JPA TL Ltd.Newcastle Business Vil lage ,
33 Bell ingham Dr ive ,Nor th Tyneside Ind. Est. ,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9SZ
T: 0191 270 5138E: sales@techlit .co.ukW: www.techlit .co.uk
JPA TL
JPA Designer
SAP 9.90 module • U-value modules& Condensation Risk
Version 5.01a1 and aboveISSUE FEBRUARY 2011
Contents
Contents ii
I JPA Designerbasics 1
1 IntroducingJPA Designer 21.1 JPA Designermodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 Gettinghelp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Gettingstarted 52.1 Systemrequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.3 Userregistration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 On-linelicencechecking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.5 Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.6 OpeningandclosingJPA Designer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.7 UninstallingJPA Designer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 Managingprojectsandcalculations 103.1 Startinganewproject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.2 Addingprojectaddressdetails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.3 Savingprojects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.4 Openingprojects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.5 Addingcalculationstoaproject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.6 Openingandclosingcalculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.7 Duplicatingcalculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.8 Renamingcalculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.9 Deletingcalculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.10 Mergingprojects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.11 Importingandupgradingcalculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.12 Programoptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
II U-valuecalculations 18
4 TheJPA DesignerU-valuemodules 194.1 Uvalueprojectinformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
ii
CONTENTS iii
5 Constructiondetails 215.1 Elementtype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.2 Internalandexternalsurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235.3 Lightsteelframeconstructiontype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235.4 Builtupmetalroofingandcladdingsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6 Workingwithlayers 246.1 InsertinglayersfromtheProductsdatabase . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.2 Insertingblanklayersinacalculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.3 Cutting, copying, pastinganddeletinglayers . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7 Workingwithmaterials 287.1 Basiccharacteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.2 Typesofmaterialsandcavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297.3 Thermalbridging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8 Correctionfactors 358.1 Mechanicalfasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358.2 Airgapcorrection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378.3 Rainwatercooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378.4 Rainscreencladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388.5 Elementsseparatingheatedandunheatedspaces . . . . . . . . . . 39
9 Complexcalculations 409.1 Lightsteelframedstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409.2 Twinskinmetalcladdingandroofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.3 Invertedroofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439.4 Usingvariablelayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449.5 Taperedlayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
10 GroundfloorU-values 4910.1 Groundfloordetails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
11 BasementU-values 5411.1 Basementfloors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5411.2 Basementwalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
12 Outputtingresults 57
13 U-valuecalculationoptions 59
14 EditingtheProductsdatabase 6114.1 Shortcodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
III Condensationrisk 65
15 Assessingtheriskofinterstitialcondensation 6615.1 Environmentalconditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6715.2 Viewingresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6715.3 Usingthepreviouscalculationmethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
CONTENTS iv
15.4 Outputtingcalculationresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
IV SAP 2009 72
16 JPA DesignerSAP 2009module 7316.1 OverviewoftheSAP 2009module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7316.2 Determiningcompliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7316.3 PreparingtocarryoutaSAP 2009calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . 7416.4 CarryingoutaSAP 2009calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7516.5 TheSAP window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7516.6 ProjectinformationinSAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7716.7 Enteringprojectdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
17 Dwellingdimensions 8317.1 Lowenergylighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
18 Ventilation 8618.1 Airinfiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8718.2 Ventilationopeningsandsheltering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8818.3 Ventilationtype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
19 Walls, roofsandfloors 9219.1 Definingbuildingelements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9219.2 TheElementdialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9519.3 Managingbuildingelements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9619.4 Linearthermalbridging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9719.5 Thermalmass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
20 Openings 10120.1 TheWindows, DoorsandRooflightsdialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . 10320.2 Editingmultipleopenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
21 Waterheating 10721.1 Hotwaterstoragetank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10721.2 Instantaneouswaterheatingatpointofuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10921.3 Combinationboiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10921.4 Communityheatingscheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11021.5 Multi-pointgaswaterheaterorheatexchangebuiltintoagaswarm
airsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11021.6 Boilerwiththermalstore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11121.7 Combinedprimarystorageunit(CPSU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11321.8 MicroCHP orheatpump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11421.9 Communityheatingschemeprovidingdomestichotwateronly . . 11521.10 Solarpanels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
22 Primaryheating 11822.1 Dwellingswithtwomainheatingsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11822.2 Efficiencydataforheatingsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11922.3 Themainprimaryheatingsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
CONTENTS v
22.4 Additionaldata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
23 Secondaryheating 126
24 Overheating 128
25 Cooling 129
26 Renewables 13026.1 Photovoltaicpanels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13026.2 Windturbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13126.3 Hydro-electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13126.4 Wastewaterheatrecoverysystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13226.5 Fluegasheatrecoverysystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13326.6 Otherallowablegeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
27 Specialfeatures 135
28 Checkingcompliance 136
29 OutputtingSAP results 137
PartI
JPA Designerbasics
1
1 IntroducingJPA Designer
WelcometoJPA Designerversion5.01, thedesignandcalculationprogramfromJPA TLLtd.
JPA Designercan:
• carryoutSAP calculationstoSAP versions9.90, 9.81, 9.80and9.70, todemon-stratecompliancewiththeenergyefficiencyrequirementsofBuildingRegulationsandBuildingStandards1 andaspartofCodeforSustainableHomes(CSH) assess-ments;
• issueOn-constructionEnergyPerformanceCertificates(EPCs)fordwellingsinEng-landandWales, ScotlandandNorthernIreland;
• calculateU-valuesand κ-valuesforbuildingelements;
• carryoutcondensationriskanalysistoBS EN ISO 13788;
JPA Designerincludesmanyfeaturestomakethecalculationprocesseasier:
• Project-basedfilesystemenablesyoutokeepallthecalculationsforonedevelop-mentinsameprojectfile;
• LinksbetweenU-valueandSAP calculations, sothatSAP calculationsareautomat-icallyupdatedwhenU-valuecalculationschange;
• CalculationresultscanbeproducedasPDF filesforemailing;
• IncludesadatabaseofcommonmaterialstospeedU-valuecalculations;
• On-screenhelpwhichincludestheofficialSAP guidance.
WehopeyoufindJPA Designerausefulcalculationtool. Wearealwayshappytoreceivecomments, suggestions for improvementsor proposals for enhancements to suit yourspecificneeds.
1In order to lodge and issue EPCs in England andWales, and Northern Ireland you will needto be a member of an accreditation scheme. You can find details of our partner schemes atwww.techlit.co.uk/training/accreditation.
2
CHAPTER1. INTRODUCING JPA DESIGNER 3
1.1 JPA Designermodules
JPA Designerisamodularprogram, soyouneedonlybuythemoduleswhichgiveyouthefunctionsyouwanttouse: thecurrentmodulesare:
• SAP 2011 – calculates SAP ratings to the SAP 9.90 specification and tests newdwellingsforcompliancewiththerequirementsofBuildingRegulationsandBuild-ingStandards. (ThismodulewillalsocalculateSAP ratingstoSAP 9.81, 9.80and9.70.)
• Uvalue2011 –calculatesU-valuesofbuildingelementstakingaccountofrepeatingthermalbridgesusingthemethodsinISO 6946forexposedfloors, wallsandroofs,andthemethodinISO 13370forgroundfloorsandbasements. Italsocalculatesκ-values.
• Uvalue2011Professional –analyses the riskof interstitial condensation to ISO13788andcarriesoutelementalU-valuecalculationstoISO 6946andISO 13370,and κ-valuecalculations.
WhenyoubuyalicenceforaJPA Designermoduleyouwillreceiveakeycodetoenableyoutousethatmodule. Theothermodulesontheprogramwillbevisible, butwillonlyworkindemonstrationmodeandwillnotdisplaycalculationresults. Youcan, ofcourse,purchaseadditionalmodulesatanytime.
1.2 Gettinghelp
ThismanualhasbeendesignedtoprovideeasyreferencetoallthefeaturesofJPA De-signer. Themanualusesthefollowingconventions:
• <angledbrackets> forkeysonthecomputerkeyboard, e.g.the <Enter> key.
• the + signindicatesyoushouldholddownonekeywhilepressinganother, e.g.<Alt+F> means`holddownthe <Alt> keywhilepressingthe <F> key'.
• Boldtype indicatespartsofJPA Designer'sscreendisplays, e.g.the Ventilationratedialogue.
• Menu>option indicatestheoptioninthemenuontheprogram'smenubar, e.g.Se-lect Edit>Primaryheatingsystem means selectthe Primaryheatingsystem optionfromthe Edit menu.
Thismanualusesthefollowingspecialterms:
• Dialogue(dialoguebox): asmallwindowwhichdisplaysboxesorbuttonsforen-teringdata.
• Radiobutton: asetoftwoormorerelatedbuttons-youcanonlyselectoneatatime.
CHAPTER1. INTRODUCING JPA DESIGNER 4
• Tickbox: aboxwhichshowswhetherornotaparticularsettingison(ticked)oroff(notticked).
• Textbox: anareaonadialogueinwhichyoucantypewordsornumbers.
• Drop-down: aboxonadialoguewhichcanbeexpandedtoshowanumberofpre-setoptions, usuallybyclickinganarrowontheright-handsideofthebox.
TherearemanyfunctionsofJPA Designerwhichcanbeaccessedusingboththemenusandthetoolbars: inaddition, somemayalsohavekeyboardshortcuts. Topreventthismanualbecomingrepetitivewegenerallyreferonlytothemenus.
Ifyouhaveaproblemwiththe functioning ofthesoftwarepleasefollowthesesteps:
• Downloadand install the latestversionof JPA Designer fromourwebsite (sec-tion 2.2 forinstructions)andseeifthatresolvestheproblem.
• ChecktheforumandFAQ onourwebsite(http://forum.techlit.co.uk)toseeiftheproblemisaddressedthere.
• Iftheproblempersists, emaildetailsoftheproblemto [email protected]. PleaseincludedetailsofyourcomputersystemandattachsamplefilesorPDF outputswherepossible. Wewillrespondassoonaswecan.
Ifyouhavedifficulty using theprogram(forexample, youareuncertainhowtotreatanintegralgarageinaSAP calculation)pleasefollowthesesteps:
• Consulttheprogrammanualoron-linehelpsystem;
• ChecktheforumandFAQ onourwebsite(http://forum.techlit.co.uk)toseeifthequeryisaddressedthere;
• ConsulttheofficialSAP specificationandassociateddocuments.
• IfyouarenewtoU-valueorSAP calculationsyoushouldconsiderattendingoneourtrainingcourses, whichprovideathoroughintroductiontothesoftwareanditsuse.Weofferdistancelearning, on-lineandlivetrainingsessions(www.techlit.co.uk/training)
2 Gettingstarted
ThissectionofthemanualdescribeshowtoinstallJPA DesigneronyourPC andexplainshowtheuserregistrationandon-linelicencecheckingsystemswork. ItalsoincludesinstructionsonupdatingyourcopyofJPA Designer.
2.1 Systemrequirements
JPA DesignerrequiresaPC runningWindowsXP orlater. ThePC willrequireanregularinternet connection to check the validity of your licence, toupdate theBRE ProductCharacteristicsDatabasefortheSAP 2009moduleandtoissueEPCs.
JPA Designer can run on Intel-basedAppleMacintosh computers using virtualisationsoftware (such as Parallels orVMWare), or throughBootcamp. However, wedonotguaranteetheprogramwillrunonsuchsystems, nordoweoffertechnicalsupport.
2.2 Installation
ToinstallJPA DesigneronyourPC:
1. Gotoourwebsiteatwww.techlit.co.ukand rightclick onthelinklabelled down-loadJPA Designer: select Savelinkas (forFirefox)or Savetargetas (forInternetExplorer).
2. Savetheinstallerfile jsetup990.exe toyourPC (werecommenddownloadingthefiletotheDesktop). Thedownloadisabout13MB.
3. Whenthedownloadiscompletedoubleclickonthefile jsetup990.exe. TheIn-stallShieldWizardconfiguresitselfand, afterafewmomentsopens.
Youmayseeasecuritywarningthatthepublisherofthefilecouldnotbeidentified.Ifyoudo, click Run tocontinuetheinstallationprocess.
4. Click Next tocontinuewithinstallation. Theinstallerdisplaysthe Customerinfor-mation screen.
5. Enteryournameandcompanynameand, usingtheradiobuttons, selectwhetheryouwantJPA Designertobeavailabletoalluseraccountsonthecomputer, orjustone. (Werecommendyouselect all.) Click Next.
5
CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED 6
Figure 2.1: TheProjectManagerwindow
6. Atthe ChooseDestinationLocation screenwerecommendyouacceptthedefaultsettingsandinstallJPA Designerintothefolder c:\programfiles\jpatl\jpadesigner981. Click Next. The installerwillnowcopy the JPA Designerfilesontoyourcomputer.
7. Wheninstallationhasfinishedthe SetupComplete screenisdisplayed. Ticktheboxlabelled Launchtheprogram andclick Finish. Theinstallerwillcloseand JPADesigner willopen, showingyouthe ProjectManager window.
2.3 Userregistration
InordertouseJPA Designeryoumustentervaliduserregistrationdetailsandtheprogrammustbeabletocheckthestatusofyourlicenceagainstourlicensingdatabase.
WhenyoufirstinstallJPA Designertheprogramrunsin demonstrationmode andwillnotdisplaytheresultsofcalculations, norallowEPCstobelodged. Inordertoaccessthefullfunctionalityofthesoftwareyoumustentertheusername(s)andkeycode(s)youreceivedwhenyouboughtalicenceforoneormoreprogrammodules.
Toenterlicencekeycodes:
1. Atthe ProjectManager window(Figure 2.1)select Edit>UserandSecurityCodesfromthemenubar. The UserRegistration dialogueopens(Figure 2.2.
2. Foreachmoduleyouhavelicensed, enterthecompanynameandkeycode, exactlyassuppliedbyJPA TL Ltd. Ifyouhavelicensedtwomodulesmakesureyouputthekeycodesagainstthecorrectmodules.
Thecompanynameiscasesensitiveandshouldbewrittenexactlyasshown: soif, forexample, youenter Limited, when thecompanynamewith thekeycodecontained Ltd theprogramwillnotacceptthekeycode.
Inthekeycode, 1=oneand0=zero.
CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED 7
Figure 2.2: Userregistration
2.4 On-linelicencechecking
Because licences for JPA Designergenerally run forayear theprogramhas tocheckwhetheryourlicenceisstillvalid. Itdoesthisbycontactingouron-linelicensingdatabaseandcheckingtheexpirydateformodule.
Theprogramwill try tocheck thedatabase thefirst timeyouopenaSAP orU-valuecalculationaftertheprogramitselfhasbeenlaunched.
• Ifthecheckissuccessfulthelicenceisvalidthemodulewillopen(theprogramwillrecordthedateandtimeofthatsuccessfulcheck).
• Ifthecheckissuccessfulandthelicenceisnotvalidthecalculationwillnotopen.
• Iftheprogramisunabletoconnectwiththedatabase(forexample, becauseyouareusingyour lap-topaway fromyouroffice) itwill lookat thedateof the lastsuccessfulcheck: ifthatislessthansevendaysagothenitwillopenthemodule.
• Iftheprogramisunabletoconnectwiththedatabaseandthelastsuccessfulcheckismorethansevendaysagothenitwill not openthemodule.
IfyouoftenuseJPA Designerawayfromtheofficetherearetwofeaturesyoucanusetopreventproblemswiththelicencecheck:
• The ProjectManager toolbardisplaysthelengthoftimesincethelastsuccessfullicencecheck: providedthevaluesshownare green themodulewillopen.
• The Checklicenceon-line buttononthetoolbarwillforcealicencecheckandre-setthetimesincethelastchecktozero. Youshouldforceacheckifyouexpectnottohaveaninternetconnectionforafewdays.
CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED 8
Figure 2.3: TheAboutdialogueshowingtheversionnumber
2.5 Updates
JPA Designeriscontinuallybeingdevelopedtointroducenewfeatures: togetthebestfrom theprogram it isworthmaking sureyouareusing the latest version. Tocheckwhetherthereisalaterversionavailableyoushouldcomparetheversionnumbershownonourwebsite(www.techlit.co.uk)withthatoftheprogramyouareusing: youcanfindtheversionnumberbyselecting Help>About fromthemenubarinJPA Designer.
Highernumbersandlettersindicatelaterreleases, withcharacterscomingearlierinthenamebeingmoreimportantthatlaterones: so4.05a1willbemorerecentthan4.04c2,and4.05b1morerecentthan4.04a4. Thethreedigit Build numberindicatesaminorchangeinaversion. Figure 2.3 showsthe About dialogueforJPA Designertogetherwiththeversionnumberonthewebsite: inthiscasethesoftwareisuptodate, asbothversionnumbersarethesame.
Theprocessforupdatingthesoftwareisidenticaltothatoforiginallyinstallingit, butwiththeadditionalstepof uninstalling yourcurrentversionofJPA Designerbeforeinstallingthenewversion.
ToupdateJPA Designer:
1. UsetheWindows Add/RemovePrograms or Uninstallprograms controlpaneltouninstallthecurrentversionofJPA Designer.
Uninstallingthecurrentversionwillnotaffectyourcalculationfiles.
2. DownloadandinstallthenewversionofJPA Designerfollowingtheinstructionsinsection 2.2.
2.6 OpeningandclosingJPA Designer
ToopenJPA Designer:
CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED 9
• Select Start>Programs>JPA Designer>JPA Designer fromtheWindows Start but-ton.
TocloseJPA Designer:
• Select File>Exit fromtheJPA Designermenubar. Theprogramwillpromptyoutocloseanyfileswhichhavenotbeensaved.
2.7 UninstallingJPA Designer
TouninstallJPA Designer:
1. OpentheWindows Add/Removeprograms controlpanel(toaccessControlPanelsselect Settings>ControlPanels fromthe Start button).
2. SelectJPA Designerinthe Add/RemoveProgramsProperties dialogueandclickAdd/Remove. Windowswilluninstalltheprogramfilesandremoveitsicons.
ThatwillnotremoveanyJPA Designerprojectfiles.
3 Managingprojectsandcalculations
JPA Designerorganisesandsavescalculationsinprojectfiles, whichhavetheextensionJDP.YoucansavemultipleSAP andU-valuecalculationsinthesamefile.
Calculationsarecreated, savedandmanagedintheJPA Designer ProjectManager win-dow(Figure 2.1), whichlistsallthecalculationsinthecurrentproject.
3.1 Startinganewproject
WheneveryoustartJPA Designertheprogramcreatesanewblankprojectwhichyoucanstartusingstraightaway. YoucanalsocreateanewprojectatanytimebyselectingFile>NewProject fromthemainmenu, orclickingtheNewProject buttononthetoolbar.
Youcanchangethedefaultprojectname A blankproject tosomethingmoreuseful:
1. Clickonceontheprojectnamethenselect Edit>Renameselecteditem. The Projectname dialogueopens(Figure 3.1).
2. Enterthenewnameforyourproject, thenclickOK.
3. Theprojectisrenamed
Theprojectnamedoesnotaffectthecalculationsinanyway.
Figure 3.1: Changingthenameofaproject
10
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS 11
Figure 3.2: TheProjectAddressdialogue
3.2 Addingprojectaddressdetails
JPA Designercanstoreclientandsitedetailsforaproject, whichyoucanthencopytoalltheindividualcalculationswithinthatproject. Youcanenterandeditthatinformationusingthe ProjectAddress dialogue(Figure 3.2). Youcanalsostoreclientinformationandreuseitlater.
Toaddorchangeprojectinformation:
1. From themenubar select Edit>ProjectAddress. The ProjectAddress dialogueopens.
2. Enterthedatabytypingitintotheappropriatefields. Usethe <Tab> keytomovebetweenfields.
Donot try toenterdata in thetop lefthandbox: thisbox isusedforretrievingdetailsyouhavepreviouslystored.
3. Ifyouwanttostoretheclientdetailstore-uselaterclick Addtoclients.
4. Click OK whenyouhaveenteredallthedatayouneed.
Tore-useexistingclientdatasimplyclickonthedrop-downinthe Projectinformationdialogueandselectaclientfromthelist(Figure 3.3).
Ifyouneedtoeditthestoreddetailsclick Editclientslist thenmakethechangesintheEditClients dialogue.
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS 12
Figure 3.3: Theclientnameandaddressdrop-down
3.3 Savingprojects
JPA Designerprojectaresavedinthesamewayasanyotherfile:
1. Fromthemenubarselect File>SaveProject. The SaveAs dialogueopens.
2. Selectthefolderintowhichtheprojectshouldbesaved, enteranamefortheprojectfile.
BydefaultJPA Designerwilladdtheextension JDP toallfilenames.
3. Click Save. JPADesignersavestheprojectanddisplaysthefilenameontheprogramtitlebar.
BydefaultJPA DesignerwillsavefilesintotheJPA Designerfolder(usually c:\ProgramFiles\JPATL\JPA Designer981). Youcanspecifyadifferentdefaultfolderusingthe Op-tions dialogue(see section 3.12).
Werecommendyouhaveadailyback-upscheduleforyourdata.
3.4 Openingprojects
Toopenanexistingproject:
1. Fromthemenubarselect File>Openproject. The Open dialogueopens.
2. Selectthefileyouwanttoworkwith, thenclick Open. TheprojectopensintheProjectManager window.
3.5 Addingcalculationstoaproject
Youcanaddnewcalculationstoaprojectinthe ProjectManager window.
ToaddanewU-valuecalculationtoaproject:
1. Fromthemenubarselect Insert>U-valuecalculation. The Description dialogueopens(Figure 3.4).
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS 13
Figure 3.4: TheDescriptiondialogue
2. Typeanameforthecalculationinthe Description dialogue, e.g. warmroof, andclick OK.Thenewcalculationisaddedtotheproject.
ToaddanewSAP calculationtoaproject:
1. Fromthemenubarselect Insert>Dwelling/SAP (v9.812005)calculation>Singledwelling. The Description dialogueopens(Figure 3.4).
2. Typeanameforthecalculationinthe Description dialogue, e.g. Plot23, andclickOK.Thenewcalculationisaddedtotheproject.
YoucanalsousetheInsertmenutoinsertcalculationstoversions9.81, 9.80and9.70ofSAP,aswellasSAP calculationsformultipledwellings.
3.6 Openingandclosingcalculations
ToopenaU-valueorSAP calculationfromthe ProjectManager window, either:
• doubleclickonthecalculationname; or,
• clickonceonthecalculationname, thenfromthemenubarselect Edit>Selecteditem.
Tocloseacalculationandreturntothe Projectmanager windowclickthe Projectman-ager buttononthetoolbar.
3.7 Duplicatingcalculations
Ifyouwanttoprepareacalculationwhichisverysimilartoanexistingcalculationinaprojectyoucanduplicatethecalculationandthenmakeyourchangesto thecopy,withoutaffectingtheoriginalcalculation. Toduplicateacalculation:
1. Inthe ProjectManager windowclickonceonthecalculationtoselectit.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Duplicateitem. The Description dialogueopens.
3. Typeaname for theduplicatecalculationandclick OK.A copyof theoriginalcalculationisaddedtotheproject.
Youcannowworkwiththeduplicatecalculationintheusualway.
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS 14
3.8 Renamingcalculations
Tochangethenameofacalculation:
1. Inthe ProjectManager windowclickonceonthecalculationtoselectit.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Renameselecteditem. The Name dialogueopens.
ForaU-valuecalculationthedialoguewillthetitled U-valueName andforaSAPcalculationitwillbetitled SAP name.
3. Enteranewnameforthecalculationandclick OK.The ProjectManager windowshowsthenewname.
Changingthenameofthecalculationwillnotaffectthecalculationresults.
3.9 Deletingcalculations
CalculationscanbedeletedfromJPA Designerprojects.
WARNING:thereisnowayofrecoveringadeletedcalculation.
Todeleteacalculation:
1. Inthe ProjectManager windowclickonceonthecalculationtoselectit.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Deleteselected item. JPA Designerasksyou toconfirmthedeletion.
3. Click Yes todeletethecalculationor No toabandonthedeletion. Ifyouclick Yesthecalculationisremovedfromtheproject.
3.10 Mergingprojects
Tohelpyoure-useSAP andU-valuecalculationsJPA Designerallowsyoutomergeallthecalculationsinanexistingprojectintothecurrentlyopenproject. Thiscanbeusefulifyouhaveanumberofstandardcalculationsstoredindifferentprojectswhichyouneedtobringtogetherforaparticularjob.
Tomergecalculationsfromoneprojectintoanother:
1. In ProjectManager openorcreatetheprojectyouwantto receive thecalculations.
2. Fromthemenubarselect File>MergeaprojectfromdiskintothisProject. TheOpen dialogueappears.
3. Selectthefilewhich contains thecalculationsandclick Open. JPA Designeraddsthecalculationstothecurrentprojectandliststheminthe ProjectManager win-dow. Youcannoweditthemwithoutaffectingtheoriginalproject.
