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Plants
Classification
ByYesi Febriyanti
Elok Prayogi
Fina Lutfiya
Elita Anggraeni
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Definition of plant
classification The ordering of plants into a hierarchy of taxa in
positional compartments
The species being the fundamental unit, rank orcategory
A means of grouping plants according to theirsimilarities
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Purpose of
classification To order organisms into taxa on the bases of their
relationships
To provide an orderly arrangement or system, position,and rank that expresses the relationships in practical ornatural way
To produce a system for 1) efficient and effectiveinformation storage and 2) use for taxa particular a)
circumscriptions, b) positions, and c) ranksEx: Aster and Rosa of same rank (genus) but different
positions (Asteraceae and Rosaceae)
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Basic premise for
classification
in the tremendous variation in the plant wordconceptually discontinuous groups exist that canbe identified
Via discontinuity of variation and character
correlation can be ordered into a hierarchy andpositional compartment for taxa that express thelogical relationships among the groups
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Fundamental principles
of classification
Variation in plant makes possible the
establishment of classification systems
Classifications of taxa are changed for the
proper reasons of either a more profoundknowledge of the facts resulting from
adequate taxonomy study
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Classification
Artificial classification system:
based on one or two morphological characters that can
be easily seen, and the purpose for
Natural classification system
Phylogenetic classification system
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Approaches to
Classification
Utilitarian (Uses) Dioscorides, Herbalists
Form (habit of plant)Theophrastus, Caesalpino
Artificial (few obvious characters)Tournefort,
Linnaeus
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Natural (overall resemblances)Bauhin, Ray,
deJussieu, de Candolle, Bentham & Hooker
Molecular and Phylogenetic classification
(reflects evolution)Engler & Prantl, Bessey,Hutchinson, Cronquist, Takhtajan, Thorne,
Dahlgren, APG
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Important Influences on
Classification Systems
Needs of the historical period
Level of knowledge of the historical periodPhilosophical concepts of the historical
period
Available technology of the historical period
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APG versus earlier
classifications
Premolecular
classification
Artificial
Natural
Phylogenetic
Molecular
classifications
Phylogenetic
Postmolecular
classifications
Phylogenetic
based on a wide
array of
characters
including themolecular and
micromorphologi
cal level
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Artificial System of PlantClassification
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Classification based on
reproductive organs
Class determinedby Stamen
Order by Pistils
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Before Linnaeus
Naming practices varied
For instance, the common wild rose:
Rosa sylvestr is inodora
seu canina
andRosa sylvestr is alba cum
rubo re, fol io g labro
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Artificial System of
Plant Classification
Carl Linnaeus
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Linnean hierarchy
Phylum Spermatophyta (seed plants)
Division Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)
Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae
Genus PrunusSpecies Prunus avium L.
Each entity within the hierarchy is called a taxon (plur.
taxa)
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7 Levels of Organization each level
is called a taxon Kingdomlargest, most inclusive
(diverse) group
Phylummade up of groups of classes(share body plan features & internal
functions) Classcomposed of similar orders
Ordercomposed of similar families
Familymade up of genera that share
many characteristics Genusa group of closely related species
Speciessmallest, least inclusive group ofvery similar organisms that can breed andproduce fertile offspring
Decreaseindiversity& size ofgroup
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Higher Categories
Kingdom
Division(Phylum)
Class
OrderFamily
Genus
Species
Box in a Box Concept
Taxon(plural - taxa) = a
group of organisms at a
particular level in the
classification system
The greater the similarity
between two taxa the more
closely they are related
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What is Artificial
Plant Classification?
Method of classifying plants
based on a limited number oftheir physical and sexual
characteristics
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Basics
Sexual system
Divided plants into 24classes
Classes based largely on
the amount, union and
length of stamens
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The Linnaean Period
Technologically, there were
early microscopes,
use of herbarium specimens, and
printed books were now available to the
masses.
