading the interior of China
Nuclear weapons proposed
Conflict Regarding the Plan
Conflict Regarding the Plan
Supporters of MacArthur’s plan said it would overthrow the Communist regime in China
Opponents argued that blockading China could entice the Soviets to become involved
Supporters of MacArthur’s plan said it would overthrow the Communist regime in China
Opponents argued that blockading China could entice the Soviets to become involved
Truman’s ResponseTruman’s Response
President Truman opposed MacArthur’s plan
Truman removed MacArthur from his position in April 1951
The war had reached a stalemate by the summer of 1951.
The war became a hot button issue in election of 1952
President Truman opposed MacArthur’s plan
Truman removed MacArthur from his position in April 1951
The war had reached a stalemate by the summer of 1951.
The war became a hot button issue in election of 1952
Election of 1952Election of 1952Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower
Democrat candidate Adlai Stevenson
Eisenhower promised to end the Korean war yet still resist the spread of Communism
Eisenhower won the electoral college 442-89
Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower
Democrat candidate Adlai Stevenson
Eisenhower promised to end the Korean war yet still resist the spread of Communism
Eisenhower won the electoral college 442-89
President President EisenhowerEisenhower
The War EndsThe War Ends
Eisenhower stayed true to his word to end the war
Bombing raids increased by the U.S. in North Korea in May of 1953
July 27th, 1953 an armistice was agreed upon.
The outcome of the war was the same dividing line that was present before the start of the war, approximately around the 38th parallel
Eisenhower stayed true to his word to end the war
Bombing raids increased by the U.S. in North Korea in May of 1953
July 27th, 1953 an armistice was agreed upon.
The outcome of the war was the same dividing line that was present before the start of the war, approximately around the 38th parallel
Final OutcomeFinal Outcomehttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/koreatxt.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/koreatxt.html
ResourcesResources
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. American Government. 2003.
PBS. American Experience. www.pbs.org
Whitehouse.gov. www.whitehouse.gov
www.wikipedia.com
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. American Government. 2003.
PBS. American Experience. www.pbs.org
Whitehouse.gov. www.whitehouse.gov
www.wikipedia.com
ObjectivesObjectives
Analyze how the concern of communism led the United States to become increasingly involved in Vietnam
Analyze how the concern of communism led the United States to become increasingly involved in Vietnam
The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam War
1954-1975
America’s involvement 1965-1973
1954-1975
America’s involvement 1965-1973
CausesCauses
Domino Theory
Harsh French rule
Vietnam Declares Independence
Refusal to hold free elections
Ho Chi Minh was a communist
Domino Theory
Harsh French rule
Vietnam Declares Independence
Refusal to hold free elections
Ho Chi Minh was a communist
Ho Chi Minh“He who enlightens”
Ho Chi Minh“He who enlightens”
Real Name: Nguyen That Thanh
Embraced Wilson’s 14 Points and was disappointed
Believed a communist revolution in Vietnam would gain them freedom from foreigners
Real Name: Nguyen That Thanh
Embraced Wilson’s 14 Points and was disappointed
Believed a communist revolution in Vietnam would gain them freedom from foreigners
Vietnam Declares Independence
Vietnam Declares Independence
Vietminh - communist group committed to independence
Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945
Ho Chi Minh quoted from the Declaration of Independence at the capital city of Hanoi
Vietminh - communist group committed to independence
Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945
Ho Chi Minh quoted from the Declaration of Independence at the capital city of Hanoi
The US supports FranceThe US supports France
France looks to reclaim its colony
Truman (US) supports the French to stop communist expansion
Domino theory
Despite US aid, France was defeated
France looks to reclaim its colony
Truman (US) supports the French to stop communist expansion
Domino theory
Despite US aid, France was defeated
Dien Bien PhuDien Bien Phu
40,000 Vietnamese surround 15,000 French soldiers
France surrenders 1954
Vietnam gained fighting experience
300,000 dead so far
40,000 Vietnamese surround 15,000 French soldiers
France surrenders 1954
Vietnam gained fighting experience
300,000 dead so far
Geneva ConferenceGeneva Conference
France had to leave
Vietminh would control the north
17th parallel a buffer zone
France had to leave
Vietminh would control the north
17th parallel a buffer zone
South VietnamSouth Vietnam
Ngo Dinh Diem
anti-communist
corrupt: elections, jobs, imprisoned political opponents
1955 “election”
blocked 1956 election
Open revolt by 1959