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS 15
3.11 Importingandupgradingcalculations
JPA DesignercanconvertSAP calculationscarriedoutunderoneversionofSAP toalaterversionofSAP.YoumayneedtodothiswhentheBuildingRegulationscompliancecalculationisbasedonapreviousversionofSAP,buttheEPC hastobeissuedusingthecurrentversionofSAP.Theprogramtakesacopyofthedatafromtheoriginalcalculationandconvertsthecopytothelatestversion, leavingtheoriginalcalculationuntouched.
Youcan:
• convertSAP 9.81calculationstoSAP 9.90;
• convertSAP 9.70calculationstoSAP 9.80/9.81;
• importSAP 9.60calculationsfromJPA SAP v2andconverttoSAP 9.70.
Ineachcaseyoucanconvert thecalculationfromanolderversionofSAP toamorerecentversion, butyoucannotconvertacalculationtoanolderversionofSAP.
ToconvertaSAP 9.81/9.80calculationtoSAP 9.90:
1. Inthe ProjectManager windowselecttheSAP 9.81calculation.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>CopyselectedSAP 9.8x2005dwellingtoV9.902009.
3. JPA DesignercreatesacopyoftheoriginalcalculationasaSAP 9.90calculation.Thecopyhasthesamenameastheoriginal, butappendedwith SAP version9.90.
ToconvertaSAP 9.70calculationtoSAP 9.80:
1. Inthe ProjectManager windowselecttheSAP 9.70calculation.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>CopyselectedSAP 9.702001toSAP 9.802005dwelling.
3. JPA DesignercreatesacopyoftheoriginalcalculationasaSAP 9.80calculation.Thecopyhasthesamenameastheoriginal, butappendedwith SAP version9.80.
The9.80calculationcanthenupdatedto9.81bytickingthe SAP version9.81 boxinthe ProjectInformation dialogueintheSAP module(see section 16.6)
4. Whenyouopenthe9.80calculationyouwillbepromptedtoaddadditionaldetailswhichwerenotrequiredbytheearlierversionofSAP.
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS 16
3.12 Programoptions
TherearemanywaysinwhichyoucancustomisetheperformanceandoutputsofJPADesigner. Mostoftheoptionsarecontrolledfromthe Options dialogue.
Toopenthe Options dialogue, in ProjectManager select Options fromthemenubar.
TheOptionsdialogueboxhasfourtabs:
General:
• Printermargins: enablesyoutosetthepagemargins. Ifyouareusingheadedpaperyoucansetthetopmarginforthefirstpagetobegreaterthanthatofthesecondpage, whichcanbeprintedoncontinuationpaperorblankpaper.
• Companynameandaddress: thedetailsenteredherewillappearonprintoutsandPDFsofU-valueandSAP calculations.
• Options: selectwhichitemswhichshouldappearontheprintoutsanddeterminewhethertheprogramshouldattempttomakeabackupcopyoftheprojectfile.
• UvalueDisclaimer: enterthedisclaimertexttoappearonprintoutsandPDFsofU-valuecalculations.
• SAP/Nondwelldisclaimer: enter thedisclaimertext toappearonprintoutsandPDFsofSAP andNondwellcalculations.
• DefaultSAP location: determineswhichregulationswillbeusedforSAP calcula-tions: currentlythechoicesareEnglandandWales, ScotlandorNorthernIreland.
• Start-upfolder: setsthedefaultfolderforsavingandopeningprojectfiles.
• Checkforprogrammeupdates: letsyouspecifywhetherornotthesoftwarewillcheckforupdatedversionsofJPA Designer. Formoreinformationsee section 2.5.
Logoandsignature:
• Logoposition: JPA Designercanaddyourcompanylogotoprintouts. Usethesesettingstodeterminethepositionofthelogo. Thelogofilemustbea256colourbitmapwiththefileextensionBMP,anditmustbeintheJPA Designerfolder. Enterthenameofthefileinthetextbox: donotincludethepath(e.g.enter logo.bmpnot c:\Programfiles\JPATL\JPA Designer981\logo.bmp).
• Addressposition: ThesesettingsdeterminethepositionofyourcompanyaddressonprintoutsandPDFs. Entertheaddressitselfinthe General tab.
• Certificatesignatureposition: JPA DesignercanincludeadigitisedsignatureonprintoutsofSAP calculations. Usethesesettingstodeterminethepositionofthesignature. Thesignaturefilemustbea256colourbitmapwiththefileextension,andmustbestoredinthesamefolderastheprogramfiles.
TheSAP certificateisonlyusedwithSAP 2001, version9.70.
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS 17
• TIMSA Logo: ifyouareamemberoftheBBA/TIMSA U-valueaccreditationschemeyoucanaddtheschemelogotoyouprintouts. Thelogomustbea256colourbitmapwiththefileextension, andmustbestoredinthesamefolderastheprogramfiles. Tickthe Default boxifyouwantthelogotobeincludedonallU-valueprint-outs.
Email:
In futureversionsof theprogramyouwillbeable toemailcalculationsdirectly fromJPA Designer. Thereisnoneedtoprovidethisinformationinthecurrentversionoftheprogram.
Other:
The Other tabletsyouset:
• thedefaultthermalconductivityofthescreedinabeamandblockfloorconstruc-tion;
• calculating the effect ofmechanical fasteners inU-value calculations using themethodinBS EN ISO 6946:2007.
• the locationof theSAP previewwindow, togetherwith it length (this isnot thesizeofthewindowonscreen, buttheamountofscrollablespaceallocatedtothepreview–alongpreviewishelpfulifyouwanttoviewthecalculationresultsonscreenwhenyourcalculationhasalargenumbersofelementsandopenings).
• whetherEPCsarelodgedinLandmark'stestorliveenvironments, andwhichversionoftheXML schemaisused(thisismainlyusedbyJPA TL andaccreditationschemesfortestingsystems).
PartII
U-valuecalculations
18
4 TheJPA DesignerU-valuemodules
JPA DesignerofferstwoU-valuemodules:
• Uvalue2010 calculatesU-valuesforwalls, roofsandintermediatefloorsusingthecombinedmethod(BS EN ISO 6946)andalsocalculatesU-valuesforgroundfloorstoBS EN ISO 13370.
• Uvalue2010Professional hasthefunctionalityofUvalue2010andalsoperformscondensationriskanalysisusingthemethodssetoutinBS EN ISO 13788:2002andBS 5250:1989AppendixD.
UvaluecalculationsarecarriedoutintheUvaluemoduleby:
1. Enteringprojectinformation(section 4.1).
2. Entering key information about the building element, such as the element type(e.g.wall, floor, roof)andanyspecialconstructiontypes(e.g.metalframe)(chap-ter 5);
3. Definingthedifferentlayerswhichmakeuptheelement(chapter 7);
4. Addingcorrectionfactorsforfactorssuchasmechanicalfastenersandairgapsininsulationlayers(chapter 8).
5. Printingcalculationresults, orcreatingPDF filesoftheresultsforemailing(chap-ter 12).
Youcantesttheeffectdifferentmaterialshaveonthethermalperformanceoftheelementbyusingthevariablelayerfeature(section 9.4).
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CHAPTER4. THE JPA DESIGNER U-VALUE MODULES 20
4.1 Uvalueprojectinformation
JPA Designercanstoreanddisplayclientandprojectdetailsforeachcalculation. Youcaneithercopyclientandprojectdetailswhichyouenteredinthe ProjectInformationdialogueinthe ProjectManager window, oryoucanenternewdataintheUvaluemod-ules. Youcanalsosaveandre-useclientdata(section 3.2).
TocopyprojectdetailsfromProjectManager:
1. In theUvaluemoduleselect Edit>Project Information fromthemenubar. TheProjectInformation dialogueopens.
2. Clickthe Inherit button. AnyinformationyouenteredinProjectManageriscopiedtothe ProjectInformation dialoguehere.
3. Click OK.
Toenternewprojectdetails:
1. In theUvaluemoduleselect Edit>Project Information fromthemenubar. TheProjectInformation dialogueopens.
2. Enterprojectinformationbytypingitintotheappropriatefields. Usethe <Tab>key tomovebetweenfields. Click OK whenyouhaveenteredall thedatayouneed.
5 Constructiondetails
The thermalperformanceofbuildingelementwillbeaffectedby the typeofelementanditspositionwithinabuilding. Theseconditionsaresetinthe U-valueConstructiondialogue(Figure 5.1), whichacceptsdetailsof:
• Thetypeofelement(e.g.roof, wall, floor), togetherwithadditionalinformationforsomeelements(section 5.1).
• Theconditionsattheinternalandexternalssurfaces(see section 5.2).
• Detailsofanylightsteelframeconstruction(see section 9.1).
• Detailsofbuiltuproofingorcladding(see section 9.2).
• Correctionsfactorsforfastenersandunheatedspaces(see section 8.5).
Toenterdata:
1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Constructiontype. The U-valueConstruction dia-logueopens.
2. Enteryourdataandclick OK.
Forsomeconstructions, suchasthosewithmechanicalfasteners, youmayfinditeasiertoentersomeofthedataintheconstructiondialogue after youhaveenteredthelayersoftheelement.
5.1 Elementtype
JPA Designerrecognisesseveraltypesofelementwhichhavetobetreateddifferentlyinthecalculationprocess. Usetheradiobuttonsinthe Elementtype sectiontoselectthetypeoffloor, wallorroof. Forsomeelementsthereareoptionsforenteringadditionalinformation.
Theavailableelementtypesare:
• Flatroof. A roofwithapitchtypicallylessthan10°. Thereisanoptiontoenterdataforaninvertedroof(section 9.3).
21
CHAPTER5. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 22
Figure 5.1: TheU-valueConstructiondialogue
• Pitched roofwithhorizontal ceiling. Typically a `cold roof'with the insulationappliedbetweenandovertheceilingjoists. Youmustenterthepitch(angle)oftheroof, measuredfromthehorizontal.
• Pitchedroofwithceilingat rafter line. A `warmroof'with the insulation in theplaneoftherafters.
• Wall. Anyconstructionatanangleofmorethan70°tothehorizontal. Thereisanoptiontoenterdataforthefixingsinrainscreencladding(section 8.4).
• Floorotherthangroundfloor. A flooroveranopenspace(e.g.aparkingbay)oranunheatedspace(e.g.anenclosedgarage).
• Solidgroundfloor. A floorwhichiscontactwiththegroundacrossitswholearea,suchasgroundbearingconcreteslab.
• Suspendedgroundfloor. A floorwithaventilatedspacebelowthefloordeck, suchasabeamandblockfloorortimberjoistfloor.
• Basementfloor.
• Basementwall.
CHAPTER5. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 23
Youmayalsoenteradescriptionfortheelementinthe Description box, orselectonefromthedrop-downlist. Thedescriptiondoesnotaffectthecalculation
5.2 Internalandexternalsurfaces
U-valuecalculationsincludeallowancesfortheeffectsofthethermalresistancesofthethinlayersofaironeithersideoftheconstruction; thesurfaceresistances. Thoseresis-tancesareaffectedbythedirectionofheatflowthroughtheconstructionandtheemis-sivityoftheexposedsurfaces.
Thesurfaceresistancesusedinthecalculationareshowninthetwo SurfaceResistanceboxes. Theprogramautomaticallyadjuststhesurfaceresistancesaccordingtothetypeofelementbeingconsidered(section 5.1)andtheemissivityofthesurfaces, usingthevaluesfromBS EN ISO 6946shownin Table 5.1.
Thedefaultemissivitysettingis highemissivity: asvirtuallyeverycommonlyspecifiedsurfacematerialhasahighemissivitythereisrarelyanyneedtochangethedefault.
Table 5.1: Thermalresistances
Heatflow Element Internalresistance(Rsi) Externalresistance(Rse)
Horizontal Wall 0.13 0.04Upwards Roof 0.10 0.04Downwards Floor 0.17 0.04
5.3 Lightsteelframeconstructiontype
U-values for lightsteel framestructureshave tobecalculatedusingaspecialmethodwhichallowsforthehighthermalconductivityofsteel. The Lightsteel-frameConstruc-tionType sectionindicateswhetherthestructurehasalightsteelframe, andifso, whetheritisofwarmorcoldconstruction.
Fornon-steelframestructuresensureNotalightsteelframeconstruction isselected. ForinstructionsforcalculatingU-valuesoflightsteelframestructuressee section 9.1.
5.4 Builtupmetalroofingandcladdingsystems
U-valuesforbuilt-upmetalroofingandcladdingsystemshavetobecalculatedbyaspe-cialmethodwhichtakesaccountofthethermalbridgingeffectsoftherailsandbrackets.Ifthecalculationisforabuilt-upwallorrooftickthe Built-upmetalroof/wall boxandsee section 9.2 forinstructionsoncompletingthecalculation. Otherwiseleavetheboxblank.
6 Workingwithlayers
A U-valuecalculationisbuiltupbyinsertinglayerswhichcorrespondtothedifferentmaterialsintheconstruction. Forexample, aU-valuecalculationforacavitywallwouldhavealayertorepresenteachof:
• theoutsidesurfaceresistance;
• theouterleafofbrickwork;
• thecavity;
• thecavityinsulation;
• theinnerleafofmasonry;
• theplasterfinish;
• theinternalsurfaceresistance.
Youcanaddlayerstothecalculationbyinsertingmaterialsfromtheprogram'sextensivedatabase, which includes data for genericmaterials and cavities, aswell as brandedproductsfromanumberofmanufacturers. Formanycommonconstructionsitispossibletoinsertallthelayersfromthedatabase.
Ifyoucannotfindamaterialinthedatabasethenyoucaninsertablanklayerandedittheinformationyourself.
Becausetheprograminsertsnewlayers above thecurrentlyselectedlayeritiseasiesttoworkfromoutsidetoinsideforwallandroofcalculationsandfrominsidetooutsideforfloorcalculations.
6.1 InsertinglayersfromtheProductsdatabase
TheProductsdatabasecontainsawiderangeofmaterialsandcavitiesforuseinU-valuecalculationsandisaccessedusingthe ProductsDatabase window(Figure 6.1).
The ProductsDatabase windowhasthreemainparts:
24
CHAPTER6. WORKING WITH LAYERS 25
Figure 6.1: TheProductsDatabasewindow
• The Categories box, whichisusedtoselectthetypeofmaterialyouwanttouse.Categoriesofbrandedmaterialsareshownin bold, categoriesofgenericmaterialsinnormaltextandusercategoriesin italics (see chapter 14 forinformationonaddingyourownmaterials).
• The Products box, whichyouusetoselectamaterialfromaparticularcategory.
• The Construction boxwhichshowstheorderoflayersintheconstruction.
ToinsertlayersusingtheProductsDatabase:
1. Selecttheexistinglayerwhichwillbe below thenewlayer.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Insert>Layerfromdatabase (orclicktheDatabase buttononthetoolbar). The ProductsDatabase dialogueopens.
3. Usethescrollbaronthe Categories boxtofindthemanufacturerortypeofmaterialyouneed, thenclickonceonthatcategory. The Products boxshowsthematerialinthatcategory.
CHAPTER6. WORKING WITH LAYERS 26
4. Clickonamaterialtoselectit, thenclickthe Addtoconstruction button(alterna-tivelyyoucandoubleclickonthematerialinthe Productsbox). The Thicknessdialogueopens.
If thematerialhasaset thickness the layerwillbeaddedwithout the Thicknessdialogueopening.
5. Enterthethicknessofthelayerthenclick OK.The Construction boxnowshowsthenewlayer.
6. Youcannowaddmorelayersfromthedatabase, usingthe Construction boxtocontrolthepositionofthenewlayers.
7. Whenyouhavefinishedaddinglayersclickthe Close button. Themain Uvaluewindownowshowsthecalculationwiththenewlayersadded.
Ifyouarenotsurewhichcategoryaparticularmaterialbelongstoyoucanusethe Searchbuttontofindit.
Youcanusethe OnlyshowMydatabase boxtomakethesoftwareonlyshowcategorieswhichyouhaveadded.
Ifyouhaveassignedshortcodes tomaterialsyoucanviewdatabase itemssortedac-cordingtotheshortcodebyclickingthesortbyshortcodecheckboxinthe ProductsDatabase dialogue. Youcanuseshortcodestoselectmaterialsbyenteringacodeinthe ShortCode textboxthenclickingthe Addtoconstruction button: howevertheshortcodesystemisnotingeneraluse.
6.2 Insertingblanklayersinacalculation
Toinsertanewblanklayer:
1. Selecttheexistinglayerwhichwillbe below thenewlayer.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Insert>Blanklayer (alternativelyyoucanpress<Insert>).Thenewblanklayerisaddedtothecalculation above theexistinglayer.
3. Doubleclickonthelayertoopenitforediting.
6.3 Cutting, copying, pastinganddeletinglayers
Cuttingalayerfromthecalculationremovesthelayer, butkeepsthedetailsontheclip-board. Tocutalayer:
1. Clickonthelayertoselectit.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Cutlayertoclipboard (alternativelyclickthe Cutbuttononthetoolbarorpress`<Ctrl+X>). Thelayerisremoved.
Copyingalayerinacalculationcopiesthelayertotheclipboardbutkeepstheoriginallayerinplace. Tocopyalayer:
CHAPTER6. WORKING WITH LAYERS 27
1. Clickonthelayertoselectit.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Copylayertoclipboard (alternativelyclickthe Copybuttononthetoolbarorpress <Ctrl+C>). Thelayeriscopiedtotheclipboard.
Pastingalayerinsertsthelayercurrentlyintheclipboardintothecalculation. Topastealayer:
1. Clickonthelayerwhichyouwanttobe below thepastedlayer.
2. Select Edit>Pastelayerfromclipboard fromthemenubar(alternativelyclickthePaste buttonon the tool barorpress <Ctrl+V>). The layer is inserted into thecalculation above theselectedlayer.
Todeletealayer:
1. Clickonthelayeryouwishtodelete.
2. Press <Del>.
7 Workingwithmaterials
Thepropertiesoflayersareenteredandeditedinthe EditMaterial dialogue(Figure 7.1).Thedialogueenablesyoutoset:
• thebasiccharacteristicsofthematerial(section 7.1).
• thetypeofmaterial(section 7.2).
• detailsofthermalbridging(section 7.3).
• anyairgapcorrection(section 8.2).
Toeditthepropertiesofalayer:
1. Clickonthelayertoselect.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Layer (alternatively, doubleclickthelayer, orpress<Enter>). The EditMaterial dialogueopens.
3. Amendthedataforthelayerandclick OK.
7.1 Basiccharacteristics
The Material sectioncontainsthebasicdataaboutthelayer, including:
• Description: thenameofthematerialoradescription, whichappearsinthecal-culation.
• Shortcode: usedwiththedatabasetosortorentermaterials–notingeneraluse.
• Category: notingeneraluse.
• Thickness: crosssectionalthicknessofthelayer, measuredinmm.
• Thermalconductivity: therateofconductionheattransferthrough1mofthema-terial, measuredin W/mK. Sometimesreferredtoasthelambdavalueorkvalue.
28
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS 29
Figure 7.1: TheEditMaterialdialogue
• Thermalresistance: theresistancetoheattransferprovidedbythelayer, measuredin m2K/W.
• Vapourresistivity: therateoftransferofwatervapourthrough1mofthematerial,measuredin MNs/gm.
• Vapourresistance: theresistancetowatervapourprovidedbythelayer, measuredin MNs/g.
Thefollowingtwovaluesareonlyrequiredfor κ-valuecalculations..
• Density: themasspercubicmetreofthematerial, measuredin kg/m3.
• Specificheatcapacity: theamountofenergyrequiredtoraisethetemperatureofonekilogramofthematerialbyoneKelvin(equivalentto1degreeCelcius). kJ/kg.
7.2 Typesofmaterialsandcavities
Layerswithinbuildingelementshavedifferentcombinationsofproperties: JPA Designerrecognises four typesofmaterial and three typesof cavity. In addition, theprogramdistinguishesbetweenmaterialswhicharethermalinsulationandthosewhicharenot.Therestofthissectiondescribesthetypesoflayerandthedatarequiredforeachone.
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS 30
7.2.1 Normal
Normalmaterialshavethesamecompositionallthewaythrough, sothethermalresis-tanceofanormallayerisdeterminedbythematerial'sconductivityandthickness. Anormalmaterialrequiresthefollowinginformation:
• Type: select Normal.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearontheprintout.
• Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm.
• Thermalconductivity: enterin W/mK.
• Theprogramcalculatesthe Thermalresistance in m2K/W.
• Vapourresistivity: (onlyrequiredifyouwillbecarryingoutcondensationriskanal-ysis)enterin MNs/gm.
• Theprogramcalculatesthe Vapourresistance in MNs/g.
7.2.2 Compositematerials
Forcompositematerials, forexampleinsulation-backedplasterboard, thereisnodirectlinkbetweentheconductivity, thicknessandthermalresistance. Youmustthereforeusethethermalresistanceforthespecificconfigurationofthematerial(thiswillusuallybesuppliedbythemanufactureroftheproduct). A compositematerialrequiresthefollowinginformation:
• Type: select Composite.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearontheprintout.
• Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm.
• Thermalresistance: enterin m2K/W.
• Vapour resistance: (only required if youwillbecarryingout condensation riskanalysis)enterin MNs/g.
7.2.3 Fixedvapourresistancematerials
Somematerials, suchasglassandmetals, haveveryhighvapourresistances, evenwhenusedinthinlayers. Toenablethevapourresistancetoberepresentedproperlyinthecalculationyoushouldenterthesematerialsas fixedvapourresistance. Thatwillbreakthe linkbetween thevapour resistanceand the thickness, and soprevent thevapourresistancebeingreducedtoanunrealisticallylowlevelbytheminimalthickness.
ForU-valuecalculationsmaterialswithfixedvapourresistancesbehavethesamewayasnormalmaterials: youshouldonlyneedtousematerialwithfixedvapourresistancesincondensationriskcalculations. A fixedvapourresistancematerialrequiresthefollowinginformation:
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS 31
• Type: select Fixedvapourresistance.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearontheprintout.
• Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm.
• Thermalconductivity: enterin W/mK.
• Theprogramcalculatesthe Thermalresistance in m2K/W.
• Vapourresistance: enterin MNs/g.
7.2.4 Membranes
Membranes, suchasvapourcontrollayersorvapouropenroofingunderlays, aretreatedashavingnothermalresistance. TheythereforehavenoeffectonU-valuecalculations,onlyaffectingcondensationriskanalysis. Membranesrequirethefollowinginformation:
• Type: select Membrane.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearontheprintout.
• Vapourresistance: enterin MNs/g.
7.2.5 Clearcavities
Thethermalresistanceofacavityisnotcalculatedfromitsthickness, althoughitisaf-fectedbythedirectionofheatflowwithintheconstruction. Standardvaluesforcavitiesmaybe found in the ProductsDatabase and inpublicationssuchasBS 5250. Clearcavities, suchasthoseincavitywalls, requirethefollowinginformation.
• Type: select Clearcavity.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearontheprintout.
• Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm.
• Thermalresistance: enterin m2K/W.
• Vapourresistance: cavitieshaveavapourresistanceof 0.00MNs/g.
7.2.6 Bridgedcavities
Bridgedcavities, suchasthoseinsometimberframedconstructions, aretreatedthesameasclearcavities, butwithbridgingdetailsadded(section 7.3). Bridgedcavitiesrequirethefollowinginformation.
• Type: select Bridgedcavity.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearontheprintout.
• Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm.
• Thermalresistance: enterin m2K/W.
• Vapourresistance: cavitieshaveavapourresistanceof 0.00MNs/g.
Youwillalsoneedtoenterthebridgingdetails(section 7.3).
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS 32
7.2.7 Ventedcavities
Ventedcavities, suchasthebattenspaceinawarmpitchedroof, aretreatedthesameasclearcavities. Identifyingacavityasventedallowssomelayersoftheconstructiontobeignoredforcondensationriskanalysis(forfurtherinformationsee chapter 13). Ventedcavitiesrequirethefollowinginformation:
• Type: select Ventedcavity.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearontheprintout.
• Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm.
• Thermalresistance: enterin m2K/W.
• Vapourresistance: cavitieshaveavapourresistanceof 0.00MNs/g.
7.2.8 Lowemissivitycavities
A cavitywhichhasoneormorefaceslinedwithamaterialwithlowsurfaceemissivity(suchasametalfoil, ormetalisedmembrane)willhavealowerrateofheattransferbyradiationthanacavitywithconventional, highemissivityfaces. Includingsucha`lowemissivitycavity'withinaconstructionwillreducetheoverallrateofheatlossthroughtheconstruction, insomecasesbyasmuchas10%.