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Convergent evolution:
spines of cacti & euphorbs Euphorb
Cactus
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euphorb spines cactus spines
Convergent evolution:
spines of cacti & euphorbs
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A B C D E F
TIME
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
common ancestor(of taxon A & taxa B-F)
common ancestor(of taxon D, E, & F)
Keturunan Umum
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Monophyletic Group
a group consisting of:
a common ancestor + all descendents of that common ancestor
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monophyleticgroup
A B C D E F
TIME
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
common ancestor(of taxon A & taxa B-F)
common ancestor(of taxon D, E, & F)
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monophyleticgroup
A B C D E F
TIME
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
common ancestor(of taxon A & taxa B-F)
common ancestor(of taxon D, E, & F)
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monophyleticgroup
A B C D E F
TIME
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
common ancestor(of taxon A & taxa B-F)
common ancestor(of taxon D, E, & F)
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monophyleticgroup
A B C D E F
TIME
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
common ancestor(of taxon A & taxa B-F)
common ancestor(of taxon D, E, & F)
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monophyleticgroup
A B C D E F
TIME
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
common ancestor(of taxon A & taxa B-F)
common ancestor(of taxon D, E, & F)
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C B F E D A
Cladograms can be flipped at nodes, show same relationships
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Relationship
= hubungan dekat dari keturunan umum
i.e., taxa sharing a common ancestor
more recent in time are more closely relatedthan those sharing common ancestors more
distant in time.
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Shark Fish Humans
TIME
common ancestor ofFish and Humans
common ancestor ofSharks, Fish, and Humans
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monophyleticgroup
OsteichthyesVertebrata
Shark Fish Humans
TIME
common ancestor ofFish and Humans
common ancestor ofSharks, Fish, and Humans
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Paraphyletic group
Consist of common ancestor but not all
descendents
Paraphyletic groups are unnatural, mengubah
sejarah evolusi, and tidak harus diakui
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Lizards &Snakes Crocodyles BirdsTurtles
"Reptilia"
Reptilia here paraphyletic
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Lizards &Snakes Crocodyles BirdsTurtles
Reptilia
Re-defined Reptilia monophyletic
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Lizards &Snakes Crocodyles BirdsTurtles
Dinosaurs
Reptilia
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Importance of systematics & evolution:
1) Foundation of biology - study of biodiversity
2) Basis for classification of life
3) Gives insight into biological processes:
speciation processes
adaptation to environment
4) Can be aesthetically/intellectually pleasing!
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All of life is interconnected
by descent.
A B C D E F
TIME
lineageor clade
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
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There are no higher or lower
species.
A B C D E F
TIME
lineageor clade
Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree
TAXA
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MODERN CLASSIFICATION
Since Linnaeus, the taxonomy system has
had some modifications as new methods of
classification have developed
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MODERN CLASSIFICATION
Domainshave been added as the largest taxonthat
includeskingdoms
3 Domain System Eukaryabroken into four kingdoms
Protists, Fungi, Animals & Plants
Bacteriacontains KingdomEubacteriawhich are more
common bacteria (ex. E. coli, Streptococcus)
Archaeacontains Kingdom Archaebacteriawhich are
bacteria that live in extremely harsh environments
(poles, volcanic vents, hot springs, deep ocean
trenches)
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Eubacteriacommon bacteria, very large group
Archaebacterialeast complex, but may be
ancient ancestors of present day eukaryotes
*** archaebacteria & eubacteria used to be grouped
into one kingdom calledMonera***
Protistasingle-celled eukaryotic organisms,
very diverse and might be broken up intoseparate kingdoms in the future
The number of kingdoms has also
changed --6 Kingdom System
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Funginot grouped with plants b/c of their
type of cell walls and how they obtain energy
Plantaecell walls are made of cellulose and
they are photosynthetic
Animaliamost complex group, include
reptiles, birds, amphibians, mammals, fish,
insects, etc.
The number of kingdoms has also
changed --6 Kingdom System
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