JULY 1 LIVE LESSON
1400-1600 AD
RENAISSANCE
BIG IDEA(S)
• It was the rebirth of interest in classical ideas and culture; both Greek and Roman. • The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the
arts, philosophy, and literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works that glorified city-states in northern Italy. At the same time, education became increasingly secular.
WHY ITALY?
Had access to trade routes
Served as trading centers for the distribution of
goods to northern Europe
Were initially independent city-states run like
republics (*without church control)
EQ | HOW DID THE ARTS AND LITERATURE OF THE RENAISSANCE DIFFER FROM THOSE OF
THE MIDDLE AGES?
Medieval art and literature focused on
the Church and salvation.
Renaissance art focused on
individuals and worldly matters, along
with Christianity
PROMINENT ITALIAN ARTISTS LEONARDO DA VINCI
• Italian artist • Painted the two most
famous paintings in the world • Mona Lisa • The Last Supper
MONA
LISA
THE LAST SUPPER
PROMINENT ITALIAN ARTISTS MICHELANGELO
• Italian artist • His most famous
sculptures, Pieta and David, were done before he was thirty. • Painted the ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel.
LA PIETA | 1499 MARBLE SCULPTURE,
CREATED WHEN HE WAS ONLY 24 YEARS OLD.
DAVID
Michelangelo created his
masterpiece David in
1504.
CENSORED
CEILING OF THE SISTINE CHAPEL ROME, ITALY
RENAISSANCE IDEAS HUMANISM
Literary movement
that began in the 14th Century
Believed man was the most excellent of
God’s creatures
Individuals had importance and worth
Fulfillment in every day life
should be emphasized
rather than just in the afterlife
Ideal man should excel in
many fields
Classical writings (Greco-
Roman) should be studied
PETRARCH FATHER OF HUMANISM
• Italian poet and humanism scholar
• Known for 14 line poems (sonnets) which expressed romantic love and appreciation of nature.
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE WRITERS | ERASMUS
• Dutch philosopher • Notable Humanist writer
• Wrote In Praise of Folly
(1511 AD) • A satire on Renaissance
society and priests.
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE WRITERS | SHAKESPEARE
• English writer • Wrote Romeo &
Juliet (plays, sonnets, essays)
Renaissance
Rebirth of Greco Roman
Literature
Begin in Italy
Idea of Humanism
?
B E G I N N I N G O F A N E W C H R I S T I A N C H U R C H
PROTESTANT REFORMATION
BIG IDEA • For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church had little
competition in religious thought and action. The resistance of the Church to change led to the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in the birth of new political and economic institutions.
• Essential Question • What were the problems and issues that
provoked religious reforms in Western Christianity?
CAUSES OF PROTESTANT REFORMATION
Merchant wealth challenged Church’s view of usury (loaning $ w/ interest)
German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church
Catholic Church had great political power and wealth
Church corruption and the sale of indulgences (buying forgiveness for sins)
were widespread
REFORMATION BEGINS GERMANY | MARTIN LUTHER
GERMANY 1517
Martin Luther, a monk, writes the 95 Thesis
(95 complaints against the
Pope and the Catholic Church)
GERMANY 1517
Result: A New Form of Christianity is Formed
Catholics in Europe begin to protest against the Church’s corruption.
Gutenberg develops the printing press; prints and publishes the 95 Thesis.
LUTHER’S VIEWS
• Salvation by Faith Alone • To be Christian all one must do is believe
Bible is the Ultimate Authority • All answers can be found in the Bible, not
at Church
All men are equal • Pope, King and Peasant are viewed the
same by God.
PRINTING PRESS
•
Bible printed in English,
French and German
Literacy rate rises
Ideas of Reformation
and Renaissance
Spread
Result | Church and Pope Lose Power and Wealth
REFORMATION SPREADS
FRANCE| JOHN CALVIN
• Beliefs
• Predestination – God knows if you are destined for heaven or hell.
• Salvation through faith and work ethic.
ENGLAND | KING HENRY VIII
Wanted a Divorce
Pope Refused
Broke from
Rome and took the Church’s
land.
Outcomes: • King Henry VIII headed the newly
formed National Church of England. • Re-sold Church land and began
capitalism.
ENGLAND | ELIZABETH I
• Daughter of Henry VIII • Est. Anglican Church of England but was tolerant of Catholic dissenters
• Expanded and colonized Kingdom into America
1588 DEFEATED THE SPANISH ARMADA
Philip I of Spain
(Catholic) asked to
marry Elizabeth
She Said NO!
He sent ships to destroy her
kingdom… HE LOST!
FINAL RESULTS OF REFORMATION
Division of Europe
REFORMATION IN GERMANY
Princes in Northern Germany converted
to Protestantism, ending the authority
of the Pope.
In central Germany, the Hapsburg family
ruled the Holy Roman Empire under the Pope’s authority
Result | 30 Years War Between Catholics
and Protestants
REFORMATION IN FRANCE
• Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked).
Thousands of Huguenots
are slaughtered
at the Bartholomew
Massacre.
REFORMATION IN FRANCE
• Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict.
CATHOLICS REFORMATION
COUNTER REFORMATION
Catholic Church was losing Followers and Money
Decided to Reform themselves
3 METHODS OF REFORM
Council of Trent to re-
affirm Catholic Doctrine (beliefs)
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
to spread Catholicism
Inquisition set up to reinforce
Catholic Doctrine…
punish those who did not
follow it.
POST-REFORMATION GROWTH OF NEW IDEAS – SIR
S • Secularism- turn away from religion to worldly
matters
I • Individualism (Humanism) - individual relationships
w/ God and individual interpretations of belief
R • Religious tolerance– allow individuals to freely
practice religion
Result| Christianity no long unifying force in Europe