Thereareseveraltypesofmaterialwithlowemissivitysurfaces:
• insulationboardswithreflectivesurfaces, suchpolyisocyanurateboards;
• plasticfilmswithaluminiumfoilfacing;
• membraneswithmetalisedfaces;
• `multi-foil'insulants.
Tobeeffective, eachlowemissivitysurfacemustfaceacavity, atleast25mmwide.
AlthoughtheU-valuecalculationmethodsimplementedinJPA Designercannotdirectlyassesstheeffectofreducingradiationheatloss, itispossibletoaccountfortheeffectofsuchmaterialsbyadjustingthethermalresistanceofacavitywhichhasalowemissivitymaterialtooneormorefaces.
Thethermalresistancevalueforalowemissivitycavitymustbeobtainedbyavalidtestmethod, whichconsidersonly theeffectof thematerialupon theoverall conductionheatlossesthroughanelement. Valuesshouldhavethirdpartycertification, suchasinBBA Agrémentcertificates. Ifyouarenotsuppliedwithcertifiedvalues, usethedefaultvalue fora lowemissivitycavityof 0.44m2K/W forwalls, 0.34m2K/W for roofsand0.50m2K/W forfloors(seeBR 443paragraph4.8.2)
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS 33
7.2.9 Thermalinsulation
InordertocomplywiththerequirementsofEuropeanproductstandardsforfactorymanu-facturedthermalinsulation(standardsBS EN 13162toBS EN 13172)JPA Designerroundsthethermalresistancevaluesforthermalinsulationdowntothenearest 0.05m2K/W. Toensuretheprogramdoesthiscorrectlyyoumusttickthe isthermalinsulation boxforalllayersoffactorymanufacturedthermalinsulation. Theoriginalvalueforthermalresis-tancewillappearinthe Editmaterial dialoguewhilethe U-value windowwillshowtheroundedvalue. Foradditionalinformationontheroundingfeatureandinstructionsonhowtoturnitonoroffsee chapter 13.
7.3 Thermalbridging
Thermalbridgesareformedwherethematerialinalayerisinterruptedbyasecondma-terialwithdifferentthermalconductivity, forexample, theinsulationinatimberframedwallisinterrupted(bridged)bythetimberstuds. Inmostcasesthermalbridgingincreasesheatlossthroughthebridgedlayer(hencethecommonlyusedterm`coldbridge'). Theeffectof thermalbridgeswhichoccur regularly throughouta layer (repeating thermalbridges)hastobeincludedinU-valuecalculationsbyaddedthedetailsofthethermalbridgetoeachbridgedlayerusingthe Editmaterial dialogue.
Thermalbridgingiseither:
• one-dimensionale.g.timbersrunninginonedirection; or,
• two-dimensionale.g.mortarjointswhichrunverticallyandvertically.
Theinformationrequiredforsettingthermalbridgingincludes:
• Thethermalconductivityof thebridgingmaterial: forcommonbridgematerialsthiscanbesetalongwiththe Bridgedescription.
• Thewidthofthebridgingmaterial(Bridgewidth)andhorizontaldistancebetweenbridges(Non-bridgewidth). Fortwo-dimensionalbridgingyouwillalsoneedtoknow theverticaldistancesbetweenbridges (Non-bridgeheight). The softwareusesthosevaluestodeterminethe Proportionbridged.
However, forsomeconstructionsyouwillthenneedtoadjustthe Proportionbridgedtoallowforadditionalbridgingmaterialsuchascrossnogginsandotherframingintimberframedwalls. YoucanfindrecommendedstandardproportionsintheBREpublicationBR 443 ConventionsforU-valuecalculations.
• Thethicknessofthebridgingmaterial. Inmostcasesthebridgethicknesswillbethesameasthatofthemainmaterialofthelayer.
Toenterthermalbridgingdetails:
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS 34
1. Usethe Bridgetype radiobuttonstodeterminewhetherthebridgingis 1dimen-sional or 2dimensional. The Editmaterial dialoguenowshowsthe Thermalbridgesection.
Ifyouarenotsurewhetherthebridgingisoneortwodimensionalclickingthe Helpbuttonwillopenaguidancewindow: theannotationonthehelpdiagramsmatchthoseonthedataentryboxes.
2. Selectthebridgingmaterialfromthe Bridgedescription drop-down. Theprogramsetsthe Bridgethermalconductivity.
Ifyouareusinganunusualbridgingmaterialyoucanenteryourowndescription,thenentertheconductivitymanually.
3. Enterthe Bridgewidth inmm.
4. Enterthe Non-bridgewidth inmm.
5. Fortwo-dimensionalbridgingenterthe Non-bridgeheight inmm.
6. Ifnecessary, changethe Proportionbridged valuetoastandardvalue. Thesoftwareadjuststhe Bridgewidth accordingly.
7. Setthebridgethicknessbyselecting Followsmaterialthickness, orselecting Fixedat thenenteringthicknessinmm.
Insomeconstructions–notablybuiltupmetalroofandwallcladding–therearetwosetsofthermalbridges. Toenterdetailsofasecondbridge:
1. Enterthedetailsforthefirstbridge.
2. Clickthe Secondbridge box. The Optionalsecondbridge sectionisdisplayed.
3. Selectthebridgingmaterialfromthe Bridgedescription drop-down. Theprogramsetsthe Bridgethermalconductivity.
Ifyouareusinganunusualbridgingmaterialyoucanenteryourowndescription,thenentertheconductivitymanually.
4. Enterthe Bridgewidth inmm. Thesoftwareusesthe Non-bridgewidth forthefirstbridgetocalculatethe Proportionbridged.
Non-bridgewidth=centre-to-centredistance-(bridge1+bridge2).
5. Whenthebridgingmaterialisairyoucanusethe Smallairspaceresistance buttontocalculatethethermalresistanceofthebridge: enterthethicknessoftheairspaceanditswidth–bothinmm–thenclickOK.Theresistanceisdisplayedinthe Bridgethermalresistance box.
8 Correctionfactors
Whilst theU-valueofanelementdepends largelyupon the thermalpropertiesof thelayersofwhichitiscomposedthereareanumberofotherfactorswhichcanaffecttherateofheatloss. Thoseareaddressedbyapplyingcorrectionfactorstothecalculation.
Therearecorrectionfactorsfor:
• Mechanicalfastenerswhichpenetrateinsulation, dUf(section 8.1);
• Airgapsininsulationlayers, dUg(section 8.2).
• Theeffectofrainwatercoolingoninvertedroofs, dUr(section 8.3;
• Bracketsinrainscreencladdingsystems(section 8.4).
• Insulationcompressioninbuiltupmetalroofingandcladding, dUp(section 9.2).
Thecorrectionfactorsarecalculatedseparatelyfromthermalresistancesofthelayers,andarethenaddedtotherawU-value: however, ifthecorrectionfactorstotallessthan3%oftherawU-valuethentheyareignoredincalculatingfinalU-value. ThevaluesforcorrectionfactorsaredisplayedinthemainU-valuewindow, nexttothefinalU-value.
ItisalsopossibletoadjusttheresultofaU-valuecalculationtoaccountfortheeffectofhavinganunheatedspacetothecoldsideoftheconstruction(section 8.5).
8.1 Mechanicalfasteners
Metalfastenerswhichpenetratelayersofthermalinsulationreducetheeffectivenessoftheinsulation: thateffecthastobeincludedinU-valuecalculations, usingthecorrectionfactordUf1. Commonconstructionswhichrequirethecorrectionare:
• Cavitywallswithpartialorfull-fillcavityinsulation.
• Warmpitchedroofswhereinsulationislaidovertheraftersandrestrainedbycoun-terbattensfixedbacktotherafters.
1Notethatthecalculationmethodformechanicalfastenershaschangedfromversion4.04b1build025onwards, andnowusesthemethodinBS EN ISO 6946:2007.
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CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS 36
Figure 8.1: Dataentryboxesforthemechanicalfastenerscorrection
• Warmflatroofswheretheinsulationand/orthewaterproofmembraneismechan-icallyfixedtothedeck.
Thereisnoneedtoapplyacorrection:
• toconstructionswithoutfasteners, e.g.solidmasonrywalls;
• forfastenerswithbothendsincontactwithmetalsheets;
• forwalltiesacrossanemptycavity;
• forwalltiesbetweenamasonryleafandtimberstuds;
• where the thermalconductivityof the fastener, orpartof it, is less than1W/mK(suchasplasticties).
ThecorrectionfactordUfiscalculatedfrom:
• Thethermalresistanceofthebridgedlayerandtheelementitself.
• The alphacoefficient whichis0.8forthestandardcaseofanon-recessedfastener.
Alphacanbeadjustedforrecessedfastenersorfastenerswhichpenetratetheinsu-lationatanangle: SeeISO 6946:2007sectionD.3.2.
• The thermalconductivityofthefastener: typically 17W/mK forstainlesssteeland60W/mK formildsteel.
• The numberoffastenerspersquaremetre.
• The crosssectionalareaofthefastener: typicaldoubletriangletieshaveacrosssectionalareaof 11.3mm2 (basedon3.8mmdiameter).
Toenterdataformechanicalfasteners:
1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Constructiontype. The U-valueConstruction dia-logueopens.
2. Usethedrop-downtoselectthe Layerbridgedbymechanicalfasteners.
3. In the Correction formechanical fasteners sectioneitheruse thedrop-down toselectoneofthestandardfastenertypesorentertheindividualitemsofdataforthefasteners.
Toviewthedefaultvaluesclickthe Help button.
4. Wherethefastenerisrecessed, enterthelengthofthefastenerthatpenetratestheinsulationlayer, inmm.
CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS 37
Figure 8.2: Correctingforairgapsininsulationlayers
8.2 Airgapcorrection
Airmovement throughandaroundan insulation layerwill reduce its thermalperfor-mance. TheeffectofthatreductionisincludedintheU-valuecalculationbyacorrectionfactor, dUg, whichisderivedfromtherelativethermalresistancesoftheinsulationlayerandtheconstructionasawhole, andfromacoefficientdU'',whichrepresentsthesizeofgapsintheinsulationlayer. ValuesfordU''
• Wherenoairgapspenetratetheinsulationlayerandnoaircirculationispossibleonitswarmside, dU'' = 0.00W/m2K.
• Wheresomeairgapspenetratetheinsulationlayerandnoaircirculationispossibleonitswarmside, dU'' = 0.01W/m2K.
• Wheresomeairgapspenetratetheinsulationlayerandsomeaircirculationispos-sibleonitswarmside, dU'' = 0.04W/m2K.
A valuefordU'' mustbesetfor every insulationlayer.
Tocorrectforairgaps:
1. InthemainU-valuewindowdoubleclickontheinsulationlayer. The Editmaterialdialogueopens.
2. EntertheappropriatevaluefordU'' inthe dU'' box(see Figure 8.2). thenclickOK.
ClicktheHelp buttontoviewthestandardvaluesfordU''.Inmanycasesthedefaultvalueofzeroisappropriate.
8.3 Rainwatercooling
Invertedroofs–orprotectedmembraneroofs–havesomeorallofthethermalinsulationinstalledover thetopof thewaterproofmembranewhereit isrestrainedbyaggregateorotherballast. Rainwater fallingoninvertedroofscanpercolatebetweeninsulationboardstothewaterproofingmembrane, whereitwillincreasetherateofheatloss. ThereductioninperformanceisrepresentedwithinaU-valuecalculationbytherainwatercoolingcorrectionfactor, dUr, whichiscalculatedfrom:
• Theaveragerateofrainfallduringtheheatingseason, p (mm/day);
• A drainagefactor, f, whichrepresentsthefractionof p whichreachesthewater-proofingmembrane;
CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS 38
Figure 8.3: Dataforrainscreencladdingcorrection
• A factorforincreasedheatlosscausedbyrainwaterflowingonthemembrane, x(Wday/m2Kmm).
InJPA Designerthatdataisenteredusingthe U-valueConstruction dialogue. Asyouhave to indicatewhich layer isaffectedby the rainwatercooling it isbest toadd thecorrectionfactor after youhavedefinedthelayersintheconstruction.Toenterrainwatercoolingdata:
1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>ConstructionType.
2. Inthe Elementtype sectionselect Flatroof.
3. Tickthe Invertedroof box. Newdataentryboxesappear.
4. Inthe Externalinsulationlayers boxtickthelayer(s) isaffectedbytherainwatercooling.
WherealowU-valueisrequiredtheremaybemorethanoneinsulationlayeraf-fected.
5. Entervaluesfor f.x and p. Click OK.
Ifyoudonothaveproject-specificvaluesyoucanusethedefaultvaluesforf.xandp.
8.4 RainscreencladdingWhencalculatingU-valuesforwallswhichincluderainscreencladdingtheresultshavetobeadjustedtoaccountfortheeffectofanymetalfixingswhichpenetratetheinsulation.JPA Designercancorrectfortheeffectofpointfixings, usingmethod(c)insection4.9.5ofBR 443 ConventionsforU-valuecalculations.Thecalculationrequiresthepointthermaltransmittanceofthefixing, x, andthenumberoffixingspersquaremetre, n. As x dependsonthetypeoffixingyoumustgetthecorrectvalue from thefixingmanufacturer. Thedata is entered in the U-valueConstructiondialogue.Tocorrectforbracketsinrainscreencladding:
1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>ConstructionType. The U-valueConstruction dia-logueopens.
2. Inthe Elementtype sectionselect Wall.
3. Tickthe Rainscreencladding box. Newdataentryboxesappear(see Figure 8.3).
4. Entervaluesfor x and n. Click OK.
Ifyoudonothaveproject-specificvaluesyoucancarryoutaninitialcalculationusingthedefaultvaluesforxandn.
CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS 39
Figure 8.4: Dataentryforelementsseparatingheatedandunheatedspaces
8.5 Elementsseparatingheatedandunheatedspaces
Therateofheatlossthroughanelementwhichseparatesaheatedspacefromanunheatedspacewillbelowerthanthatthroughanidenticalelementwhichseparatesaheatedspacefromoutside, astherelativelywarmairwithinanunheatedspaceactsasathermalbuffer.
ThecombinedmethodforcalculatingU-valuesallowsforthiseffectusingtheratioof:
• thesurfaceareasoftheelementswhichseparatetheheatedspacefromtheunheatedspace, Ai, to,
• thesurfaceareasoftheelementswhichseparatetheunheatedspacefromoutside,Ae.
Whenmeasuring Ai and Ae, youshouldincludewallsandintermediatefloors(suchasthatoveranintegralgarage)butexcludegroundfloors. Ai and Ae aremeasuredin m2.
Toallowforunheatedspaces:
1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Constructiontype. The U-valueConstruction dia-logueopens.
2. Enterthetwoareasinthe Ai and Ae boxes(see Figure 8.4).
3. Click OK.
9 Complexcalculations
9.1 Lightsteelframedstructure
Therearethreedifferentformsoflightsteel-framedstructures:
• Warm frameconstructions: alltheinsulationisoutsidethesteelframing.
• Hybrid constructions: some insulation is fittedbetween the steel studs andad-ditionalinsulationplacedontheoutsideofthestudstoreducethermalbridgingthroughthesteel.
• Cold frameconstructions: alloftheinsulationisincludedwithinthethicknessofthesteelcomponentsandisbridgedbyit.
Thehighthermalconductivityofsteelmeansthecombinedmethodmustbemodifiedforelementswheresomeoralloftheinsulationisbridgedbylightsteelframing. JPADesignerusesthemodifiedcalculationmethodwhichwaspublishedinBRE Digest465.U-valuesforlightsteel-frameconstruction.
TheprocedureforcalculatingtheU-valueofalightsteel-framedelementusingJPA De-signeristhesameasforanyotherelement, butwiththefollowingmodifications:
Figure 9.1: Settingthetypeanddetailsoflightsteelframeconstruction
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CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS 41
Figure 9.2: Built-upmetalwallorroofcladding
1. Identifytheelementaslightsteel-framedandentertheframingdetails(Figure 9.1.
IntheUvalueConstruction dialogueusethelightsteel-frameradiobuttonstodefineisas warm or cold/hybrid.
Ifyouselect Cold/Hybrid enterthe studspacing, studdepth and flangewidth. Usetheoffereddefaultvaluesifyoudonotknowthestuddepthandspacing.
2. Enterthelayersoftheconstructioninthemain Uvalue window.
For cold/hybrid elementssomeofthelayerswillbebridged(section 7.3)forguid-anceonenteringbridgedlayers):
In warm elementstheairspacebetweenthestudsshouldbeenteredasabridgedcavity, withsteelasthebridgingmaterial.
In cold/hybrid elementstheinsulationlayerwillbebridgedbysteel.
Anyairspacebehindtheinsulationandbetweenthestudsshouldbeenteredasabridgedcavity.
Donotincludetheflangesofthesteelstudswhenenteringbridgingdetails.
3. Entercorrectionsforanymechanicalfastenerswhichpenetratetheinsulationbycompleting the Correctionformechanical fasteners section in the UvalueCon-struction dialogue(section 8.1).
Usethefirstdropboxtoindicatewhichlayerisbridgedbythemechanicalfasteners,thenenterthefasteners'dimensionsandspacing. The alphacoefficient is0.8forwarmconstructionsand1.6forcold/hybridconstructions.
9.2 Twinskinmetalcladdingandroofing
Theextentofthethermalbridgingintwin-skinmetalroofingandcladdingsystemsformedwithrailsandbracketsmeansthecombinedmethodhastobemodified. JPA DesignerusesthemethoddescribedintheSteelConstructionInstituteresearchpaperSCI P312:thatmethodtakesaccountof:
• Thebridgingeffectsoftherailandtheairspacesaroundtherail.
• Thepointbridgingproducedbythebrackets.
CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS 42
• Thecompressionof the insulationbya shallow-profiled liner (profiledepth lessthan25mm).
TocalculateU-valuesfortwin-skinmetalroofingandcladding:
1. CreateandopenanewU-valuecalculation.
2. Enteranyprojectinformation.
3. Inthe U-valueConstruction dialogueselecteither wall or flatroof. DonotticktheBuiltupmetalroof/wall boxatthisstage. Click OK.
4. EnterthelayersintheconstructioninthemainU-valuewindow. Entertheinsulationin twolayers: thefirstlayerbeingtheinsulationwhichisbridgedbytherailsandthesecondthatwhichispenetratedonlybythebrackets.
Forexample, a170mmlayerofinsulationinaconstructionwith40mmdeeprailsshouldbedividedintoonelayer40mmthickandonelayer130mmthick. Youwillfindlaterpartsofthecalculationeasierifyougivethetwolayersdistinctivenames.
5. Enterthebridgingdetailsforthelayerofinsulationbridgedbytherails(section 7.3fordetails). Inthe EditMaterials dialogueselect onedimensionalbridging toshowthethermalbridgingdetails. Enterthedetailsoftherails: bridgematerial–steelstuds, bridgewidth, non-bridgewidth. Thesoftwaresetsthebridgethermalcon-ductivity. Theprogramwillshowtheproportionbridgedandthethermalresistanceofthebridge.
For`L' shapedsectionsthe bridgewidth willusuallybethethicknessofthesteel,butfor`C' and`U' sections, wheretherailpenetratestheinsulationlayertwice, usedoublethethicknessofthesteelasthebridgewidth.
6. Enterthebridgedetailsfortheairspacescausedbytherail. Tickthe Secondbridgebox. The Optionalsecondbridge sectionisdisplayed.
7. Enterthe bridgematerial (air)and bridgewidth (inmm): usetwicetherailwidthtoallowforthecompressionoftheinsulationaroundtherails.
Theprogramcalculatestheproportionbridgedusingthedatafromthefirstbridge,sothenon-bridgedwidth=(Centre-to-centredistanceofrails)-(bridgethickness1+bridgethickness2).
8. Tocalculate the thermal resistanceof theair spaceclick the Smallairspace re-sistance button. The SmallAirspaceResistanceCalculator dialogueopens (Fig-ure 9.3).
9. Enterthe thickness and width oftheairspace. Thethicknesswillbethesameastheraildepth. Thewidthshouldbetwicetherailthickness. Click OK toclosethedialoguetransfertheresultstothebridgingcalculation.
10. Entertheairgapcorrection, dU'',for both insulationlayers(section 8.2): usethevalue0.01. Click OK.
11. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>ConstructionType. The UvalueConstruction dia-logueopens.
CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS 43
Figure 9.3: TheSmallAirspaceResistanceCalculator
12. Tickthe Builtupmetalroof/wall box. Thedialoguenowdisplaysthe Built-upmetalroof/wallcladding section.
13. Enterthe Railspacing and Railwidth (Figure 9.2). Usethedrop-downtoindicatewhichlayerisbridgedbytheraillinerdetails.
14. Ifthelinerprofilecompressestheinsulationandthedepthoftheprofileis25mmorlesstickthebox Insulationiscompressedbyinneroroutersheet. Fournewdataboxesappear.
15. Enterthe Sheetprofilewidth, Sheetprofiledepth and Sheetprofilecentres inmm.Inthedropboxselectthelayerofinsulationwhichis not bridgedbytherails.
If the liner profile is deeper than25mm ignore the checkbox and change thethicknessoftheinsulationlayerbysubtractingtheprofiledepthfromtheoriginalthickness(e.g.fora30mmprofilewith130mmactualdepthofinsulationuseavalueof130–30=100mm).
16. Enterthedetailsforthebracketsinthe Correctionformechanicalfasteners section.Enterthe thermalconductivityofthebrackets (usually 60.00W/mK formildsteel),the numberofbracketspersquaremetre (calculatedbydividingthetotalnumberofbracketsbythetotalelementarea)andthe crosssectionalareaofthebrackets(measuredatthethickestpoint). Thevalueof alpha, 1.6, isthedefaultsettingfortheseconstructions. Finally, usethedrop-downtoselectthelayerwhichisbridgedbythebrackets. Click OK.
9.3 Invertedroofs
Ininvertedroofs(oftenknownasprotectedmembraneroofs)someorallofthethermalinsulation is applied above thewaterproofmembrane and restrainedby aggregateorotherballast. Rainwaterfallingontheroofcanpercolatetothewaterproofingmembraneandincreasetherateofheatloss. Toallowforthiseffectarainwatercoolingcorrectionfactor, dUr, hastobeappliedtoinvertedroofcalculations(therainwatercoolingfactorisdescribedin section 8.3). Becauseyouhavetoindicatethelayerorlayersaffectedbythe
CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS 44
Figure 9.4: Inputtingdataforrainwatercorrection
rainwatercoolingitisbesttoaddthecorrectionfactor after youhavedefinedthelayersintheconstruction.Toenteraninvertedroof:
1. Fromthefilemenuselect Edit>Constructiontype. The U-valueConstruction dia-logueopens.
2. In Elementtype select Flatroof. Insertan Elementdescription thenclick OK.
3. Addthelayersoftheconstruction(chapter 6).
4. Openthe U-valueconstruction dialogueagainandin ElementType tickthe In-verted box. Thedialogueshowsthreedataboxes(Figure 9.4).
5. Enterthevaluesfor f.x and p andintheboxselectthelayersofinsulationabovethewaterproofmembrane. Click OK.
9.4 Usingvariablelayers
ThevariablelayerfeatureofJPA Designerhelpsyouassesstheeffectofusingdifferentmaterialsinthesameplacewithinanelement; forexample, byusingavariablelayeryoucouldcomparetheeffectofdifferentinsulantsontheU-valueofacavitywall.A calculationwithavariable layerhasaplace-holder layer in themainwindow, andhastheadditional Variablelayer panewhichacceptsanumberofdifferentlayers. EachofthoselayersshowstheresultsoftheU-valuecalculation asif thatlayerreplacedtheplace-holderlayerinthemaincalculation.Touseavariablelayer:
1. InthemainU-valuewindowclickthelayer below thepositionforthevariablelayer.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Insert>Variablelayer. Theprograminsertsavariablelayerinthecalculationanddisplaysthe Variablelayer pane(see Figure 9.5).
3. Selecttheblanklayerinthevariablelayerpaneandaddlayersfromthedatabase,orbyaddandeditblanklayers.
Whenusingthedatabase, youmustbeensurethecontentsofvariablelayerpaneareshowinginthe Construction boxofthe ProductsDatabase dialogue.
TheU-valuesfortheconstructionswiththevariablelayerareshownalongsidethevari-ablelayermaterials: noU-valueappearsinthestatusbar. Youcanonlyhaveonevariablelayerinacalculation.
CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS 45
Figure 9.5: U-valuecalculationwithavariablelayer
9.5 Taperedlayers
Taperedinsulationlayersarecommonlyfoundonflatroofs, where`cut-to-falls'insulationisbeingusedtocreatedrainagefallsonanotherwiseflatdeck. Asthethicknessoftheinsulationvariesacrosstheroofaspecialmethodisrequiredtocalculatearepresentativethermalresistanceforthatlayer.