Ngo Dinh Diem
anti-communist
corrupt: elections, jobs, imprisoned political opponents
1955 “election”
blocked 1956 election
Open revolt by 1959
National Liberation Front (Vietcong)
National Liberation Front (Vietcong)
not necessarily communist, but wanted to overthrow Diem’s regime
popular in the countryside
others joined because they also feared the VC
assassinations and presence of North Vietnamese Army
not necessarily communist, but wanted to overthrow Diem’s regime
popular in the countryside
others joined because they also feared the VC
assassinations and presence of North Vietnamese Army
U.S. Involvement and Diem’s end
U.S. Involvement and Diem’s end
1956 supplies given
“advisers” sent in early 1960s - 16,000 by 1963
Diem arrested and killed Buddhist protesters
1963, South Vietnamese plotters kill Diem
1956 supplies given
“advisers” sent in early 1960s - 16,000 by 1963
Diem arrested and killed Buddhist protesters
1963, South Vietnamese plotters kill Diem
Tonkin Gulf ResolutionTonkin Gulf Resolution
Vietcong controlled about 40% of South Vietnam
4 August 1964, President LBJ appears on TV and says destroyer USS Maddox
Claimed it was “unprovoked”
spy mission and fired first
“all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States”
Vietcong controlled about 40% of South Vietnam
4 August 1964, President LBJ appears on TV and says destroyer USS Maddox
Claimed it was “unprovoked”
spy mission and fired first
“all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States”
Senator Wayne MorseSenator Wayne Morse
“I believe that history will record we have made a great mistake. We are in effect giving the President war-making powers in the absence of a declaration of war.”
“I believe that history will record we have made a great mistake. We are in effect giving the President war-making powers in the absence of a declaration of war.”
Operation Rolling Thunder
Operation Rolling Thunder
Bombed anything useful in North Vietnam in 1965
agent orange, napalm, cluster bombs, carpet bombing
Vietcong supplies actually increased - did without roads/bridges, underground network
More Vietcong emerged
Bombed anything useful in North Vietnam in 1965
agent orange, napalm, cluster bombs, carpet bombing
Vietcong supplies actually increased - did without roads/bridges, underground network
More Vietcong emerged
American StrategyAmerican Strategy
Gen. William Westmoreland
Troop count: 1965 (185,000) and then 1967 (486,000)
search-and-destroy missions
air strikes
pacification
Gen. William Westmoreland
Troop count: 1965 (185,000) and then 1967 (486,000)
search-and-destroy missions
air strikes
pacification
Tet OffensiveTet OffensiveKhe Sanh siege was a diversion (1967)
Main offensive Jan. 1968 - 12 U.S. military bases and 100 cities attacked during the holiday (Chinese New Year)
retaken within a month with 45,000 VC killed
labeled a communist defeat by Westmoreland
Khe Sanh siege was a diversion (1967)
Main offensive Jan. 1968 - 12 U.S. military bases and 100 cities attacked during the holiday (Chinese New Year)
retaken within a month with 45,000 VC killed
labeled a communist defeat by Westmoreland
DissatisfactionDissatisfaction1968 - My Lai Massacre, William Calley - 450 women, children, and elders killed (murder)
1968, college protests nationwide
1969, more than half of Americans opposed the war
1970 Kent State University shootings
1971, Vietnam War Veterans protested
Pentagon Papers leaked secrets about U.S. involvement and its lies to the American people
1968 - My Lai Massacre, William Calley - 450 women, children, and elders killed (murder)
1968, college protests nationwide
1969, more than half of Americans opposed the war
1970 Kent State University shootings
1971, Vietnam War Veterans protested
Pentagon Papers leaked secrets about U.S. involvement and its lies to the American people
1972 Election1972 Election
Nixon stressed law and order and a quick end to the war and won
Peace talks too slow so Christmas bombings were ordered on Hanoi and Haiphong
Jan 1973 peace talks said America would get out of Vietnam and help rebuild it
All POWs would be released
Nixon stressed law and order and a quick end to the war and won
Peace talks too slow so Christmas bombings were ordered on Hanoi and Haiphong
Jan 1973 peace talks said America would get out of Vietnam and help rebuild it
All POWs would be released
OutcomesOutcomes
30 Apr. 1975 South Vietnam surrenders to the north and the country is united under communism (remains to this day)
58,000 Americans dead
returning soldiers not welcomed home
post-traumatic stress disorder
led to mistrust in our government
$150 billion spent
War Powers Act 1973
more discussions on war in the future
30 Apr. 1975 South Vietnam surrenders to the north and the country is united under communism (remains to this day)
58,000 Americans dead
returning soldiers not welcomed home
post-traumatic stress disorder
led to mistrust in our government
$150 billion spent
War Powers Act 1973
more discussions on war in the future