JPA Designeruses themethod inAnnexC ofBS EN ISO 6946:2007todeterminetheresistanceoftaperedinsulationlayers. Thatmethodtreatsthetaperedinsulationlayerintwoparts: firsttheminimumthicknessofthelayerwhichislaidacrossthewholeroof,thentherestoftheinsulationwhichistreatedasaseriesofblocks, withdifferentshapes.Therearethreetypesofblock:
• blockswithrectangularplan, whichhavetheirgreatestthickness, t, ononeside,andslopedownfromthatsidetotheother;
• blockswithtriangularplanwhichhavetheirthickestpart, t, attheonecornerandslopedowntozeroattheothercorners;
• blockswithtriangularplanwhichhavetheirthickestpart, t, alongoneside, andslopefromtheredowntotheothercorner.
Dependingonitssizearoofmayhaveseveralblocksofeachtype, eachwithdifferentareasand, insomecases, differentmaximumthicknesses.
CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS 46
Tapered insulation is entered in JPA Designerusing the TaperedAreas dialogue (Fig-ure 9.7). Thedialoguerequiresthreeitemsofgeneralinformation:
• a description ofthelayer: youcanusethenameortypeofinsulation.
• the minimumtaperedlayerthickness: thatis, theminimumdepthoftheinsulationlayerwhichiscontinuousacrossallpartsoftheroof, measuredinmm.
• theconductivityoftheinsulation, lambda: thisisenteredin W/mK.
Thedataonthedifferentroofblocksisenteredinthethreetables, witheachblockhavingitsownentry, intheappropriatesection, withthefollowingdata:
• surfacearea, m2;
• taperthickness, t, inmm.
Figure 9.6 showsaroofwithtaperedinsulationlaidwithfallstowardstheperimeter. TocalculatetheU-valuethetaperedlayershouldbedividedintoeightblocks, withtwo(aande)beingrectanglesslopingfromthecentrelinetotheperimeterandtheremainderbeing triangles, ineachcasesloping fromthehighestcornerat thecentre line to thelowestsideat theperimeter(b, c, d, f, gandh). Figure 9.7 showsthoseeightblocksenteredonthe Taperedareas dialogue.
ToenterataperedlayerinanexistingU-valuecalculation:
1. Dividetheroofintoblocksandcalculatetheminimumthickness, blockareasandtaperthicknesses.
2. Fromthemenubar, select Insert>Taperedlayer.
3. Enterthedatafortheminimumthicknessandtheconductivityoftheinsulation.
4. Enterthedataforeachblockinturn, makingsureeachblockgoesintotheappro-priatetable.
Youcanusethe Totalarea figureatthebottomrightofthedialoguetocheckyouhaveenteredallthesectionsoftheroof.
CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS 47
Figure 9.6: A typicalroofwithtaperedinsulation
CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS 48
Figure 9.7: TheTaperedareasdialogue
10 GroundfloorU-values
Asthecombinedmethoddealswithheatlossfromairtoair, throughanelement, ithastobemodifiedforgroundfloorstoincludethethermalresistanceofthegrounditself. JPADesignercalculatesU-valuesforgroundfloorsusingthemethodissetoutinISO 133701.
ThissectiondescribesthegeneralprocedureforcalculatingthegroundfloorU-value,whilstthefollowingsectionsdescribetheindividualpartsofthecalculation.
TocalculateagroundfloorU-value:
1. CreateanewU-valuecalculationinthe ProjectManager windowandopenitforediting(section 3.5).
2. Enteranyprojectinformationinthe ProjectInformation dialogue.
3. IntheU-valueConstructiondialogueselect Solidgroundfloor or Suspendedgroundfloor, enteradescriptionfor theconstruction, thenclick OK.The GroundFloorDetails dialogueopens.
4. Enterthedatafortheground(section 10.1). Click OK.
5. Addtheremaininglayersofthefloorconstruction.
Includelayerstorepresent:
• Screed;
• Insulation;
• Flooring, suchasparticleboard.
Omitanylayerswhichconsistof:
• Hardcorebeneathagroundbearingslab.
• Groundbearingconcreteslabswithdensitygreaterthan 1800 kg/m3.
• Thinfloorcoveringssuchasvinylorcarpet.
ForfurtherguidancerefertotheBR 443 ConventionsforU-valuecalculations.
49
CHAPTER10. GROUND FLOOR U-VALUES 50
Figure 10.1: TheGroundFloorDetailsDialogue
10.1 Groundfloordetails
The GroundFloorDetails dialoguecontainsthedatawhichdescribesthegroundandthefloorstructure(Figure 10.1).
Ithasfivesections:
• Floortype. Thechoiceoffloortypewilldeterminehowotherpartsofthedialogueappear.
• Floordimensions.
• Deck.
• Suspendedgroundfloordetails.
• Edgeinsulation.
10.1.1 Floortype
Therearethreetypesofgroundfloor:1DonotusethismethodtocalculateU-valuesoffloorsoveropenorunheatedspacessuchascarparks
orgarages; insteadselectfloorsotherthangroundfloorsintheConstructiondialogueboxandproceedasusual.
CHAPTER10. GROUND FLOOR U-VALUES 51
• Solid: afloorwhichbearsdirectlyonthegroundwithnovoidbetweenthefloorstructureandtheground, forexample, aground-bearingconcreteslab;
• Suspendedblockandbeam: withavoidbetweenthefloordeckandtheground,withthedeckformedfrompre-castconcretebeamsinfilledwithconcreteblocksorproprietaryinsulatingunits;
• Suspended: afloorwithavoidbetweenthefloorstructureandtheground, withatimberdecksupportedontimberjoists.
Usethe FloorType radiobuttonstoselectthetypeoffloorconstruction.
10.1.2 Floordimensions
Thethermalresistanceofthegroundisdeterminedfromtheratioofthefloor'sperimeterandarea. Theperimeterlength(expressedinmetres)ismeasuredalongthefinishedin-ternalsurfacesofexposedandsemiexposedwalls. Thearea(expressedinsquaremetres,m2)ismeasuredbetweenthefinishedinternalwallsurfaces. Unheatedspacesoutsidetheinsulatedfabricshouldbeexcludedwhencalculatingtheperimeterandarea.IfyouarecalculatingthegroundfloorU-valueforflatsinablockorforahouseinaterraceyoucanusetheperimeterandareaforthewholeblockorterraceinsteadofthedimensionsoftheindividualoccupancies.ToentertheFloordimensions:
• IfyouhavecalculatedthePerimeter/Arearatioyoucanenteritdirectlyinthe P/Abox.
• Alternatively, tickthe Calculateit boxandenterthevaluesinthe Perimeter andArea boxesforyoutofillin.
10.1.3 Deck
ThedatarequiredforthissectiondependsuponthetypeofconstructionspecifiedintheFloorType sectionofthe GroundFloorDetails dialogue.
• Solidfloor: nodeckdatarequired.
• Suspendedblockandbeamfloor: theprogramoffersadefaultthermalresistanceforthedeckof 0.2m2K/W. Alternatively, theprogramcanalsocalculatetheresistanceusingthespecificdetailsforyourfloorifyoutickthe Calculate box(Figure 10.2)theninputdatafor:
• Theblocks: Width, Thickness and Conductivity.
• Thebeams: Webwidth and Beamconductivity.
• Thescreed: Screeddepth and Screedconductivity.
• Suspendedfloor: theprogramoffersadefault thermalresistancefor thedeckof0.2m2K/W forthedeck. Thisrepresentsa18mmsoftwooddeck. Insulationbe-tweenjoistsshouldbeenteredasaseparatelayer, bridgedbytimberinonedimen-sion, (section 7.3).
CHAPTER10. GROUND FLOOR U-VALUES 52
Figure 10.2: Calculatingtheresistanceofabeamandblockdeck
10.1.4 Suspendedgroundfloordetails
Inasuspendedgroundfloor, whetherbeamandblockortimber, therewillbesomeheatlossthroughthewallsofthesub-floorvoid, bothbyconductionandalsobyairmovement.JPA Designercalculatesthatheatlossusingthedatain SuspendedGroundFloorDetailssectionofthe GroundFloorDetails dialogue. Thevaluesrequiredare:
• E -theareaofventilationopeningsperperimeterlengthofunderfloorspace, inm2/m;
• H -theheightoftheuppersurfaceoftheflooraboveexternalgroundlevel, inm;
• Uw -theUvalueofthewallsoftheunderfloorspaceabovegroundlevel, calculatedaccordingtoBS EN ISO 6946, in W/m2K (youcandothisasaseparatecalculationusingJPA Designer);
• Fw -thewindshieldfactor, see Table 10.1.
• V -theaveragewindspeedat 10m abovegroundlevel, in m/s
• Lambda -theconductivityfactorforthetypeofground: use1.5forclayorsilt, 2.0forsandorgraveland3.5forhomogeneousrock.
Wheresomeorallofthesedetailsareunknownyoushouldusethedefaultvalues. Ifyoueditthevaluesthenwantreverttousingthedefaultsclickthe Default button.
CHAPTER10. GROUND FLOOR U-VALUES 53
Table 10.1: Windshieldfactor
Location Example Fw
Sheltered Citycentre 0.02Average Suburban 0.05Exposed Rural 0.10
10.1.5 Edgeinsulation
Installinginsulationhorizontallyaroundtheperimeterof thefloor–edgeinsulation–will reduce thermalbridgingat theperimeterand improve thefloor'soverall thermalperformance. Edgeinsulationcanbe:
• Horizontal: insulationinstalledaroundtheperimeterofthefloorinthesameplaneasthefloor2.
• Vertical: insulationinstalledattheperimeterofthefloor, atrightanglestotheplaneofthefloor.
Usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofedgeinsulationpresent, thenenterthedetailsoftheinsulation(ifthereisnoedgeinsulationleavetherestofthissectionblank).
• Internal and externalsurfaceresistances usethedefaultvaluesof 0.140m2K/Wand 0.040m2K/W.
• Insulationthickness: boardthickness, inmm.
• Insulationconductivity: thelambdavalue, in W/mK.
• Insulationname.
• Insulationwidth or depth (dependinguponwhethertheinsulationislaidhorizon-tallyorvertically): theboardwidth, inmm.
• Description: optionaldescriptionoftheinsulation.
Youcanalsousethe ProductsDatabase toenterdetailsoftheinsulationbyclickingonthebuttonbythe Insulationname box.
FurtherinformationonedgeinsulationmaybefoundinBRE InformationPaper7/93.
2Horizontaledgeinsulationwascommonlyusedtoreducethermalbridgingandcoldspotsonlargerfloorswhichdidnotrequireacompletelayerofthermalinsulation. However, thelowerU-valuesnowrequiredbyBuildingRegulationsusuallyrequireafulllayerofinsulation, makingtheuseofhorizontaledgeinsulationunlikely.
11 BasementU-values
Themethods forcalculatingU-valuesofbasementsare setout inBS EN ISO 13370.Thecalculationsforbasementfloorsandwallsarelinked, witheachcalculationrequir-ingdataabouttheotherelement. BecauseofthisitiseasiertocalculatethebasementfloorU-valuefirst, followedbythebasementwallU-value. ForafullexplanationofthecalculationmethodsconsultBS EN ISO 13370.
11.1 Basementfloors
TocompleteabasementfloorU-valuecalculationyouwillneedtoknow:
• Thefloor'sPerimeter/Arearatio: P/A;
• Thethicknessofthebasementwalls: w (metres);
• Theaveragedepthfromtheexternalgroundsurfacetothebasementfloor: h (me-tres);
• Thethermalconductivityoftheground: lambda, λ, (W/mK)(see Table 11.1 andannexG ofBS EN ISO 13370).
TocalculateabasementfloorU-value:
1. CreateanewU-valuecalculationinthe ProjectManager windowandopenitforediting.
Figure 11.1: Enteringdataforbasementfloors
54
CHAPTER11. BASEMENT U-VALUES 55
2. IntheU-valueConstructiondialogue setthe ElementType to BasementFloor, enteran Elementdescription thenclick OK.The GroundFloorDetails dialogueopens(Figure 11.1).
3. EnterthePerimeter/Arearatio, P/A,orchecktheboxlabelled`calculateit'andenterthe Perimeter and Area separately.
4. Enterthewallthickness, w, thebasementdepth, h, andthethermalconductivityoftheground, lambda. Click OK.
5. Enterthelayerswhichmakeupthefloorconstruction.
Includelayerstorepresent:
• Screed;
• Insulation;
• Flooring, suchasparticleboard.
Omitanylayerswhichconsistof:
• Hardcorebeneathagroundbearingslab.
• Groundbearingconcreteslabswithdensitygreaterthan 1800 kg/m3.
• Thinfloorcoveringssuchasvinylorcarpet.
Table 11.1: Thermalconductivityoftheground
Category Description Thermalconductivity, (W/mK)
1 clayorsilt 1.52 sandorgravel 2.03 homogeneousrock 3.5
11.2 Basementwalls
TocompleteabasementwallU-valuecalculationyouwillneedtoknow:
• Thefloor'sPerimeter/Arearatio: P/A;
• Thethicknessofthebasementwalls: w (metres);
• Theaveragedepthfromtheexternalgroundsurfacetothebasementfloor: h (me-tres);
• Detailsoftheinsulationinthebasementfloor.
CHAPTER11. BASEMENT U-VALUES 56
Figure 11.2: Enteringdataforbasementwalls
• Thethermalconductivityoftheground: λ, (W/mK)(Table 11.1 andannexG ofBSEN ISO 13370).
TocalculateabasementwallU-value:
1. CreateanewU-valuecalculationinthe ProjectManager windowandopenitforediting.
2. Inthe U-valueConstructiondialogue setthe ElementType to BasementWall, enteran Elementdescription thenclick OK.The GroundFloorDetails dialogueopens(Figure 11.2).
3. EnterthePerimeter/Arearatio, P/A,orchecktheboxlabelled`calculateit'andenterthe Perimeter and Area separately.
4. Enterthewallthickness, w, thebasementdepth, h, andthethermalconductivityoftheground, lambda.
5. Enterthedetailsofinsulationinthebasementfloor. Eitherenterthe name, thicknessand conductivity oftheinsulation, orusethedatabasebuttontoselecttheinsulationfromthe ProductsDatabase. Click OK.
6. Nowaddthelayersoftheconstructioninthemain U-value window.
12 Outputtingresults
YoucanprinttheresultsofU-valuecalculationsontopaperorproduceaPDF filewhichcanbeopenedonanycomputerwiththefreeAdobeReadersoftwareinstalled; PDF filesareidealforemailingtopeoplewhoneedtoseetheresultsofthecalculationbutdonothaveJPA Designer. ForbothprintandPDF theoutputincludes:
• Projectinformation;
• Detailsoftheconstruction;
• TheU-valueandanycorrectionfactors.
Toprintresults:
1. Select File>Print fromthemenubar(orclickthe Print buttononthetoolbar). TheSectionsToPrint dialogueopens(Figure 12.1).
Figure 12.1: SectionsToPrintdialogue
57
CHAPTER12. OUTPUTTING RESULTS 58
Figure 12.2: Printpreviewcontrols
2. Usethetickboxestoselectwhethertoprintanadditionalpageshowingthedetailsofthebridgingcalculations. YoucanalsochoosewhethertoincludetheISO mois-turetableforcondensationanalysis, andwhetherthecalculationshouldshowthelogooftheBBA/TIMSA U-valueaccreditationscheme.
3. Click OK.The Printpreview windowopens.
4. Usethebuttonsonthetoolbartoviewsuccessivepagesoftheprintout, thenclickthe Print buttontoprintthepages(Figure 12.2).
TocreateaPDF fileoftheresults:
1. Fromthemenubarselect File>CreatePDF.A dialogueasksifyouwanttoopenthePDF whenitiscreated.
2. Select Yes or No. The SectionsToPrint dialogueopens(Figure 12.1).
3. Usethetickboxestoselectwhethertoprintanadditionalpageshowingthede-tailsofthebridgingcalculations(youcanalsochoosewhethertoincludetheISOmoisturetableforcondensationanalysis).
4. Click OK.The Printpreview windowopens.
5. Usethebuttonsonthetoolbartoviewsuccessivepagesoftheprintout, thenclickthe Print buttontoprintthepages(Figure 12.2). TheprogramwillthencreateaPDF fileofthecalculation.
*ThenameofthePDF filewillincludetheJPA Designerfilenameandthecalcula-tionname, sothecalculation tilehungwall inaproject TheMeadowswillbecalledTheMeadows.JDPtilehungwall.PDF.ThefilewillbesavedintotheJPA Designerprogramfolderorinthestart-upfolderyouhavespecified.
Note: asWindowsdoesnotallowcertaincharacterstobeusedinfilenamesyoushouldensurethecalculationnamesinJPA Designerdonotcontainthosecharac-ters, otherwisePDF creationwillfail. Therestrictedcharactersare: ' / \ : *? < >|.
Youcanchangetheprintersettingsbyselecting File>Printersetup fromthemenubar.
13 U-valuecalculationoptions
TheEuropeanstandards for factoryproduced thermal insulationproducts1 setout therequirementsfordeterminingandquotingthethermalperformanceofthermalinsulation.Foreachproduct:
thevalueofthermalresistance, R90/90, shallbe . . . roundeddownwardstothenearest 0.05m2K/W, anddeclaredasRD inlevelswithstepsof 0.05m2K/W.
TocomplywiththatrequirementJPA Designerroundsdownthethermalresistanceofalllayerswhicharemarkedatthermalinsulation. Tomarkalayerasthermalinsulationtickthe isthermalinsulation boxinthe Editmaterial dialogue.
Becausetheremaybeoccasionswhenyouneedtocarryoutcalculationswithoutround-ingthefeaturemaybeturnedoffandon. Bydefault, roundingison: thisisindicatedbyredtextinthebottommarginoftheU-valuewindow.
Tochangetheroundingsetting: 1. Fromthemenubarselect Options. TheCalculationsOptionsdialogueopens(Figure 13.1).
1. Tickthe Rounddownthermalresistance boxtotoggleroundingonoroff.
2. Click OK toacceptthechange.
1Theseries runs fromBS EN 13162:2001 Thermal insulationproducts forbuildings. Factorymademineralwool(MW) products. Specification toBS EN 13172:2001 Thermalinsulatingproducts. Evaluationofconformity. Thereisonestandardforeachmajorthermalinsulationmaterial.
59
CHAPTER13. U-VALUE CALCULATION OPTIONS 60
Figure 13.1: U-valuecalculationoptions
14 EditingtheProductsdatabase
TomakeU-valuecalculationseasierallJPA DesignerU-valuemodulesincludethe Prod-uctsdatabase, whichprovidesthekeydataongenericconstructionmaterials, cavitiesandbrandedproductsfromanumberofmanufacturers. Thissectionexplainshowyoucanaddfrequentlyusedproductstothedatabase.
Thematerialswithinthedatabaseareorganisedintothreecategories:
• Brandedproductsfrommanufacturers, shownin bold inthecategorieslist;
• Genericmaterials, showninnormaltypeinthecategorieslist;
• Userdefinedmaterials, shownin italics inthecategorieslist.
YoucanuseallthreetypesofmaterialinUvaluecalculationsandyoucancreate, editanddeleteuserdefinedcategoriesandmaterials. However, youcannoteditordeletebrandedorgenericcategoriesormaterials. Tochangethevaluesofbrandedorgenericmaterialsyoumustworkonaduplicate(clone)ofthecategoryormaterial. Cloningacategorycreatesanewcategorycontainingthesamematerialsastheoriginal.
Tomakechangestothe Productsdatabase youmustfirstopenthe Editdatabase dialogue(Figure 14.1)byselecting Edit>Database fromthemainmenu.
Toaddauserdefinedcategory:
1. Clickthe Newcategory button.
2. Enterthenameofthecategoryinthe Newcategory dialogue.
3. Click OK.Thenewcategoryiscreated.
Torenameanexistinguserdefinedcategory:
1. Selectacategorybyclickingonit.
2. Clickthe Editcategory button. The Editcategory dialogueopens.
3. Enteranewnamethenclick OK.Thecategoryisrenamed.
Tocloneacategory:
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CHAPTER14. EDITING THE PRODUCTS DATABASE 62
Figure 14.1: TheEditDatabasedialogue
1. Selectthecategorytoclonebyclickingonit.
2. Clickthe Clonecategory button. The Clonecategory dialogueopens.
3. Enteranameforthenewcategoryandclick OK.
4. A newcategorywillbecreated, containingcopiesoftheoriginalmaterials.
Todeleteauserdefinedcategory:
1. Selectthecategorytodelete.
2. Clickthe Deletecategory button. An Information dialogueasksyoutoconfirmthedeletion.
3. Click Yes todeletethecategory, No tokeepit.
Toinsertanewmaterialinauser-definedcategory:
1. Selectthecategoryinwhichyouwanttocreatethenewmaterial.
2. Clickthe Newproduct button. The Editmaterial dialogueopens.
3. Completethe Editmaterial dialogue(chapter 7).
4. Click OK.Thenewproductisaddedtothecategory.
CHAPTER14. EDITING THE PRODUCTS DATABASE 63
Figure 14.2: TheSearchDatabasedialogue
Toeditanexistinguserdefinedmaterial:
1. Selecttheproductyouwishtoedit.
2. Clickthe Editproduct button. The Editmaterial dialogueopens.
3. Makethechangesinthe Editmaterial dialogue(chapter 7).
4. Click OK.Theproductinformationisupdated.
Tocloneanexistingproductinauserdefinedcategory:
1. Selecttheproductandclickthe Cloneproduct button. A copyoftheproductwillbeinsertedinthecategory.
2. Clickontheclonetoeditit.
Todeleteaproductfromauser-definedcategory:
1. Selecttheproductyouwishtodelete.
2. Clickthe Deleteproduct button. Theproductisdeleted.
Youcansearchthedatabasetofindspecificproducts:
1. Clickthe Search button. The SearchDatabase dialogueopens(Figure 14.2).
2. Inthe SearchDatabase dialogueenterthetextyouwanttosearchforandthedi-rectiontheprogramshouldsearchthroughthedatabase(forwards or backwards).
3. Tickthe Ignorecase boxifyouwantthesearchtoignorecapitalsandlower-caseletters.
4. Click Findfirst to start the search. Theprogramwill display thefirstmatchingproductinthe Products pane.
5. Click Findnext togoontothenextmatchingproduct.
6. Whenyouhavefoundtheproductyouwantclick Close toclosetheSearchdia-logue.
Whenyouhavefinishedworkingonthedatabase, clickthe Close buttontoreturntothemainU-valuewindow.
CHAPTER14. EDITING THE PRODUCTS DATABASE 64
14.1 Shortcodes
Youcanassigncodestouserdefinedmaterialsasyouentertheminthedatabase. Theshort codes can then be used for rapid data entry using the Products database (sec-tion 6.1). Youcanalsouseshortcodestodeterminetheorderinwhichproductsandmaterialsarepresentedwithincategories, tospeedupdataentryforcommonconstruc-tions.
Tosortthedatabasebyshortcodesyoumustfirstassignshortcodestothematerials; useanumberingsystemwhichmatchestheorderinwhichyouwantthematerialstoappear.Onceyouhaveassignedshortcodesyoushouldclickonthe Sortonshortcode tickboxinthe Productsdatabase dialogue(Figure 6.1).
PartIII
Condensationrisk
65
15 Assessingtheriskofinterstitialcondensation
TheUvalueProfessionalmodulecalculatestheriskofinterstitialcondensationformingattheinterfacesoflayerswithinanelement.Themodule, whichfollowstherecommen-dationsofBS 52501 usesthemethodofanalysissetoutinBS EN ISO 137882.Foreachinterfacewithinabuildingelementthemoduledetermines:
• theamountofcondensationorevaporationduringeachmonth;
• themaximumamountofmoisturedeposited;
• theaccumulatedmassofwatercomparedtototalevaporationduringtheyear;
• theannualmoisturebalance.
TheprogramcanstillperformanalysestotheBS 5250:1989method3. Forinformationonusingthismethodsee section 15.3.The likelihoodof condensation formingwithinabuildingelementdependsupon thehygrothermalpropertiesofthematerials(thermalconductivityorresistanceandvapourresistivitiesorresistance)andtheenvironmentalconditions(internalandexternaltem-peraturesandrelativehumidities).MostoftheinformationusedbyJPA Designerforcalculatingcondensationriskisalsoused in themainbodyof theprogram for calculatingU-values. Theonly additionalinformationrequiredisthevapourresistivityandresistancedataforthematerialsintheconstruction, andtheenvironmentaldataforthebuildingandsite.Tocarryoutcondensationriskanalysis:
1. BuildupanelementinthesamewayasyouwouldforaU-valuecalculation.
2. Ensurevapourresistancepropertieshavebeendefinedforeachlayer(chapter 7).
3. Settheenvironmentalconditions(section 15.1);
4. Viewtheresults(section 15.2).
Pleasenotethemodulecannotcarryoutcondensationriskanalysisforgroundfloors,basementsnorconstructionscontainingvariablelayers; neitherwillitcalculatetheriskofsurfacecondensation.
1BS 5250:2002Codeofpracticeforcontrolofcondensationinbuildings.2BS EN ISO 13788:2002Hygrothermalperformanceofbuildingcomponentsandbuildingelements–
Internalsurfacetemperaturetoavoidcriticalsurfacehumidityandinterstitialcondensation–Calculationmethods.
3TheBS 5250:1989AppendixD methodisbasedonthesameunderlyingprinciplesasthemethodsetoutinISO 13788, but(i)analysescondensationriskfora60periodratherthanthewholeyearand(ii)reportsresultsinadifferentway.
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CHAPTER15. ASSESSING THE RISK OF INTERSTITIAL CONDENSATION 67
15.1 Environmentalconditions
Thecondensationriskcalculationrequiresmeanmonthlydatafor:
• Internaltemperature(IntT);thedesigntemperatureinsidethebuilding, indegreesCelsius. Thedefaultforanalysisistousethesameinternaltemperaturethroughouttheyear. Ifnoprojecttemperaturehasbeenspecifieduse20ºC asadefaultvalueforaUK building.
• Internalrelativehumidity(IntRH);thisislargelydeterminedbythetypeofactivitywhichwilltakeplacewithinthebuilding. ISO 13788definesfiveoccupancytypeswithdifferenthumiditycharacteristics: BS 5250:2002suggests relativehumidityrangesforthosetypes, see Table 15.1. Theinternalrelativehumidityisaffectedbytheexternalconditions.
• ExternalTemperature(ExtT) and ExternalRelativeHumidity(ExtRH);theexter-nalconditionsdependuponthebuilding'slocation. JPA Designerincludesexternaltemperatureandhumiditydatafrom20sitesaroundtheUK,allowingyoutose-lect thenearest location to theproject site 4. Fora `worstcase' scenarioselectEskdalemuir.
Thedataisenteredusingthe Environmentalconditions dialogue, whichallowsyoutoenterdataforanalysisusingISO 13788orBS 5250:1989. ThedefaultcalculationmethodisISO 13788(tousethepreviousBS 5250:1989calculationmethodsee section 15.3).Tosettheenvironmentalconditions:
1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Environmentalconditions. The Environmentalcon-ditions dialogueopens.
2. Selectthehumidityclassusingthe Internalhumidityclass dropdown. The IntRHcolumniscompleted.
3. Entertheinternaldesigntemperatureinthe Internaltemperature box. The IntTcolumndisplaysthevalues. Ifyouwishtovarytheinternaltemperaturethroughouttheyearyoucantypevaluesdirectlyintothe IntT columnforeachmonth.
4. Fromthe Buildinglocation dropdownselectthelocationofthebuilding. The ExtTand ExtRH columnsarecompletedandthevaluesinthe IntRH columnadjusted.Ifyouhavesitespecificdatayoucantypevaluesdirectlyintothetable.
5. Click OK toacceptthedataandclosethedialogue.
15.2 Viewingresults
JPA Designerpresentstheresultsofcondensationriskanalysisinthreeformats:
• Asmonthbymonthdata, intheISO CondensationTable(subsection 15.2.1).
• Asagraph, intheDewpointgraph(subsection 15.2.2).
• Insummaryform, intheResultstable(subsection 15.2.3).4ThedataistakenfromMeteorologicaldata1961–1990publishedbytheWorldMeteorologicalOffice.
CHAPTER15. ASSESSING THE RISK OF INTERSTITIAL CONDENSATION 68
Table 15.1: Humidityclasses
Class Buildingtype Relativehumidity(%)15ºC 20ºC 25ºC
1 Storageareas <50 <35 <252 Offices, shops 50-65 35-50 25-353 Dwellingswithlowoccupancy 65-80 50-60 35-454 Dwellingswithhighoccupancy, sportshalls, 80-95 60-70 45-555 Specialbuildings, e.g.laundry, swimmingpool >95 >70 >55
Figure 15.1: ISO 13788Condensationtable
15.2.1 ISO CondensationTable
The ISO CondensationTable showstheamountofcondensatepredictedateachinterfaceintheconstruction, andisthemostaccuratemeansofviewingtheresultsofananalysistoISO 13788.
To view the ISO Condensation Table select View>ISO Condensation Table from themenubar.
Theupperpartofthetable(Figure 15.1)showstheinterfaceswithintheconstruction.Whenyouselectan interfacebyclickingon it, the lowerhalfof the tableshows theamountofcondensationpredictedatthatinterface. Itshowstheamountofcondensatedepositedorevaporatedeachmonth, gc, andtheaccumulatedcondensateattheendofeachmonth, Ma, bothmeasured in g/m2 (negativenumbers indicateevaporation).Theresultsstartwiththefirstmonthinwhichcondensationispredicted, orJanuaryifnocondensationispredictedinanymonth. GuidanceoninterpretingresultsisgiveninBS5250:2002andBS EN ISO 13788.
CHAPTER15. ASSESSING THE RISK OF INTERSTITIAL CONDENSATION 69
Figure 15.2: Dewpoint graph for a roofwith condensationpredictedat the interfacebetweenlayers4and5
15.2.2 TheDewpointgraph
The Dewpointgraph plotsthepredictedtemperaturethroughtheconstructionwithdew-pointtemperaturefortheworstmonth5. Condensationispredictedatanyinterfacewherethetwolinestouch(see Figure 15.2). Theorientationofthe Dewpointgraph isdeter-minedbythebuildingelement: wallsareshownwithlayersrunningverticallyandroofswithlayersrunninghorizontally.Toopenthe Dewpointgraph select View>Dewpointgraph fromthemenubarorclicktheDewpointgraphbuttononthetoolbar. Toviewtheresultsforthemonthwiththegreatestevaporationclickonthe Summer radiobuttoninthe Resultstoshow section.
15.2.3 TheResultstable
The ResultsTable showstheheadlineresultsforeachinterfaceintheconstruction. Toviewthe Resultstable select View>ResultsTable fromthemenubar. Whenthetableis
5The dewpointtemperature isthetemperatureatwhichsaturationvapourpressurewouldoccur. Anylowertemperaturewouldresultincondensation.
CHAPTER15. ASSESSING THE RISK OF INTERSTITIAL CONDENSATION 70
openclickthe Alwaysontop boxtokeepitvisibleonscreenwhileyoucontinuetoworkonthecalculation. Whenyouhavefinished, click Close toclosetheResultsTable.
ForcalculationstoISO 13788thesignificantcolumnsare:
• ISO -Winterworstbuildup: themonthinwhichthehighestamountofcondensateispredictedtobedeposited;
• ISO -Winterpeakbuildup: themonthwhichseesthehighestcumulativeamountofcondensation.
Foreachcolumntheamountofcondensateisshowningramspersquaremetre. Theresult n/ameansnocondensationispredictedatthatinterface. Youcanseemoredetailedresultsinthe ISO Condensationtable.
ForcalculationstoBS 5250:1989AppendixD thesignificantcolumnsare:
• Winterbuildup: theamountofcondensatepredictedover60winterdays;
• Annualbuildup: theamountofcondensatecarriedforwardafterallowingforsum-merevaporation,
Foreachcolumntheamountofcondensateisshowningramspersquaremetre(g/m2).Zeroshowninbothcolumnsmeansnocondensationispredicted, whileanegativenum-ber in theannualbuildupcolumn indicates summerevaporationwillbegreater thanwinterdeposition.
15.3 Usingthepreviouscalculationmethod
TousetheBS 5250: 1998calculationmethodunticktheUse2003condensationmethodbox in the Environmentalconditions dialogue. Thedialogueboxwillnowshow theenvironmentaldatafortheBS 5250:1989method.
Externalconditions Theprogramsetsstandardvaluesforexternalenvironmentalcondi-tions, followingBS 6229andBS 5250, whichare:
• summertemperature: 18ºC.
• wintertemperature: 5ºC.
• summerrelativehumidity: 65%.
• winterrelativehumidity: 95%.
Ifyouneedtocalculatecondensationriskforotherexternalenvironmentsyoucanchangethestandardvaluesbytypingnewvaluesintothetextboxes. Toreturntothedefaultvaluesforexternalenvironmentalconditionsclickthe Default button.
Condensationbuildupperiod Build-upofcondensateisassessedoverastandard60daywinterperiod: thatvaluecanbechangedusingthe Condensationbuildupperiod box.
CHAPTER15. ASSESSING THE RISK OF INTERSTITIAL CONDENSATION 71
Internalconditions Theinternaltemperatureandrelativehumidityvalueswillbedeter-minedlargelybythebuildinguse. Youcanenterdesigndataormeasuredvaluesinthefourboxes, orselectoneofthepre-definedbuildingusegroupslistedinthe BuildingUsedrop-downbox: thatwillautomaticallysetthetemperaturesandrelativehumiditiestothosedefinedinBS 5250andBS 6229, Table7.
Onceyouhaveset theenvironmentalconditionsyoucanviewthecalculationresultsusingthe Resultstable (subsection 15.2.3)andthe Dewpointgraph (subsection 15.2.2).
Calculationoptions TheBS 5250:1989methoddoesnotallowfortheremovalofmoisturebyairmovement, however, thestandardsuggestssomeindicationoftheeffectofventedcavitiescanbeobtainedbyassumingtheairinthecavityisatoutsideconditions. Thiscandonebysettingtozerothevapourresistancesofthematerialstotheoutsideofacavity.
ForanexplanationofthelimitationsofthistechniquepleaserefertoBS 5250: 1989page76.
TousethisoptioninJPA Designer:
1. Inthe Editmaterial dialoguesetthecavitytypeto ventedcavity.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Options. The Calculationoptions dialogueopens.
3. Tickthebox Setvapourresistanceoflayersaboveventedcavitytozero.
4. Click OK.Theprogramsetsthevapourresistancesofallthelayerstotheoutsideofthecavitytozero.
15.4 Outputtingcalculationresults
TheresultsofcondensationriskanalysiscanbeprintedorproducedasPDF filesinthesamewayastheresultsofU-valuecalculations(chapter 12). Themaindifferencesare:
1. BeforestartingtoprintorcreateaPDF,tickthe Condensationrisk boxonthestatusbaratthebottomofthemain U-value window.
2. Inthe SectionsToPrint dialoguereviewwhetheryouwanttoprintthesummer-timecondensationresultsandtheISO moisturetableandticktheappropriateboxes.
PartIV
SAP 2009
72
16 JPA DesignerSAP 2009module
16.1 OverviewoftheSAP 2009module
TheJPA DesignerSAP 2009moduleenablesyoutocarryoutcalculationstodemonstrateadwellingcomplieswith the requirementsofPart L12010 (EnglandandWales) andsection6oftheScottishBuildingStandards2010(Scotland)(forNorthernIrelandyoushouldcurrentlyuseSAP 2005-9.91as theregulationshavenotbeenrevised). Themodulealsoletsyouissueenergyperformancecertificates (EPCs) fornewdwellings1,whilsttheresultsofcalculationsmaybeusedaspartofassessmentsundertheCodeforSustainableHomes.
TheSAP 2009moduleusestheSAP 9.90methodologytocalculatetheTargetCarbonDioxideEmissionRate(TER) andtheDwellingCarbonDioxideEmissionRate(DER).ThemodulealsochecksforcomplianceagainstanumberofothercriteriasetoutinApprovedDocumentL1A andintheDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide.
Whilstthissectionofthemanualgivesinstructionsonhowtoenterdataintotheprogramit doesnotoffer authoritative guidanceuponSAP 9.90nor theBuildingRegulations.We suggest youuse thismanual in conjunctionwith the government's guide to SAP(availablefromtheBRE website-www.bre.co.uk/sap2009), ApprovedDocumentL1AandtheDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide(bothavailableasPDFsfromthePlanningPortal: www.planningportal.gov.uk).
CarryingoutaSAP 2009calculationusingJPA Designerisstraightforward. ThemainSAP window shows theon-goingresultsof thecalculationand thecompliancestatusofthedwelling, whilethe SAP WorksheetValues dialogueallowsyoutoenterthedatarequiredforthecalculation. Onceyouhavefinishedenteringdatayoucanprintofftheresultsormakeadjustmentstothedata.
16.2 Determiningcompliance
TherearefivecriteriaagainstwhichanewdwellingistestedtodeterminewhetherornotitcomplieswiththerequirementsofPartL2:
1Inorder to issueanEPC youwill need tobeamemberof a government approvedaccreditationscheme. Youcanfindmoreinformationonsuitableaccreditationschemesonourwebsite.
2ThesoftwarealsocarriesoutsimilartestsforregulationsinScotland.
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CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 74
1. MeetingtheTER:TheDwellingCO2 EmissionRate(DER),measuredastheamountofCO2 persquaremetreoffloorareaemittedasaconsequenceofprovidingspaceheating, hotwaterandlightingforadwellingmustbelessthanatargetrate. ThatTargetEmissionRate(TER) isbasedontheCO2 emissionsfromanotionaldwellingofthesamedimensionsastheproposeddwelling, butreducedbyanimprovementfactorof25%from2006standards(30%reductioninScotland).
TheSAP 2009modulecalculatestheTER usingthedatayouenteraboutthepro-poseddwellingandthedefaultconditionsspecifiedinAppendixR oftheSAP doc-ument.
2. Limitsondesignflexibility: Toensurelong-termperformance, andtopreventex-cessivetrade-offsbetweenfabricandplant, ApprovedDocumentL1setsout:
• maximumpermissible fabricU-values (bothworstcasevaluesandaveragevalues);
• maximumpermissibleairleakagerates;
• designlimitsforfixedbuildingservices.
TheSAP 2009modulechecksforcomplianceagainstallthosestandards.
3. Limitingtheeffectsofsolargaininsummer: Theregulationsrequiredesignerstomakeprovisiontoavoidexcessiveinternaltemperaturesasaresultofsolargain.AppendixP oftheSAP 9.90documentcontainsamethodfortestinglevelsofsolargain. TheSAP 2009moduleimplementsthatmethodtotestforcompliance.
4. Qualityofconstruction: Theperformanceof thedwellingasbuiltmustbecon-sistentwiththatpredictedbytheDER:onemeasureis theairpermeabilityrate,establishedbypressuretesting. Foradwellingwhichispressuretestedthemea-suredairpermeabilitymustbelowerthan 10m3/hm2 andtheDER calculatedusingthetestresultmustbelowerthantheTER.
TheSAP 2005moduleallowspressuretestingdatatobeenteredandwillcheckforcompliance.
5. Operatingandmaintenanceinstructions: Regulation40requiresthebuildingownertobeprovidedwithinformationtoenableenergyefficientoperationofthebuild-ing. Theoutputs from theSAP 2009modulecanbeused tohelp tomeet thatrequirement.
16.3 PreparingtocarryoutaSAP 2009calculation
BeforestartingaSAP calculationyoushouldensureyouhavealltheinputdata, including:
• dwellingfloorarea;
• theventilationstrategy;
• thedesignorachievedairpermeability;
CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 75
• U-values, κ-values(kappa-values)andareasofexternal, andparty, walls, roofsandfloors(youcancarryouttheU-valueand κ-valuecalculationsusingoneoftheJPADesignerU-valuemodules);
• κ-valuesandareasofinternalwallsandfloors;
• ψ-values(psi-values)forjunctionsandthelengthsofjunctions;
• U-values, areasandorientationofwindows, doorsandrooflights;
• theproposedwaterheatingsystem;
• theproposedprimaryandsecondaryheatingsystems;
• detailsofanyphotovoltaiccellsorotherlowcarbontechnology.
16.4 CarryingoutaSAP 2009calculation
ThemainstepstocarryoutaSAP 2009are:
1. CreateanewSAP 2005calculation(section 3.5).
2. OpenthecalculationintheSAP module(section 3.6).
3. Enterthe ProjectInformation (section 16.6).
4. Openthe SAPWorksheetValues dialogueandenterthedwellingdata(section 16.7).
5. Checkthecompliancestatusonthemain SAP window (section 16.5)andmakeanynecessarychanges.
6. Produceprint-outsorPDF filesofthecalculationresults(chapter 29).
7. Saveyourproject(section 3.3).
16.5 TheSAP window
The SAP window letsyouaccesstheSAP menusandtoolbaranddisplaystheresultsofcalculations(Figure 16.1). Themainfeaturesare:
1. Themenubar.
2. TheSAP 2009toolbar: thebuttonsgivedirectaccesstokeyprogramfunctionsandtothetabsonthe SAP WorksheetValues dialogue.
3. Thestatuslightswhichindicatewhetheryouhaveenteredall(green), some(amber)ornone(red)ofthedataforeachsection.
4. Thecalculationname, asenteredinthe ProjectManager window.
CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 76
Figure 16.1: ThemainSAP window
CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 77
Figure 16.2: Tooltipshowingtheprimarycauseoffailure
5. TheTER andDER results, with thepercentage reductionof theDER against theTER andCodeforSustainableHomes(CSH) levelthatreductionrepresents. Thesoftwarealsodisplaysthe FabricEnergyEfficiency (FEE) whichisrequiredforCSHassessments.
TheCSH levelisonlyaguideforthecarbonemissionscomponentoftheCode: itisnotafullevaluationagainsttheCode.
6. FabricU-valuesforopaqueelements(floors, walls, roofs)andforopenings. Ineachlinethefirstnumbershowstheworst(highest)U-valueandthesecondthearea-weightedaverage.
7. Overheatingriskassessment.
8. CarbondioxideemissionandSAP results, includingtheHeatLossParameter(HLP).
9. Compliancezone. Thisshowsgreenforapassandredforafail. Ifthedwellingdoesnotcomplyyoucanholdyourmousecursoroverthiszonetoshowatool-tipidentifyingtheprimarycauseoffailure(Figure 16.2). Doubleclickingonthezonewillopenthe ComplianceChecklist.
Thetoolbarbuttonsareshownin Figure 16.3, themajorityofthemopenthe SAP 9.902009WorksheetValues dialogueatdifferenttabs.
16.6 ProjectinformationinSAP
Generalinformationaboutthedwelling, suchastheclient, projectaddress, andtypeofdwellinginthe ProjectInformation dialogue(Figure 16.4). Thisdialogueisalsousedtosetsomeofthedwellingdetails(someofwhichareusedfortheEPC) anumberofcalculationoptions.
16.6.1 Addressdetails
Theclientandprojectaddressdetailsareshownonallthecalculationoutputs. Youcanenterthedetailsintwoways:
• typetheinformationdirectlyintothe ProjectInformation&Options dialogue; or,
CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 78
Figure 16.3: ButtonsontheSAP toolbar
CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 79
Figure 16.4: TheProjectInformationdialogue
CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 80
• usetheinformationwhichyousetforthewholeJPA Designerprojectinthe ProjectInformation dialogueinthe ProjectManager window.
Toenternewprojectdetails:
1. IntheSAP moduleselect Edit>ProjectInformation fromthemenubar. The ProjectInformation dialogueopens.
2. Enterprojectinformationbytypingitintotheappropriatefields. Usethe <Tab>keytomovebetweenfields.
Youcanalsoaddplotnumbersanddrawingreferencestolinkthecalculationtoaparticulardwellingonsite.
Note: The UPRN boxandthe getUPRN and clearUPRN buttonsareonlyusedwhenpreparingtoissueanEPC foracompleteddwelling. ForinstructionsonusingthempleaseseetheseparateguidetoissuingEPCs.
TocopyprojectdetailsfromProjectManager:
1. IntheSAP moduleselect Edit>ProjectInformation fromthemenubar. The ProjectInformation dialogueopens.
2. Clickthe Inherit button. AnyinformationyouenteredinProjectManageriscopiedtothe ProjectInformation dialoguehere.
16.6.2 DwellingdetailsThe ProjectInformation dialoguealsocontainsgeneralinformationaboutthedwelling,includingthetypeofbuilding, thecountryandthelocation.
• Buildingtype: thisisusedintheEnergyPerformanceCertificate. Selecttheclosestmatchingvaluefromthedrop-down.
• Country: thedifferentpartsoftheUK haveimplementedSAP 2009inslightlydif-ferentways3. Youmustusethe Country drop-downtoselectthecorrectlocationtoensurethedwellingistestedagainsttheappropriateregulations.
• EPC language: setsthelanguageinwhichtheEPC isproduced.
EPCsinEngland, ScotlandandNorthernIrelandmustbeproducedinEnglish. EPCsinWalesmaybeissuedininEnglishorWelsh.
• Location: thisisusedintheoverheatingassessmentandinSAP calculationsfordwellingswithspacecooling. Theregionsinthedrop-downareshowninthemaptoTable10intheSAP 2009document.
Insubsequentversionsofthesoftwarethelocationwillbesetfromthepostcodeforthedwelling, usingthe Look-up button.
• Projecttype: defineswhetherthecalculationisforanewbuild, existingdwellingorconversion.
AnEPC canonlybeproducedfora newdwellingasbuilt.
• Relatedpartydisclosure: overridesthedefaultdisclosureforEPCsforthatcalcula-tion.
3AsofMarch2011NorthernIrelandisstillusingSAP 2005(version9.81), butisexpectedtoswitchtoSAP 2009laterintheyear.
CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 81
16.6.3 SAP calculationoptions
Thebottomofthe ProjectInformation dialoguecontainsseveralcalculationoptions:
• Treatloweglasscoatingas`soft': softlowemissioncoatingsallowlesssolarenergythroughglassthanhardcoatingsandwillthereforereducetheamountofsolargain(however, windowswithsoftcoatingswillhavebetterU-valuesthanthosewithhardcoatings). Ticktheboxtoapplythisoptiontoalllow-E glassinthecalculation.
• Entergrossopaqueelementareas: theSAP 2009calculationusesthenetareasofwallsandroofs, aftertheareasofopenings(doors, windowsandrooflights)havebeenremoved). Ifyouselectthisoptionyoucanenterthe gross areasofwallsandroofs, and theprogramwilldetermine thenetareas, bysubtracting theareasofwindowsandrooflights.
Ifyouchangethesettingofthisboxthesoftwarethenclosethe ProjectInforma-tion theprogramasksifyouwanttousethatsettingasthedefaultvalueforfuturecalculations.
• Boiler comes under the exception procedure allowed in Part L. TheDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceguiderequiresneworreplacementgasoroilboilerstohaveefficiencylevelswhichcanonlybeachievedbycondensingappliances.A non-condensingboilermaybebepermitted if the situationmeets the condi-tionsinthegovernment's Condensingboilerinstallationassessmentprocedurefordwellings4. Youmaythereforeonlytickthisboxiftheconditionsoftheassessmentprocedurearesatisfied.
16.7 Enteringprojectdata
ThedatafortheSAP calculationisenteredusingthe SAP 9.902009WorksheetValuesdialogue. Thedialogueisorganisedbyaseriesoftabs, eachcoveringonepartoftheSAPinputdata: theyare:
• Dwellingdimensions: thebasicconfigurationofthedwelling, includingthepro-portionoflowenergylighting(chapter 17).
• Ventilation: airinfiltrationrates, ventilationstrategyandsystemefficiency(chap-ter 18).
• Walls, roofsandfloors: heatlossandthermalmassoftheopaquebuildingfabric(chapter 19).
• Openings: heatloss, solargainanddaylightinginformationforwindows, doorsandrooflights(chapter 20).
• Waterheating: thesourceofdomestichotwater, itsefficiencyandfueltype, in-cludingdetailsofanysolarpanels(chapter 21).
4Guide to the Condensing Boiler Installation Assessment Procedure for Dwellings. CLG. 2005.http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR PDF PTL CONDBOILER.pdf
CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 82
Figure 16.5: TabsontheSAP 9.902009WorksheetValuesdialogue
Figure 16.6: ThebuttonsontheSAP WorksheetValuesdialogue
• Primaryheating: themainheatingsystem, controlsandfuel(chapter 22).
• Secondaryheating: anyadditionalheatingsystem(chapter 23).
• Overheatingandcooling: detailsforsummeroverheating, andanyfixedcoolingsystems(chapter 24 and chapter 25).
• PV &AltTech: Photo-voltaicpanels, windturbines, andnewrenewabletechnolo-gies(chapter 26).
Toopen thedialogue at the start of a calculation, clickon the Dwellingdimensionsbuttononthetoolbarorselect Edit>Dwellingdimensions. Thetabsarelistedatthetopofthedialogueinthesameorderastheyappearinthe Edit menu(Figure 16.5). Tomovebetweensectionssimplyclickonthetabs. Werecommendyoustartwiththe DwellingDimensions tabandworkfromlefttoright, finishingwiththe PV &AltTech tab.
Atthebottomofthedialogueareaseriesofbuttons(Figure 16.6):-
• OK:Revisesthecalculationtakingaccountofanychangesyouhavemadetothedata, andclosesthedialogue.
• Cancel: Closesthedialoguebutignoresanychangesyouhavemadetothecalcu-lation.
• Apply: Revisesthecalculation, takingaccountofanychangesyouhavemadetothedata, butleavesthedialogueopen.
Withamonitorsetto1024by800pixelsorhigher, itispossibletoseethemain SAPwindowandthe SAP 9.902009WorksheetValues dialogueatthesametime. ByusingtheApply buttonyoucanseetheeffectofdesignchangesuponthecalculationimmediately.
• Help: Givesyouaccesstothegovernment'sSAP guidanceandanon-lineversionofthismanual.
• Last: Takesyoutotheprevioustabonthedialogue.
• Next: Takesyoutothenexttabonthedialogue.
17 Dwellingdimensions
TheareaandaverageroomheightforeachstoreyareusedthroughouttheSAP calcu-lation, forexample, todeterminehotwaterandlightingusageandtherateofheatlossthroughventilation.Thedata is enteredusing the Dwellingdimensions tabof the SAP Worksheet valuesdialogue(Figure 17.1):
• Foreachstorey, the floorarea, in m2 andthe averageroomheight. JPA Designerwill calculateanddisplay thevolumeof each storey, the totalfloorareaof thedwellingandthetotalvolumeofthedwelling.
Therearetwolinesfor Groundfloors, toallowfordwellingswhichhaveadoubleheightlounge. The Exposedfloor linemaybeusedforfloorsofapartmentswhichareovergarages, parkingbaysorwalkways.
Figure 17.1: TheDimensionstab
83
CHAPTER17. DWELLING DIMENSIONS 84
Floorareasaremeasuredtotheinternalsurfacesofthewallsboundingthedwelling,andshouldincludeall internalwallsandbuilt-incupboardsaccessiblefromtheoccupiedareaofthedwellingandallporchesandconservatorieswhichareheatedandformpartofthehabitablespace. (Excludeporchesandconservatorieswhichareunheatedandthermallyseparatedfromthelivingspace.)
The averageroomheight forthelowestfloorismeasuredfromfinishedfloorsurfacetoceilingsurface. Foreveryotherstorey, theheightismeasuredfromtheceilingofthefloorbelow: forexample, theheightofthesecondstoreyinatwostoreyhouseismeasuredfromtheundersideoftheceilingofthefirststorey, totheundersideoftheceilingofthesecondstorey. Thisconventionensuresthatthevolumeofthefloorstructureisincludedwithinthecalculation. Forroomintheroofconstructionsyouwillneedtodetermineanaveragestoreyheight.
Whereafloorhasadifferentoccupancybeneathit(suchasanotherflatormaisonette)the party boxshouldbetickedforthatfloor.
Makesureyouenterthevaluesagainsttheappropriatestorey, otherwiseyoumaysubsequentlyhaveproblemslodgingtheEPC.Thisisparticularlyimportantforflats:donotuse`groundfloor'unlessitactuallyisagroundfloorflat.
• Totalfloorareawhichislivingarea: Entertheareaofthemainlivingroomofthedwelling. JPA Designerwillcalculatethefractionthatformsofthetotalfloorarea.Thelivingroomisdefinedas theroommarkedontheplanastheloungeorlivingroom, orthelargestpublicroom. Theareaofotherroomswhicharenotseparatedfromthelivingroombydoorsshouldalsobeincluded. However, thelivingareacannotextendovermorethanonestorey.
• Buildingfaces: Selecttheorientationofthefrontfaceofthedwellingfromthelist.Thevalueisusedinconjunctionwiththewindoworientationdatatodeterminesolargain.
Forahouse, itisusuallyeasiesttotreattheelevationcontainingthefrontdoorasthefrontface; foranblockofflatsitmaybebettertotreatthefrontoftheblockasthefrontfaceforallflatsratherthansettingdifferentfrontorientationsforeachflat.
• Applicationdate; EnterthedateonwhichthedwellingwillbesubmittedtotheBuildingControlBody. Clickingthedownarrowwillopenacalendar.
17.1 Lowenergylighting
Theproportionoflowenergylightingisusedinthecalculationofelectricityconsumptionforlighting, withahigherproportionoflowenergylightingresultinginlowerelectricityuseandalowerDER.Theproportionoflowenergylightingisalsousedtotestcompliancewiththeminimumefficiencystandardsforfixedbuildingservices(criterion2inApprovedDocumentL1A):theDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuiderequiresaminimumof3outof4(0.75)lightfittingstobelowenergy.
Furtherinformationonlightingisgiveninchapter12oftheDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide.
Thedatarequiredtodeterminetheproportionoflowenergylightingis:
CHAPTER17. DWELLING DIMENSIONS 85
• thetotalnumberoflightingunits, whichisenteredin Totalfixedlightingoutlets;
• the number of lowenergyfixed lightingunits, which is entered in Lowenergylightingunits.
Onceyouhaveenteredthatdatatheprogramwillcalculateanddisplaythe Fractionoflowenergylighting1.
Atthedesignstage, whenitisunlikelythattheexactnumberoflightingunitswillbeknown, the simplest strategy is to set the totalnumberofunits to10or20, then setthenumberoflowenergyunitstogivethecorrectproportion: 15outof20willgiveaproportionof0.75.
1ThischangeinthewaythefractionoflowenergylightingisenteredhasresultedfromachangemadetothedatasubmissionwhichaccompaniestheEPC,whichmeansitisnolongersufficientsimplytoenterthefraction.
18 Ventilation
Themovementofairfromtheinsidetotheoutsideofthedwellingwillresultinheatloss.SAP considerstwocomponentsofairmovement:
• Airinfiltrationthroughthebuildingfabric.
• Ventilation.
Dataforairmovementisenteredusingthe Ventilation tab(Figure 18.1), whichhassec-tionsforairinfiltrationandventilationstrategy.
Figure 18.1: TheVentilationtab
86
CHAPTER18. VENTILATION 87
18.1 Airinfiltration
Airinfiltrationrepresents unplanned airmovement: higherlevelsofairinfiltrationwillgivehigherDER values. Therateofairinfiltrationisexpressedintermsofthevolumeofairwhichpassesinonehourthroughasquaremetreofthesurfaceofthebuildingenvelope:m3/hm2. themeasureisoftenreferredtoasthe q50 value, afterthecalculationresultinBS EN 13829.TheDER calculationdoesnot requireanyspecificvalue forair infiltration, butPartLimposesuppercompliancelimitof 10m3/hm2 foralldwellings, whichwillbecheckedbypressuretesting. Designstagecalculationshavetoberevisedusingtheactualinfiltrationrateoncetestinghasbeencarriedout.Theonlyexceptiontothatregimeisfordevelopmentsofoneortwodwellings, whereanairpressuretestisnotrequired, solongastheDER iscalculatedusinganairinfiltrationrateof 15m3/hm2. ThatpresumedrateofairinfiltrationwillgiveahigherDER,whichmustthenbereducedbycompensatingimprovementstothebuildingfabricorservices.Therearethreemethodstoentertheairinfiltrationdataintothesoftware:
• Setadesigntestpressure, andreplaceitlaterbytheresultofthepressuretest.
• Onsmalldevelopments, useanassumedvalueof 15m3/hm2.
• Allowthesoftwaretocalculatetheinfiltrationratefromtheconstructiontypeandbuildingsize.
Thismethodisnotvalidfordemonstratingcomplianceunderbuildingregulations.
18.1.1 Pressuretestdata
Thetreatmentofadwellingsubjecttotheairpressuretestingregimedependsonwhetherapressuretestiscarriedoutonthedwelling, orwhetheritispartofagroupofdwellingsinwhichotherdwellingsaretested.Atthepre-constructionstage, thedesignpressuretestvalueshouldbeusedforalldwellings,butthefinalcalculation:
• fordwellingswhicharepressuretested: thepressuretestresult.
• fordwellingswhicharenotthemselvespressuretested: theaveragetestresultfordwellingsofthattype, plustwo.
Touseairpressuretestdata:
1. At Sourceofq50value select Pressuretest.
2. For pre-construction stagecalculationsentertheairpermeabilityinthe Designq50box, andsettheradiobuttonsto asdesigned.
3. Forpostcompletioncalculationsentereithertheresultoftheairpressuretest, ortheaveragetestvalueforthattypeofdwelling, andsettheradiobuttonsto asbuilt.
4. Ifthedwellinghasbeenpressuretestedtick Thisdwellinghasbeenpressuretested.TheDER calculationwillusethe Designq50 value. Ifyoudonottickthatboxtheprogramwillcarryoutthecalculationsusingtheq50valueplustwo.
CHAPTER18. VENTILATION 88
18.1.2 UsingtheassumedairpermeabilityrateTheonlyexemptionto therequirement forair testingis fordwellingsonsmalldevel-opmentsofoneortwohouses: anairpressuretest isnotrequired, providedtheDERcalculationiscarriedoutusinganairpermeabilityof 15m3/hm2. Thathighvaluere-quirestheperformanceoftherestofthebuildingtobeimprovedtomeettheDER,inordertooff-setthepotentiallypoorair-permeability.Touseanassumedairpermeability:
1. At Sourceofq50value select Assumedvalue.
2. Tickthe Smalldevelopment box, whichindicatesthedwellingispartofadevelop-mentofoneortwodwellings. Ifyoudonotticktheboxthedwellingwillfailitscompliancechecks.
The Designq50 boxisnowfixedat 15m3/hm2.
18.1.3 UsingacalculatedairpermeabilityrateWhereadwellingisnotsubjecttotheairpressuretestingrequirementsofPartL anairper-meabilityvaluecanbeestimatedfrombasicdetailsoftheconstructionandconfigurationofthedwelling.
1. At Sourceofq50value select Calculated. Thetabshowsadditionaltextboxes.
2. Specify:
• theTypeofconstruction;
• whetherthereisadraughtlobby;
• thefloorconstruction;
• thenumberofstoreys.
3. ThesoftwarethencalculatesanairpermeabilityratebasedontheSAP defaults.
18.2 VentilationopeningsandshelteringInthe Ventilation sectionenterdetailsoftheventilationprovisionforthedwelling. Usetheboxestoenterthenumbersof:
• Chimneys: verticalductsforcombustiongaseswithdiametergreaterthan200mm.
• Flues: verticalductsforcombustiongaseswithdiameterlessthan200mm.
Thesecanbeassociatedwiththemainheatingsystem, orwithsecondaryorotherheating.
• Extract fansandpassivevents: intermittentextract fansinbathroomsandtoiletsandpassiveventsystems.
• Fluelessgasfires.
• Numberof Shelteredsides tothedwelling. Shelteredsidesreducetherateofairinfiltrationresultingfromexposuretowindforces.
Seesection2.5oftheSAP 2009documentationforfurtherguidance.
CHAPTER18. VENTILATION 89
Figure 18.2: TheUserdefinedmechanicalventilationdialogue
18.3 Ventilationtype
Setthegeneraltypeofventilationusingthe Ventilationtypes radiobuttons(section2.6oftheSAP documentdescribesthedifferentventilationsystems). Iftheinstallationhasbeencarriedoutaspartofanapprovedinsulationschemetickthe Approvedinstallationscheme.
The Sourceofmechanicalventilationparameters sectiondetermineswhichefficiencydatatheprogramuses:
• Default: theperformancevaluesbuiltintotheSAP specification;
Thisistheonlyoptionfornaturalventilation, butforwholehouseventilation, pos-itiveinputventilationorwholehouseextractventilation, thedefaultperformancevaluesintheSAP specificationwillgivecomparativelypoorresults.
• Userdefined: allowsyou toenteryourownperformancevalues, suchas thosesuppliedbyproductmanufacturers:
1. Fromthe Sourceofmechanicalventilationparameters select Userdefined.
2. Clickthe Enterdetails button. The Userdefinedmechanicalventilation dia-logueopensandyoucannowenterthedata(Figure 18.2.
CHAPTER18. VENTILATION 90
Figure 18.3: TheBRE VentilationDatabasedialogue
• Database: performancevalues from theProductCharacteristicsDatabasemain-tainedbyBRE.
1. Fromthe Sourceofmechanicalventilationparameters select Database.
2. Clickthe Lookup button. TheMechanicalVentilationDatabase dialogueopens(Figure 18.3).
3. Usethedrop-downtoselectthe Manufacturer. Thelistofavailableproductsappears.
4. Selectaproductbyclickingonit.
5. Specifythenumberof Wetroomsexcludingkitchen.
6. Iftheductworkisinsulatedtickthe Insulatedduct box.
7. Clickthe Usetheselectedsystem button. Thedialogueclosesandthesum-maryofthesystemisdisplayednexttothe Database radiobutton.
CHAPTER18. VENTILATION 91
Inallcases, leavethebox 100%draught-stripping ticked.
19 Walls, roofsandfloors
Thedataontheopaquebuildingfabric–-walls, roofsandfloors–-isusedtocalculate:
• therateofconductionheatlossforthedwellingthroughthoseelementsandthejunctionsbetweenthem;
• thethermalmassofthedwelling.
InJPA Designeryoumustentertheareas, U-valuesand κ-valuesforeachofthebuild-ingelements(section 19.3), andalsoenterdetailsofthelinearthermalbridgingathejunctionsbetweentheelementsandattheedgesofopenings(section 19.4). Thedataisenteredusingthe Walls, roofs&floors tabofthe SAP Worksheetvalues dialogue(Fig-ure 19.1).
19.1 Definingbuildingelements
SAP 2009requiresdatafor all elementsofthebuildingfabric, notjusttheheatlossele-ments1. Youmustenterdatafor:
• Exposedelementswhichseparate thebuilding interior fromoutside, or fromanunheatedspace, orfromanadjacentoccupancywithadifferentheatingpattern.
• Partyelementswhichseparatethedwellingfromanotherspacewithasimilarheat-ingpattern.
• Internalwallsandfloors.
Thedatarequiredforeachelementdependsonitsfunction: theprincipleitemsbeing:
• Area: thesurfaceareaof theelement, in m2, whichshouldbemeasuredto theboundariesofinternalfinishedsurfaces. Ifyouhavechosentouse gross areasforopaqueelementsthereisnoneedtosubtracttheareasofopeningsfromwallorroofareas.
Whenaddinginternalwalls, theareasofbothsidesofthewallshouldbemeasured.1ThisisoneofthesignificantchangesindatagatheringbetweenSAP 2005(9.8x)andSAP 2009(9.90).
It is a result of thenewmethod for calculating theenergy required forheating, whichnowconsidersthethermalmassofthebuildingfabric: everyelementwhichcontributestothatthermalmasshastobeincludedinthecalculation.
92
CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 93
Figure 19.1: TheWalls, RoofsandFloorstab
• U-value: therateofheat transfer throughtheelement. U-valuesshouldbecal-culatedtoBS EN ISO 6946andBS EN ISO 13370, followingtheguidanceinBR443. ConventionsforU-valuecalculations. TherequirementsforU-valuesfordif-ferentelementsaresummarisedin Table 19.2. NotethatforpartywallsbetweendwellingstheU-valuesmustbetakenfrom Table 19.1.
• κ-values(kappa-values): thisistheheatcapacityoftheelement, whichexpressestheamountofenergyrequiredtoraiseitstemperature. Table1eoftheSAP docu-mentcontainsadditionalinformationabout κ-values.
Table 19.1: U-valuesforpartywalls
Partywallconstruction U-value(W/m2K)
Solid 0.0Unfilledcavitywithnoeffectiveedgesealing 0.5Unfilledcavitywitheffectiveedgesealing 0.2A fullyfilledcavitywitheffectivesealing 0.0
CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 94
Table 19.2: U-valuesforbuildingelements
Element U-value Notes
Exposedelement AscalculatedSemi-exposed Ascalculated RuadjustmenttoU-valuePartywallbetweendwellings From Table 19.1Partywall–similarheatingpattern 0.00W/m2KPartywall–differentheatingpattern HalfcalculatedvaluePartyfloor–similarheatingpattern 0.00W/m2KPartyfloor–differentheatingpattern HalfcalculatedvaluePartyceiling–similarheatingpattern 0.00W/m2KPartyceiling–differentheatingpattern HalfcalculatedvalueInternalwall N/A TakeareaofbothsidesInternalfloor N/AInternalceiling N/A
Figure 19.2: TheElementdialogue
CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 95
19.2 TheElementdialogue
The Element Dialogueisusedtoenterdataoneachofthedwelling'sopaqueelements(see Figure 19.2): ittakesthefollowingdata:
• Element: Usethedrop-downtosetthe type ofelementfromthelist. TheelementtypeisusedforcheckingaverageU-values, soitisimportanttosettherightelementtype.
• Curtainwall: Tickthisboxifthewallelementconsistsofcurtainwalling.
Curtainwallinghastobetreateddifferentlyfromnormalwallsinordertoobtainthecorrectvaluesforheatlossandsolargains. Theareaofwallshouldbeenteredasnormal, buttheU-valuesettothatofthewholecurtainwallsystem. Thewindowareashouldalsobethatofthewholefacade, withthesameU-value.
• Construction: thedrop-downlistsanumberofcommonconstructionsforthespec-ifiedelementtype, andoffersaquickwayofsettingthe heatcapacity fortheele-ment. Alternatively, youcanleavetheconstructionblankandenterthe heatca-pacity directly.
• Partywalltype: thisdrop-downisonlydisplayedifthe Element isapartywall.
– Forapartywallbetweentwodwellingsselecttheappropriateconstruction:thatwillalsosetthe U-value.
– Forapartywallbetweenadwellingandanoccupancywhichis not adwellingignorethisbox.
• Storey: thisboxisonlydisplayedifthe Element isapartyfloororinternalfloor. Setthestoreynumber, relativetothebuilding(notjustthedwelling).
• When Element issetto internalfloors theprogramdisplaysthe Ceilingbelow drop-down: selecttheinternalceilingwhichformstheotherpartoftheinternalfloorconstruction.
Youmustthereforedefinetheinternalceilingelementsbeforeyouentertheinternalfloors.
• Heatcapacity: entertheheatcapacity(κ-value)fortheelement: ifyouhavese-lecteda Construction itsdefaultheatcapacitywillalreadybeentered.
• Area: Entertheareaoftheelement.
Ifyouhavechosentousegrossareasthetextabovethe Area boxwillread EnterareasINcludingdoors, windowsrooflights. Ifitreads EXcludingdoors, windowsrooflights youmustenternetareas.
• U-value: Enter the U-value in the textbox. Ifyouhavealreadycarriedout theU-valuecalculationinthesameJPA DesignerprojectyoucanselectitusingtheLinktothisU-valuecalculation drop-down: thatcreatesapermanentlinkbetweentheelementintheSAP calculationandtheU-valuecalculation; thesoftwarewillupdatetheSAP calculationiftheU-valuechanges.
CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 96
• Effectivethermalresistanceofunheatedspace(Ru): The Ru coefficientisusedtoadjusttheU-valueofanelementtoallowforthebeneficialeffectofanenclosedbutunheatedspacetoitsexterior. Thecommonestunheatedspacesareintegralgaragesinhousesandaccesscorridorstoapartmentblocks: somepartsofroom-in-the-roofconstructionsarealsotreatedasunheatedspaces. Valuesfor Ru aregiveninsection3.3oftheSAP documentation; clickingthe Help displaystherelevantguidance.
• Description: Anoptional textdescriptionof theelement canbeentered in theDescriptiontextbox. A descriptionmakesiteasiertodistinguishbetweenseveralelementsofthesametypewheneditingacalculation.
• Perimeter and Cost: theseboxesshouldbeignored.
19.3 Managingbuildingelements
Toaddanewelement:
1. Clickthe New button; the NewElement dialogueopens.
2. EnterthedatafortheelementthenclickOK.JPA Designershowsthesummarydatanewelementintheelementlist.
Toeditanelement:-
1. Click theelement toedit thenclick the Edit button. The EditElement dialogueopens.
2. Makethechangestotheelement, thenclick OK.
Toduplicateanelement:-
1. Selecttheelementtoduplicatebyclickingonitonce.
2. Clickthe Duplicate button. A copyoftheelementiscreated.
3. Selectthenewelementandclick Edit tomakechanges.
Todeleteanelement:-
1. Selecttheelementtodeletebyclickingonitonce.
2. Clickthe Delete button. A confirmdialogueappears.
3. Click Yes todeletetheelement, or No tocancelthedeletion.
CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 97
19.4 Linearthermalbridging
Besidescalculatingtherateofheatloss through thebuildingelementsSAP alsocalculatestherateofheatlossatthejunctions between thoseelementsandaroundopenings, whichresultsfromlinearthermalbridging. Therearethreepossiblemethodsforenteringdataonthermalbridging.
1. Calculatingthetotalheatlossfromthermalbridgingatjunctions, Htb, byenteringthelengthand ψ-value(psi-value)foreachjunctiontype(subsection 19.4.1).
2. Useasimplifiedmethodbasedonacalculated y factor(subsection 19.4.2).
3. Useasimplifiedmethodbasedonadefault y factor(subsection 19.4.3.
FurtherinformationonthetreatmentoflinearthermalbridgingcanbefoundinAppendixK oftheSAP document.
19.4.1 TheHtbcalculation
AnaccuratecalculationofHtbrequiresthelengthand ψ-valueofeachjunction. Thelengthshouldbeobtainedbymeasurementfromthedesigndrawings: itisacceptabletosumthelengthofseparatejunctionsofthesametype, forexample, addingtogetherthelengthsofallthewindowjambs. The ψ-valuecanbeobtainedfromanumberofsources:
• whereanaccreditedconstructiondetailisused, the ψ-valueforthatdetail.
• wherea ψ-valuehasbeencalculated, the ψ-valueforthatdetail.
NotethattherequirementinApprovedDocumentL1A toincreasesuchcalculatedbutnon-accredited ψ-valuesbythegreatestof0.02or25%willnotbeintroduceduntilthirdpartyaccreditationschemesareoperating.
• adefaultvaluefromthefinalcolumnoftableK.1intheSAP 2009document.
ThedatafortheHtbcalculationisenteredusingthe CalculateHTB dialogue(Figure 19.3whichlistsallthejunctiontypesassignedtothedwelling, showingforeachone:
• theaccreditedlinearthermaltransmittance, whichrepresentsthe ψ-valueforthecorrespondingaccreditedconstructiondetail;
• theachievedlinearthermaltransmittanceforthejunction;
• thelengthofthedetail, inmetres;
• therateofheatlossthroughthejunction, W/K.
Thebuttonsatthebottomofthedialogueallowyouto Add, Edit and Delete junctions.
Tousethe CalculateHtb dialogue:
1. Inthe ThermalBridging sectionselect EnterHTB valuemanually.
CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 98
Figure 19.3: TheCalculateHtbdialogue
2. Clickthe Calculateit button. The CalculateHtb dialogueopens.
Toaddajunction:
1. Click Add. The Junction dialogueopens.
2. Selectthe Junctiontype fromthedrop-down.
3. Entera Description; thisisoptional, butaddingadescriptionwillmakeiteasiertomanagethecalculation.
4. Enterthe Achievedlinearthermaltransmittance: thisisthe ψ-value.
Theprogramwillofferstandardvaluesbasedonthejunctiontype.
5. Enterthe Detaillength, thetotallengthofthejunction, inmetres.
6. Setthe Sourceofvalue.
Currentlythissimplyrecordsthesource: inthefutureitwillbeusedtotriggerthepenaltyoncalculated, butnon-accrediteddetails.
CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 99
Figure 19.4: TheJunctiondialogue
7. Click OK.Thejunctionisaddedtothe CalculateHtb dialogue.
Therearetwoadditionalpointstonotewhenaddingjunctions:
• there isadistinctionbetween junctions toexposedwallsand junctions topartywalls: thelattercommonlyhavelower ψ-values.
• ifthedwellinghascurtainwallingthereisnoneedtoincludethelengthsofthewindowsurroundsasthethermalbridgingheatlosseswillhavebeenincludedintheoverallU-valueforthecurtainwallsystem.
AccreditedconstructiondetailsforEnglandandWalesareavailableonthePlanningPor-tal: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/. ThoseforScotlandfromtheScottishGovernmentwebsite: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Built-Environment.
19.4.2 User-calculatedyfactor
AnapproximatevalueforHtb canbeobtainedbymultiplyingthetotalareaoftheexposedelements(floors, wallsandroofs)byafactor, y. Thisproceduremaybeusedwhere y hasbeencalculatedforthattypeandconfigurationofdwelling. Touseacalculatedvaluefory:
CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 100
1. Inthe ThermalBridging sectionselect Enteryvaluemanually.
2. Enterthevaluefor y inthebox.
3. Enterareferenceforthecalculatedvalueof y inthe Calcref box.
Thereferencemustrefertothecalculationusedtoobtainthestatedvalue.
19.4.3 Defaultyfactor
Anapproximatevaluefor Htb mayobtainedbyusingthesimplifiedcalculationmethodwitha y factorof0.15: thisrepresentstheuseofdetailswhicharenotaccreditedcon-structiondetails, andwillgiveapoorresult.
Tousethismethodselect Notaccreditedconstructiondetails inthe ThermalBridgingsection. Nootherdataisrequired.
19.5 Thermalmass
Therearethreemethodsforenteringdataonthethermalmassofthebuildingfabric:
1. Setthe κ-valueforallexposed, partyandinternalelements. Theprogramcalcu-latesthethermalmassparameter(TMP) fromthosevaluesandtheareasofthoseelements; theresultisdisplayedinthe TMP box.
Thisisthemostaccurateandstraightforwardmethod.
2. EnteraTMP valuewhichhasbeencalculatedelsewhere. Tick UserdefinedTher-malMassParameter thenenterthevalueinthe TMP box.
3. Useoneofthethreedefaultthermalmassparameters. Tick UserdefinedThermalMassParameter thenselectathermalmasscategoryfromthe Thermalmass dropdown.
20 Openings
Openingsinwallsandroofs–windows, doors, affectthreeaspectsoftheSAP calculation:
• Heatloss: assessedthroughtheU-value.
• Solargain: assessedthroughthegwindowvalue.
• Daylighting: assessedthroughthetypeofglazing.
Dataonopeningsisenteredusingthe Openings tabofthe SAP WorksheetValues dia-logue(Figure 20.1). Thetabliststhedwelling'swindows, doorsandrooflights, groupingthemaccordingtothebuildingelementintheysit. Thebuttonsbelowthelistallowyoutocreate, editanddeleteopenings. ForeachopeningthedataisenteredusingtheDoors,Windows&Rooflights dialogue1 (section 20.1).
Todefineanewopening:
1. IntheOpenings tabclickthe New button. The NewDoors, Windows&Rooflightsdialogueopens.
2. Enterthedatafortheopeningandclick OK.
Toduplicateanopening:
Duplicatinganopeningcreatesanewcopyoftheoriginalopeningwhichcanthenbeedited: asmostopeningswillsharethesameglazingandframetype, usingtheduplicatefacilitycanspeedupdataentry.
1. Inthe Openings tabselecttheopeningyouwanttoduplicate.
2. Clickthe Duplicate button. A copyoftheopeningiscreated.
3. Doubleclickontheduplicatedopeningtoeditit.
Toeditanexistingopening:1Youcanentereachopeningindividually, oryoucangrouptheopeningsoneachfaceofthebuilding
intoonearea, providedtheyhavethesameframeandglazingtype.
101
CHAPTER20. OPENINGS 102
Figure 20.1: TheOpeningstab
1. Doubleclickontheopeninginthelistinthe Openings tab. The EditDoors, Win-dowsandRooflights dialogueopens.
Alternatively, youcanselecttheopeningthenclickthe Edit button.
2. Makeyourchangesthenclick OK.
Todeleteanopening:
1. Selecttheopeninginthelistinthe Openings tab.
2. Clickthe Delete button. A confirmationdialogueappears.
3. Click Yes todeletetheopening, or No toretainit.
TochangemultipleU-values:
ThisfunctionenablesyoutorevisetheU-valuesofseveralopeningsatonce.
1. Selectthefirstoftheopeningsbyclickingonitonce.
CHAPTER20. OPENINGS 103
Figure 20.2: ChangingtheU-valuesofseveralopeningsatthesametime
2. Holddownthe <Shift> keyandclickthelastoftheopenings. Thatopening, andalltheopeningsbetweenthefirstandlastarenowselected.
3. Clickthe ChangeU-valueofselectedopenings button. The ChangeMultipleU-values dialogueopens(Figure 20.2).
4. EnterthenewU-valuethenclick OK.TheU-valuesarechanged.
20.1 TheWindows, DoorsandRooflightsdialogue
The Doors, Windows&Rooflights dialogueisusedtoenterthedataabouttheopeningswithinthedwelling(Figure 20.3: thedialogueisheadedeither NewDoors, Windows&Rooflights or EditDoors, Windows&Rooflights). Thedialoguerequiresthefollowingdata:
• OpeningType: Usethedrop-downtoselectwhetheritisawindow, rooflightordoor.
• Openingwithin: Usethedrop-downtoselectwhichelement(wall, roof)whichcontainstheopening. Thesoftwareusesthisinformationtocalculatethenetar-easof theelements. Theelementsoffered in thedrop-downwillonlybe thoseappropriateforthe Openingtype.
Forexample, ifyouhaveset the Openingtype to Window, the Openingwithindrop-downwillshowonlywalls. Similarly, ifyouchose Rooflight, then Openingwithin willshowonlyroofelements.
• Glazing: Usethedrop-downtoselectthetypeofglazing, consideringthenumberofleavesofglass, thegaswithinthecavityorcavitiesandanylowemissivity(low-E)coating.
Evenifyougoontoenteramanufacturer'sU-valueand/orgwindowvalueyoumuststillmakeaselectionheretosetthecorrectparametersfordaylight.
• Double-glazingairgap: Usetheradiobuttonstoselectoneofthedefaultvaluesorenteryourownvalue. Ifthegapisgreaterthan16mmselect Other andenterawidthinthebox.
CHAPTER20. OPENINGS 104
Figure 20.3: TheEditDoors, Windows&Rooflightsdialogue
• Frametype: Usetheradiobuttonstoselecttheframematerialand, formetalframes,thedepthofthethermalbreak.
• SourceofU-value: Ifyouselect Default thesoftwarewillusethebuilt-invaluesfortheU-valueandsolartransmittance. Ifyouselect Manufacturer thesoftwarewillexpectyoutoenteraU-value, butwilluseadefaultsolartransmittancebasedontheglazingandframetype. Ifyouselect BFRC data thesoftwarewillexpectyoutoenteraU-valueandsolarfactor(gwindowvalue). ThegwindowvaluemustbecertifiedbytheBritishFenestrationRatingCouncil.
• U-value: If sourceofU-value issettoDefault thisboxwillbegreyedout. OtherwiseenterthemanufacturersuppliedU-value.
• gwindowvalue: OnlyenteragwindowvalueinhereifitisBFRC certified.
• Area: Youcanentertheopeningareadirectlyintothe Area box, oryoucanselectasizefromthe Windowsize drop-down, oryoucanenterthe Width and Heightoftheopening.
Note: the Area isenteredinmetressquare, butthevaluesfor Width and Heightareenteredinmillimetres(mm). Wherethereisanoverhangabovethewindow
CHAPTER20. OPENINGS 105
youshouldusetheWidth and Height boxes, toensurethesoftwarecorrectlytakesaccountoftheovershadinginthesummeroverheatingcalculation.
• Description: TheDescriptionboxallowsyou toentera textdescription for theelement. Thedescriptiondoesnotaffect theoutcomeofthecalculation. Ifyouhaveenteredamanufacturer'sU-valuethesoftwarerequiresadescription.
Westronglyrecommendyouusethedescriptionboxtoenterashortdescriptionforeveryopening, suchasitsnumberonthewindowanddoorschedule: itismucheasiertokeeptrackofopeningsinthecalculationwhenyouhaveadescription.
• Openingorientation: Thedirectioninwhichtheopeningfacesdetermineshowmuchlightitwillreceiveandwillthereforeaffecthowmuchsolarfluxwillpassthroughtheopening. Theorientationofanopeningissetrelativetothefronteleva-tionofthedwelling: usuallythatwhichcontainsthefrontdoor. Settheorientationusingtheradiobuttons. Rooflightsalwaysface Top. Ifyouareunsurewhichwaythebuildingwillbefacingthenselect Unspecified.
Makesurethe Front elevationhereisthesameoneyouselectedinthe Buildingfaces drop-downinthe Dimensions tab.
• Overhang: Featuressuchasbalconiesorbrisesoleilwhichoverhangawindowwillreducetheamountofsunlightfallingonitinsummer, andsoreducetheriskofoverheating. Ifthereissuchanoverhangenterits Width and Depth, bothinmm.Thedepthismeasuredfromtheouteredgeoftheoverhangtotheexternalfaceoftheglazing.
• Blinds, curtainsandexternalshutters: Thesewillalsoreducetheamountofsolargainandtheriskofoverheatinginsummer. Usethedrop-downtoselectthetypeofshadingandthensetthe Fractionofdaylighthoursclosed.
AppendixP oftheSAP documentationgivessomeguidanceofreasonableassump-tionsfortheseoccupant-determinedvalues.
• Overshading: Theextenttowhichtheskyisobscuredbytreesandneighbouringbuildingswilldeterminetheamountofsunlightandsolarfluxpassingthroughtheglazing. Set thedegreeofovershadingusing the radiobuttons. Select Averageorunknown ifyoucannotestablishtheamountofovershading. TheSAP guidancedisallowstheuseofthe Verylittle overshadingcategoryfornewdwellingsasitdoesnottakeaccountofconditionslikelytoapplyoverthewholelifeofthebuilding.
20.2 Editingmultipleopenings
Changingthespecificationforopeningsoncetheyhavebeenaddedtoacalculationcanbeatimeconsumingprocess. JPA Designerhastwotoolstomaketheprocessquicker,byenablingyoutocopyingcertainpartsofthewindowdataforonewindowtootherwindowsinthedwellingorproject. Theonlydataitemscopiedtothewindowsare:
• Glazing.
• Doubleglazingairgap.
CHAPTER20. OPENINGS 106
• Frametype.
• gwindowvalue.
Tocopyvaluesbetweenopenings:
1. Openonewindowinthe EditDoors, Windows&Rooflights dialogue(Figure 20.3).
2. Adjustthedataforthewindow, ifnecessary.
3. Clickoneoftwobuttons:
• Copy these values to all this building'swindows: clicking this button setsthewindowdataforallwindowsinthedwellingtothatthecurrentlyviewedwindow.
• Copy these values to all thebuildings in thisproject: clicking thisbuttonsetsthewindowdataforallwindowsinallthedwellingsintheJPA Designerprojecttothatthecurrentlyviewedwindow.
4. JPA Designerdisplaysaconfirmationdialogue. Click Yes tocarryoutthechanges,or No toignorethem.
Theoperationcannotbeun-doneautomatically.
21 Waterheating
SAP considerstheamountofenergyusedtoheatdomestichotwatersuchasthatusedforbathing, laundryanddishwashing. Thedemandforhotwaterisbaseduponthefloorareaofthedwelling. DataondomestichotwaterisenteredusingtheWaterheating tabofthe SAP Worksheetvalues dialogue(Figure 21.1.
Thefirststepistoselectthetypeofwaterheatingsystemusingthe Sourceofdomes-tichotwater drop-box. Onceyouhavemadeaselectiontheprogramwilldisplaytheappropriatedataentryfields. Thehotwatersourcesare:
• Hotwaterstoragetank.
• Instantaneouswaterheatingatpointofuse.
• Combinationboiler.
• Communityheatingscheme.
• Multi-pointgaswaterheaterorheatexchangebuiltintoagaswarmairsystem.
• Boilerwiththermalstore.
• Combinedprimarystorageunit(CPSU).
• MicroCHP orHeatpump.
Use thisoption forheatpumpwithdata taken from theProductCharacteristicsDatabase(section 22.2. Forallotherheatpumpsuse Hotwaterstoragetank.
• Communityheatingschemeprovidingdomestichotwateronly.
21.1 Hotwaterstoragetank
Thissystemshouldbeselectedwherethehotwaterwhichisheatedbythecentralheatingboilerorimmersioncoil, thenstoredinatankorcylinderreadyforuse(Figure 21.1). Enterthefollowingdataforthetank:
• Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolumeinthe Volume drop-down.
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CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 108
Figure 21.1: TheWaterheatingtab, showingsettingsforahotwaterstoragetank
• Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, thenenterits Thickness inmm.
• Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetankmanufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009.
Themeansofheatingthehotwatermustbespecifiedusingthe Hotwatertankheaterradiobuttons:
• Singleelectricimmersionheater: asinglecoilelectricimmersionheaterinthetank;
• Dualelectricimmersionheater: adualcoilelectricimmersionheaterinthetank:thiswillusuallybeassociatedwithanoff-peaktariff, inwhichcasetick Offpeakelectricityimmersionheaters.
• Boilerfeed: thisindicatesaheatsourcewhichalsoprovidesspaceheating, suchasanoilorgasboiler, oradefaultefficiencyheatpump. Thereareadditionalboxestoindicate:
– thehotwaterisprovidedbythesecondmainheatingsystem;
– thehotwaterisprovidedbythesecondaryheatingsystem, whichmightbeasolidfuelroomheaterwithabackboiler;
– adefaultefficiencyheatpumpissupplementedbyanimmersionheaterinthesummer.
CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 109
Figure 21.2: Enteringaninstantaneoushotwaterheater
• Hotwateronlyboiler: adedicatedunitwhichsuppliesdomestichotwateronly.Usethedrop-downtoselectthetypeofboiler, thenspecifythe Fuel.
Usethefourlowerboxestoindicatewhether:
• thehotwatertank(cylinder)isintheheatedspace;
• thereisathermostatinthehotwatertank(cylinder)(requiredbyDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide);
• theprimarypipeworkbetweentheboilerandtankisinsulated(tickboxonlydis-playedifboilerfeedisselected)(requiredbyDomesticBuildingServicesCompli-anceGuide;
• thereisaseparatetimerforthedomestichotwater.
If thedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Waterheating tab(section 21.10).
21.2 Instantaneouswaterheatingatpointofuse
Forasystemwhichheatsthewateron-demandatthepointofuse, youneedonlyselectthe Fuel usingtheradiobuttons.
21.3 Combinationboiler
Combinationboilersprovideheatingandhotwater: theymaybeinstantaneous(withupto15litresstorage), ortheymaycontainsmallprimaryorsecondarystoragetanks(seeAppendixB oftheSAP 2009documentfordefinitions). Usethe Combinationboilertyperadiobuttonstoselectthetype.
Ifyouhaveselected Instantaneous thereisnofurtherdatatoenter. Foraboilerwithaprimary or secondary storeenterthefollowingdata:
• Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolumeinthe Volume drop-down.
CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 110
Figure 21.3: Hotwateroptionsforcombinationboilers
• Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, thenenterits Thickness inmm.
• Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetankmanufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009.
If thedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Waterheating tab(see section 21.10).
21.4 Communityheatingscheme
Thehotwaterfordwellingsheatedbycommunityheatingschemescanprovidedbyim-mersionheatersorbyaheatexchangerfedfromthescheme. Inallcasesspecifythehotwatertankheater. Theremaybeadditionaldatarequired, dependingontheconfigurationofthesystem:
• Wherethereisneitherahotwater tanknoraheatexchangeinthedwellingnofurtherdataisrequired.
• Ifthereisahotwatertankwithinthedwellingtick DHW cylinderwithindwelling,thestandarddataboxesfora Hotwatertank willthenbedisplayed. Enterthetankdetails(section 21.1)andtick DHW cylinderwithindwelling
• Ifthereisnotankandthehotwaterisprovidedbyaheatexchanger, tick DHWcylinderwithindwelling, thestandarddataboxesfora Hotwatertank willthenbedisplayed. Enterthevolumeoftheheatexchangeranddetailsofitsinsulationandtick DHW cylinderwithindwelling
If thedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Waterheating tab(section 21.10).
21.5 Multi-pointgaswaterheaterorheatexchangebuiltintoagaswarmairsystem
Thisrepresentssystemswithonegas-firedwaterheaterprovidinghotwatertoanumberofoutlets, orawaterheaterwhichusesaheatexchangerbuiltintoawarmairheatingsystem. Enterthefollowingdata:
CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 111
Figure 21.4: Dataentryforgaswaterheatersorheatexchangers
• Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolumeinthe Volume drop-down.
• Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, thenenterits Thickness inmm.
• Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetankmanufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009.
Usethefourlowerboxestoindicatewhether:
• thehotwatertank(cylinder)isintheheatedspace;
• thereisathermostatinthehotwatertank(cylinder)(requiredbyDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide);
• theprimarypipeworkbetweentheboilerandtankisinsulated(tickboxonlydis-playedifboilerfeedisselected)(requiredbyDomesticBuildingServicesCompli-anceGuide;
• thereisaseparatetimerforthedomestichotwater.
If thedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Waterheating tab(section 21.10).
21.6 Boilerwiththermalstore
Inthesesystemsathermalstorecontainswaterheatedbyaseparateboiler, withdomestichotwaterprovidedbymeansofheatexchangerwithinthestore.
Enterthefollowingdataforthestore:
• Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolumeinthe Volume drop-down.
• Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, thenenterits Thickness inmm.
CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 112
Figure 21.5: Dataentryforathermalstorehotwatersystem
• Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetankmanufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009.
Thehotwatertankheaterwillalwaysbe Boilerfeed.
Usetheradiobuttonsandtickboxestoindicatewhether:
• Thethermalstoreisintegratedorhotwateronly.
• Thethermalstoreisinanairingcupboard.
• Thethermalstoreisclosecoupled.
Closecoupledmeans thestore iseitherwithin thesamecasingas theboiler, orseparatedfromtheboilerbynomorethan1.5mofinsulatedpipework.
• Thereisaseparatetimertothethermalstorefortheheatingstore.
Usethefourlowertickboxestoindicatewhether:
• thehotwatertank(cylinder)isintheheatedspace;
• thereisathermostatinthehotwatertank(cylinder)(requiredbyDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide);
• theprimarypipeworkbetweentheboilerandtankisinsulated(tickboxonlydis-playedifboilerfeedisselected)(requiredbyDomesticBuildingServicesCompli-anceGuide;
• thereisaseparatetimerforthedomestichotwater.
Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpanel sectionofthe Waterheatingtab(see section 21.10).
CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 113
Figure 21.6: DataentryforCPSU hotwatersupply
21.7 Combinedprimarystorageunit(CPSU)
A CombinedPrimaryStorageUnitprovideshotwaterbymeansofheatexchangerwithintheprimarystore. Enterthefollowingdataforthetank:
• Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolumeinthe Volume drop-down.
• Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, thenenterits Thickness inmm.
• Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetankmanufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009.
Usetheradiobuttonsanddrop-downstoindicate:
• whetherthe CPSU isinanairingcupboard;
• the winteroperatingtemperatureoftheCPSU;
• the sizeoftheCPSU cylinder.
Usethelowerboxestoindicatewhether:
• theCPSU asa separatetimerfortheheatingstore;
• thehotwatertank(cylinder)isintheheatedspace;
• thereisathermostatinthehotwatertank(cylinder)(requiredbyDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide);
CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 114
• theprimarypipeworkbetweentheboilerandtankisinsulated(tickboxonlydis-playedifboilerfeedisselected)(requiredbyDomesticBuildingServicesCompli-anceGuide;
• thereisaseparatetimerforthedomestichotwater.
If thedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Waterheating tab(section 21.10).
21.8 MicroCHP orheatpump
Inthesesystemsthehotwaterisprovidedbyeitheradomestic-sizedcombinedheatandpower(microCHP) systemorbymeansofaheatpumpenteredbymeansoftheProductCharacteristicsDatabase(section 22.2) 1.
ForamicroCHP systemtheonlyoptionsarewhetherthereis:
• asummertimeimmersionheaterforhotwater;
• ahotwatervesselwithinthemicroCHP system;
• aseparatetimerfordomestichotwater.
Forheatpumpthestandardmethodistoacceptthedatabasevalues, inwhichcaseitisonlynecessarytospecifywhetherthereis:
• asummertimeimmersionheaterforhotwater;
• ahotwatervesselwithinthemicroCHP system;
• aseparatetimerfordomestichotwater.
However, itispossibletooverridethevaluesbyticking Overrideheatpumpdatabasevalues. Thetabnowshowsthe Hotwatertank databoxes:
• Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolumeinthe Volume drop-down.
• Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, thenenterits Thickness inmm.
• Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetankmanufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009.
• Heatpumpheatexchangerarea: Entertheareaoftheheatexchangerplatesin m2.
Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpanel sectionofthe Waterheatingtab(section 21.10).
CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 115
Figure 21.7: Settingsforacommunityheatingschemewhichsuppliesonlydomestichotwater
21.9 Communityheatingschemeprovidingdomestichotwateronly
Thissystemrepresentshotwaterprovisionbyacommunityheatingschemewhichdoesnot providethespaceheating. Thesystemcanhaveseveralheatsources.
Tospecifysuchasystem:
• Setthe Sourceofdomestichotwater to Communityheating-domestichotwateronly (Figure 21.7).
• Setthe HeatSources forthesystem(subsection 21.9.1.
• Setthemethodof charging forthehotwatersupply, usingthedrop-down: thiswilleitherbeaflatratechargefortheheating, orwillbelinkedtohotwaterusage.
• Setthe distribution methodusingthedrop-down.
• Ifthereisasolarpanellinkedtothesystementeritsdetails(section 21.10).
• IfthereisahotwatertankorcylinderwithinthedwellingtickDHW cylinderwithindwelling: additionaldataboxeswillbedisplayedfor:
– Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolumeinthe Volume drop-down.
– Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation,thenenterits Thickness inmm.
– Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetankmanufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009.
1WheretheheatpumphasbeenenteredusingthedefaultefficiencyfiguresinSAP and not theProductCharacteristicsDatabasethenyoushouldselectHotwaterstoragetank asthesourceofdomestichotwater.
CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 116
Figure 21.8: Settingaheatsourceforcommunityheating/hotwater
21.9.1 Heatsources
Communityheatingandhotwaterschemescanbefedbyavarietyofheatsourcesin-cludingconventionalboilers, heatpumps, combinedheatandpowersystemsandevengeothermal. The Heatsources boxliststhesourcesfordomestichotwater(Figure 21.7):sourcescanbeaddedandeditedusingthebuttonsnexttothebox:
• the New button, whichopensthe Heatsource dialoguereadyfornewdata;
• the Edit button, whichopensthe Heatsource dialogueshowingtheselectedheatsource.
• the Delete buttonwhichremovestheselectedheatsource.
The HeatSource dialogue(Figure 21.8 requires:
• thetypeofheatsource, selectedfromthe Heatsource drop-down.
• thefuel, selectedfromthe Fuel drop-down.
• theproportionofthetotalenergyloadprovidedbythatsource. Enterafractionbetween0and1inthe Heatfraction box.
• theefficiencyofthatheatsource. Enterasapercentageinthe Efficiency box.
Formostsourcestheefficiencywillbelessthan100, butforheatpumpstheeffi-ciencymaybeconsiderablyhigher.
CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 117
Figure 21.9: Dataentryforsolarwaterheating
21.10 Solarpanels
Solarpanelsusesunlighttopre-heatwaterforthedomestichotwatersystem. GuidanceonincludingsolarpanelsinthecalculationisgiveninAppendixH oftheSAP documen-tation. Wherepossibledatafromthepanel'stestcertificateshouldbeused, otherwiseusedatafromtableH1oftheSAP documentation.
Whereadwellinghassolarpanels, specify:
• Thenet Apertureareaofsolarcollector, insquaremetres.
• The Zero-lossefficiencyofthecollector.
• The heatlosscoefficient ofthecollector.
• Thevolumeofthe dedicatedsolarstorage. SeefigureH2oftheSAP documentationfordefinitions.
• Whetherthereisa separatesolarcylinder.
• The solarcollectortype, usingtheradiobuttons.
• The pitch ofthepanels, measuredfromthehorizontal, andtheir orientation.
• Theamountof overshading onthepanels; generallythiswillbelessthantheover-shadingofwindowsfacingthesamedirection.
• Whetherthereisasolarpoweredpump. Thiswillreducetheamountofelectricityusedforpumpingwater.
22 Primaryheating
Theprimaryheatingsystemisthemainheatingsystemforthedwelling, whichwilloftenprovidehotwateraswellasspaceheating; itisusuallynotbasedonindividualroomheaters. Dataontheprimaryheatingsystemisenteredusingthe Primaryheating tab(Figure 22.1).
22.1 Dwellingswithtwomainheatingsystems
SAP 2009canaccountfortheuncommoncaseofadwellinghavingtwomainheatingsystems, whicharedesignedtoheatthehousetogether. (Thisshouldnotbeconfusedwithsecondaryheatingappliances, suchasgasfiresorwood-burningstoves, whicharedesignedtoprovideadditionalheatforindividualrooms.) Thetwosystemsmaybecon-figuredtoheattheallthedwellingtogether, ortoheatpartsofitseparately.
Tospecifytwoheatingsystems:
1. Tick Dwellinghastwomainheatingsystems. Theprogramnowdisplaysapairofradiobuttons, Mainheatingsystem1 and Mainheatingsystem2 (Figure 22.2).
2. With Mainsystem1 selected, entertheproportionofthedwelling'sspaceheatingdemandwhichisprovidedbythatsysteminthe Fraction box(thefractionshouldbeintherange0.0–1.0).
3. Ifbothsystemsheatthewholehousetickthebox Bothsystemsheatwholehouse.
Thisaffectsthetreatmentofthehotwatersystem.
4. Specifythefirstsysteminthe Primaryheating tab.
5. Click Mainsystem2 andspecifythesecondsysteminthe Primaryheating tab.
Youcanalwaysswitchbetweenthesystemsusingtheradiobuttons: thelargenumberatthetoprightofthe Primaryheating tabindicateswhichofthetwosystemsyouareworkingon.
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CHAPTER22. PRIMARY HEATING 119
Figure 22.1: Theprimaryheatingtab
Figure 22.2: Configuringadwellingwithtwomainheatingsystems
22.2 Efficiencydataforheatingsystems
Therearethreepossiblesourcesofefficiencydataforheatingsystems:
• defaultvaluesgiveninTable4oftheSAP 2009document.
• user-enteredefficiencies: thiscanbeusefulatthedesignstagewhennoappliancehasbeenspecified.
• datafromtheProductCharacteristicsDatabase(PCD, subsection 22.2.1): thisgivesthemostaccuratevaluesforspecificappliances.
Forsomesystems(forexample, gas-firedwarmairsystems)onlythedefaultSAP 2009efficienciesmaybeused, whilstforothers(forexample, gascondensingboilers)anyofthethreesourcesisacceptable. NotethatheatpumpsmustbespecifiedeitherusingthePCD,orbyacceptingthedefaultefficiencies: microCHP systemscanonlybespecifiedbymeansofthePCD.
CHAPTER22. PRIMARY HEATING 120
22.2.1 TheProductCharacteristicsDatabase
TheProductsCharacteristicsDatabase(PCD) containsperformancedataforgas, oilandsolidfuelboilers, heatpumps, mechanicalventilationsystemsandsomerenewabletech-nologies(section 26.4). ThedatabaseismaintainedbytheBRE andisavailablefordown-loadatwww.boilers.org.uk. A newversionofthedatabaseisissuedattheendofeverymonth.
Toensureyouareusinganup-to-dateversionofthedatabase, JPA Designercheckstheissuedateeverytimeyoustarttheprogram: ifthedatabaseismorethanamontholdthesoftwarepromptsyoutodownloadthelatestversion. Youcanalsodownloadthedatabaseyourself.
Todownloadthedatabase:
1. Withyourwebbrowsergotowww.boilers.org.uk.
2. Onthehomepageclickon DownloadtheBoilerEfficiencyDatafile.
3. RightclickontheDownload buttonfor SAP 2009–unzippedfile(.dat), andchooseSavetargetas. Thedownloadbegins.
The .datfile is larger than theothers, but is simpler to install. Onabroadbandinternetconnectionthedifferenceinsizeisnegligible.
4. Inthe SaveAs dialogueselectthe JPA Designer981 folderandacceptthesuggestedfilename bedf2009.dat.
5. Atthewarning bedf2009.datalreadyexists. Doyouwanttoreplaceit click Yes.
6. Atthe Downloadcomplete dialogueclick Close.
7. IntheJPA Designer ProjectManager windowselect File>Re-loadProductChar-acteristicsDataFile.
22.2.2 SEDBUK efficiencies
OneofthesignificantdifferencesbetweenSAP 2005andSAP 2009isachangeinthecalculationmethodforSEDBUK efficiencyratingsforboilers; thechangehasresultedinthegeneralloweringofefficiencies. WhilstJPA Designerallowsyoutoentereither2005or2009SEDBUK ratings, youshouldbeensureyoudonotenteravaluecompatiblewiththe2005ratingifyouhaveselectedthe2009rating; youmayfindyouhaveenteredavaluewhichcannotbeachievedbyanyboilerinthedatabase.
22.3 Themainprimaryheatingsystems
Therearesevenmaingroupsofprimaryheatingsystem1: thefollowingsectionsdescribehowtoenterdatafortheeachgroup. Inallcases(exceptcommunityheatingschemes),startbyusingthedrop-boxestosetthe:
1Notethat none isnotanacceptableheatingoptionforanewdwelling.
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• Group;
• Sub-group;
• System;
• Fuel;
• Heatingcontrols.
Alwaysworkfrom Group downwards, astheoptionsinthelowerdrop-boxeschangeaccordingtotheselectionsmadehigherup. Onceyouhavesetallthedropboxesyoushouldenteranyotherrequirementsforthatgroupthenenteranyadditionaldata.
22.3.1 Centralheatingsystemswithradiatorsorunderfloorheating
Thisgroupcoverswetcentralheatingsystemswithradiators, underfloorpipes, orfancoilunits: theheatcanbeprovidedbygas, oil, solidfuelorelectricboilers, heatpumpsormicroCHP units. Tospecifysuchsystems, set:
• the Group, Sub-group, System, Fuel, Heatingcontrols and Electricitytariff;
• the Heatemitters;
Notethatwhen Sub-group issettoHeatpumpstheadditionaloptionof Fancoilunits isshown. It ispossible tocombineunderfloorheatingwithradiators: tickUnderfloorheatingalsohasradiators.
• theefficiencyoftheboiler(subsubsection 22.3.1.1;
• additional items such as loadorweather compensator, boiler interlock (recom-mended)andifthecentralheatingpumpisinaheatedspace(affectsinternalgains).
22.3.1.1 Boilerefficiency
Theefficiencyoftheboilerorotherheatsourcecanbeenteredinoneofthreeways.
TousethePCD:
1. Selectthe Selectfromtheboilerdatabase radiobutton.
2. Clickthe Selectboiler button. The BRE BoilersDatabase dialogueopens(Figure 22.3).
3. Selectthe Boilermanufacturer fromthedrop-down. Theprogramthendisplaysthelistofavailableboilers.
4. Scrolldownthelistandclickonaboilertoselectit. Youcanscrollsidewaystoviewthedetailsofeachboiler, suchasitsefficiencyandconfiguration.
Theprogramonlyshowsboilerswhichmatchthecriteriayouspecifiedusingthedrop-downsonthe Primaryheating tab. Asamanufacturerdoesnotnecessarilyofferaboilerineverycategorythedatabasemaynotdisplayanyboilers.
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Figure 22.3: UsingtheProductCharacteristicsDatabasetosettheboilerefficiency
5. Clickthe Useselectedboiler button. The Boilerdatabase windowclosesandthePrimaryheating tabshowsthesummarydetailsforthechosenboiler.
Thereisnoneedtoenterflue, draught, orkeephotdetailsasallthatinformationispresentinthedatabaseentryfortheboiler.
ToenteraSEDBUK valuedirectly:
1. In the Boilerefficiency sectionselect the Usemanufacturer'sdeclaredSEDBUKvalue radiobutton.
2. Enterthe Make and Model ofboiler.
3. UsetheradiobuttonstospecifywhetheraSEDBUK 2005or2009valueisbeingusedandenterthe DeclaredSEDBUK value.
4. Specifythetypeandfuelofany Keep-hotfacility.
5. Setthe Flue and Draughttype.
6. Forrangecookersyoumustalsoenterthevaluesfor ϕcase and ϕwater.
Tousethedefaultvalue:
CHAPTER22. PRIMARY HEATING 123
1. Inthe Boilerefficiency sectionselectthe Usedefaultvalue radiobutton. Thesoft-wareshowsthedefaultvalueforthatboilertype.
2. Usetheradiobuttonstoenterthedetailsofthe Flue and Draughttype.
3. Forrangecookersyoumustalsoenterthevaluesfor ϕcase and ϕwater.
NotethatthedefaultvaluesaregenerallytoopoortocomplywiththestandardsintheDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide.
22.3.2 Storageradiatorsystems
Storageradiatorsystemsareheatedwithoff-peakelectricityduringthenightandreleasethatheatthroughouttheday. Theonlydatarequiredisthatfromtheprimaryheatingdropboxes.
22.3.3 Warmairsystems
Theheatforwarmairsystemsisprovidedbygas, oil, electricityorheatpumps. Theonlydatarequiredisthatfromtheprimaryheatingdropboxes, exceptwheretheheatpumpdataisenteredfromthePCD database, insteadofthedefaultvalues.
22.3.4 Roomheatersystems
Thisgroupincludesroomheaterssuchasgasorsolidfuelfires2. Inmostcases, theonlydatarequiredisthatfromtheprimaryheatingdrop-boxes. However, wherethedeclaredefficiencyoftheheaterisknown. tickthebox Usemanufacturer'sdeclaredefficiencythencompletethe Make, Model and Declaredefficiency boxesandselectthe BS TestMethod usedtoobtaintheefficiency.
22.3.5 Otherspaceandwaterheatersystems
Electricceilingheatingiscurrentlytheonlysysteminthiscategory. Theonlydatare-quiredisthatfromtheprimaryheatingdropboxes.
22.3.6 Communityheatingscheme
Communityheatingschemesusecentralheatgeneratorstoheatwaterwhichisthencir-culatedthroughpipestosupplyspaceheatingandhotwatertomorethanonedwelling.Theheatmaybeprovidedbyanumberofdifferent systems, andcommunityheatingschemesmayoftenincludeCombinedHeatandPower(CHP) systems, whichwillpro-vide heat and generate electricity. AppendixC of the SAP 2009document containsfurtherinformationonthetreatmentofcommunityheatingschemesinSAP.
TospecifyacommunityheatingschemeinJPA Designer:
• set Group to Communityheatingscheme. JPA Designerdisplaysthe Communityheating sectionofthe Primaryheating tab(Figure 22.4).
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Figure 22.4: Dataentryforacommunityheatingschemewithtwoheatsources
Figure 22.5: Settingaheatsourceforcommunityheating
• settheheatsources; then,
• settheheatingcontrolsandtheheatdistributionsystem.
Tosettheheatsources:
• Clickthe New button: the Heatsource dialogueopens(Figure 22.5.
• Selectthetypeofheatsourcefromthe Heatsource drop-down.
• Selectthe Fuel fromthedrop-down.
• Settheproportionofthetotalheatloadprovidedbythatsource: enterafractionbetween0and1inthe Heatfraction box.
Thetotalheatfractionfromalltheheatsourcesmusttotal1.00.2Someoftheoptionswillnotbeappropriatefornew-build, butareincludedforcompatibilitywiththe
ReduceddataSAP (RdSAP) usedforEPCsforexistingdwellings.
CHAPTER22. PRIMARY HEATING 125
• Enterthepercentage Efficiency oftheheatsource.
Formostsourcestheefficiencywillbelessthan100, butformaybeconsiderablyhigher.
• Click OK toclosethedialogue.
• Repeattheprocedureformultipleheatsources: usethe Edit and Delete buttonstoadjustorremoveheatsources.
Tosetthecontrolsanddistributionsystem:
• Setthe Heatingcontrols andthe Electricitytariff.
*Systemswhichrelyonflatratechargingwillusuallybelessefficientthanthosewherechargingislinkedtouse.
• Use the Heatdistribution system drop-box to specify the typeofpipesused tocirculatethehotwater.
22.3.7 Electricunderfloorheating
Thisoptionreqpresentsunderfloorheatingsystemsbasedonelectriccablesinthefloorslaborintegratedintoflooring.
Theonlydatarequiredisthatfromtheprimaryheatingdropboxes.
22.4 Additionaldata
TherearetwoitemsofadditionaldatawhichthesoftwarecollectsforproducingtheEPCwhichappearonthe Primaryheating tab:
• Separatedconservatorywithfixedheater: Tickthisboxifthedwellinghasather-mallyseparatedconservatory(seeSAP guidancesection3.3.3forthedefinitionofthermallyseparated)whichhasafixedheaterwithinit.
• Dwellinginsmokecontrolarea: Thisboxisonlyrelevantifsolidfuelissetasthefuelfortheprimaryorsecondaryheating. Ifthedwellingiswithinasmokecontrolzonetheuseofhousecoalanddualfuelisnotpermitted, andwoodispermittedforanexemptedapplianceonly. Forfurtherinformationonsmokecontrolareasseewww.smokecontrolareas.co.uk. Ticktheboxifthedwellingiswithinasmokecontrolarea.
23 Secondaryheating
A secondaryheatingsystemisanadditionalspaceheatingsystemforthedwelling: com-monexamplesaregasfiresorwoodburningstoves. Whereasecondarysystemispro-videditshouldbeincludedinthecalculation: guidanceonwhentoincludeasystemisgiveninApprovedDocumentL1A paragraph4.12. Thefractionofspaceheatingpro-videdbythesecondarysystemisdefinedintable11oftheSAP 2009document. Dataonsecondaryheatingisspecifiedusingthe Secondaryheating tab(Figure 23.1).
Tospecifysecondaryheating:
1. Setthe Group drop-downto Roomheatersystems.
2. Selectthe Sub-group.
3. Selectthe System.
4. Selectthesecondaryheating Fuel.
Figure 23.1: TheSecondaryheatingtab
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CHAPTER23. SECONDARY HEATING 127
Ifthesolidfuelroomheaterhasbeen approvedbyHETAS1 tickthebox. Thecalculationwillthenuseahigherdefaultefficiencyfortheheater.
Wheretheactualefficiencyforasolidfuelheaterisknown, tickthe Usemanufacturer'sdeclaredefficiency boxthenenterthe Make, Model and Declaredefficiency. The BSTestMethod usedtoobtaintheefficiencyvalueshouldalsobeentered.
1HeatingEquipmentTestingandApprovalScheme.
24 Overheating
Dwellingsmustnothaveanexcessiveriskofhighinternaltemperaturesinsummerasaresultofsolargain. ThetestforoverheatingriskissetoutinAppendixP oftheSAP doc-ument; overheatingriskdependsonthepredictedamountofsolargainandthethermalmassofthedwelling. TheresultoftheoverheatingassessmentisshowninthemainSAPwindow: adwellingwithahighriskofoverheatingwillnotcomplywithregulations.
MostofthedataforthecalculationisenteredelsewhereintheSAP calculationfromdata,sotheonlyinformationrequiredisthe Effectiveair-changerate. YoucaneitherticktheEntervalue boxandenteradesignairchangerate, inairchangesperhour(ach), orusethe Building and Windowopening drop-downstosetdefaultvalues.
Figure 24.1: TheOverheatingtab
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25 Cooling
TheenergyusedforspacecoolingmustbeincludedintheSAP 2009calculationwhen-everspacecoolingispresent. Thedataforthesystemisenteredinthe Overheating&cooling tab(Figure 25.1). The Coolingfraction: theproportionofthedwellingwhichisservedbythecoolingsystem. Thiscanbedeterminedbydividingthefloorareaofthecooledpartbythetotalfloorarea.
Theefficiencyofthesystemcaneitherbesettodefaultvaluesbysetting:
• Systemtype: Thesystemcanbe Splitormulti-split, or Packaged.
• Compressorcontrol: Thiscanbesetto On/off or Modulating.
• Energylabelclass: SelectA toG (with ND fornodata).
WheretheEnergyEfficiencyRating(EER) isknown, tickthe UserdefinedEnergyEffi-ciencyRatio andenterthevalueinthe EER box.
Figure 25.1: Settingsforairconditioningsystems
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26 Renewables
SAP 2009takesaccountofthecontributionofcertainrenewablesourcesofenergyandsomeheatrecoverytechnologies, including:
• photovoltaicpanels(section 26.1);
• windturbineslinkedtoonedwelling1 (section 26.2);
• hydro-electricgenerators(section 26.3);
• wastewaterheatrecoveryunits(WWHRS) (section 26.4);
• fluegasheatrecoverysystems(FGHRS) (section 26.5).
Thedataforallthosesystemsisenteredinthe PhotovoltaicsandAlternativeTechnologiestab(abbreviatedto PV &AltTech, Figure 26.1). Thattabisalsousedforenteringtheamountofanyadditionalenergygeneratedbyothermeans(section 26.6.
26.1 Photovoltaicpanels
Photovoltaicpanelsgenerateelectricityfromsunlight. JPA Designerenablesyoutoin-cludetwophotovoltaicinstallations, toallowforsituationswherepanelsaresetattwodifferentorientations. Foreachinstallation:
1. Enterthe PeakkW ofthesystem(obtainthisvaluefromthemanufacturerorsup-plier);
2. Selectthe Pitch ofthepanels;
3. Selectthe Direction whichthepanelsface;
4. Selecttheamountof Overshading (whichmaynotbethesameastheovershadingofthewindows);
Forblocksofflats, wherethePV outputisconnectedintothelandlordsupplythetotalPV areashouldbedividedbetweenthedwellingsinproportiontotheirtotalfloorareas.IfthePV outputisconnecteddirectlytoindividualflatsthenthewholePV areashouldbeallocatedtothoseflats.
1Electricitygeneratedbyawindturbineattachedtothedwelling, oronamastwithinitsgroundscanbeincludedintheSAP calculation: however, whereaturbinesupplieselectricitytomorethanonedwelling,orisconnectedtoadevelopmentbyprivatewire, theelectricitycannotbeincludedintheSAP calculation:seeAppendixM oftheSAP 2009documentforfurtherdetails.
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CHAPTER26. RENEWABLES 131
Figure 26.1: ThePhotovoltaicsandAlternativeTechnologytab
26.2 WindturbinesTheelectricitygeneratedbyawindturbineonthebuildingorwithinitscurtilage(grounds)shouldbeincludedintheSAP calculation. Tospecifyawindturbine:
1. Enterthe Numberofturbines.
2. Specifythe Rotordiameter inmetres.
3. Selectthetypeof terrain whichsurroundsthedwelling.
4. Enterthe height ofthehuboftheturbineabovetheridgeoftheroof, inmetres.
AspartoftheprocessofproducinganEPC thesoftwaremustcalculatethelikelybenefitfrominstallingawindturbine. Youmustthereforespecifythe Terraintype evenifthereisnowindturbineonthedwelling.
26.3 Hydro-electricityTheelectricity fromhydro-electricunitscanbe included in theSAP calculation, pro-videdthetotalamountgeneratedhasbeencalculatedandsignedoffbyanappropriatelyqualifiedengineer. Theamountofelectricity isentered in Hydro-electricgeneration(kWh/year). Whereelectricityissuppliedtoseveraldwellingsitshouldbeassignedinproportiontotheirfloorareas. SeeAppendixM4oftheSAP 2009documentforfurtherdetails.
CHAPTER26. RENEWABLES 132
Figure 26.2: EnteringdataonWWHR systems
26.4 Wastewaterheatrecoverysystems
Wastewaterheatrecoverysystems(WWHRS) useheatexchangerstorecoverheatfromtheheatedwaterpassingoutofthewastesofshowersandbaths, andtofeeditbackintothehotwatersystem(pre-heatingthecoldwaterfeedtotheboilerorhotwatercylinder).TheeffectivenessoftheWWHRS dependsonthesystemandontheproportionofbathsandshowerstowhichitislinked.
TospecifyWWHRS inJPA Designer:
• Inthe PV &AltTech tabtick WWHRS andclickthe Lookup button. The WWHRDatabase dialogueopens(Figure 26.2.
• Use the Manufacturer drop-down toselect themanufacturer, thenhighlight thespecifiedproduct in thelistandclick Selectassystem1. Repeat thisprocess ifthereisasecondsystem, butclick Selectassystem2.
CHAPTER26. RENEWABLES 133
Figure 26.3: Thefluegasheatrecoverysystems(FGHRS) database
• Enterthe totalroomswithshowerand/orbath.
• Foreachsystemspecifythenumberofmixershowerstowhichthesystemislinkedinrooms withabath and withoutabath
WWHR systemsattachedtoinstantaneouselectricshowers(IES) arenotincludedintheassessment. ThereforeIES shouldnotbecountedinthenumberofshowersforasystem,butshouldbecountedinthetotalroomswithshowerand/orbath.
26.5 Fluegasheatrecoverysystems
Fluegasheatrecoverysystems(FGHRS) recoverheatfromthecombustionproductsofcondensingboilerstopre-heatthedomestichotwatersupply. TospecifyFGHRS:
1Tick FGHRS andclickthe Lookup button. The FGHRS database dialogueopens(Fig-ure 26.3.
1. Selectthe Manufacturer.
2. Selectthetypefromthe Available list.
3. Click OK.
WheretheFGHRS hasaphotovoltaicarrayfeedingdirectlyintoaclosecoupledstorethePeakkW, Pitch, Direction and Overshading ofthePV arrayshouldbesetinthe FGHRSPV Module section.
CHAPTER26. RENEWABLES 134
26.6 Otherallowablegeneration
TherearesomesourcesofelectricitywhichcannotbeincludedinthecalculationsforBuildingRegulationscompliance, butcanbeincludedforothercalculations, particularlythosetodemonstratezerocarbonhomesstatus, CodeforSustainableHomeslevel6, andfortheNorthernIrelandlowandzerocarbonhomesscheme.
Electricity fromsuchsourcesshouldbeenteredinthebox Additionalallowableelec-tricitygeneration forbox (ZC6). ZC6 is theboxnumberon thezerocarbonhomescalculation(seesection16oftheSAP 2009document). Electricitygeneratedbywindturbineslinkedtoadevelopmentbyprivatewiremaybeenteredhere.
27 Specialfeatures
SAP 2009includesaprocedure for includingnewtechnologies incalculations in theintervalsbetweenrevisionsoftheSAP.TheAppendixQ procedure(whichisnamedaftertheappendixoftheSAP documentinwhichitisdescribed)mayonlybeusedforproductswhichhavebeenindependentlyassessedandarelistedontheAppendixQ websiteathttp://www.sap-appendixq.org.uk. Thewebsitehasacalculation spreadsheet for thevariousproducttypes1 and, insomecases, datasheetsforindividualproducts.
ToincorporateatechnologyusingtheAppendixQ procedure:
1. CarryouttheSAP calculationasnormal.
2. CompletethetheappropriateAppendixQ spreadsheet: thismayrequireinforma-tionontheproducttakenfromadatasheet, andmayinvolvechangestotheSAPcalculation.
3. Transfertheresultsfromthespreadsheettothe Specialfeatures sectionofthe Pho-tovoltaicsandAlternativeTechnologies tab(Figure 26.1), entering:
• abrief Description ofthetechnology.
• the Energysaved figure, usingthedrop-downtoselectthe Typeoffuelsaved.
• the Energyused figure, usingthedrop-downtoselectthe Typeoffuelused
WherethereismorethanoneAppendixQ technologyusetheNew and Edit buttonstoaddthosetechnologiestothecalculation
Note that all the technologieswhich requiredAppendixQ withSAP 9.81canallbeentereddirectlyinJPA DesignerinSAP 2009.
1There are separate spreadsheets for different versions of SAP:make sure you use the appropriateversion.
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28 Checkingcompliance
Onceyouhaveenteredallthedataforthedwellingyoucancheckitscompliancestatus.
Theprogramwilldisplay pass (green)or fail (red)inthe compliancezone atthebottomrightcornerofthemain SAP window. Ifthedwellingfailsyoucanholdyourcurseroveroverthe compliancezone andthesoftwarewilldisplayatool-tipwillshowtheprimarycauseoffailure(see Figure 16.2).
Click on the compliance zone opens the ComplianceChecklist which lists themaincriteriatheSAP moduletestsandshowsthestatusofthedwellingagainsteachone. Thecompliancecheckwindowisparticularlyusefulwhenthedwellinghasfailedononeofthesecondarycriteria, suchastheefficiencyofheatingcontrols, orexcessivelossesfromthehotwatercylinder.
Youcanusethetabsatthebottomofthe ComplianceChecklist toview:
• theSAP worksheet;
• theTER worksheet;
• theDER worksheet;
• theOverheatingriskassessment.
Onceyouhavereviewedtheresultsyoucanthenmakechangestothecalculation.
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29 OutputtingSAP results
Youcanprint theresultsofSAP calculationsorproduceaPDF filewhich is ideal foremailing. ForbothprintandPDF youcanselectwhichpartsoftheresultsyouwanttoincludeinyouroutput:
• SAP worksheet: theresultsoftheSAP calculation.
• TER worksheet: theresultsoftheTER calculationforthenotionaldwelling.
• DER worksheet: theresultsoftheDER calculationfortheactualdwelling.
• FEE worksheet: theresultsoftheFFE calculation.
• Inputdata: areflectionoftheinformationyouhaveenteredintothesoftware.
• Regulationschecklist: showsthecompliancestatusofthedwellinginachecklistwhichfollowsthecriteriainAD L1A.
• Summeroverheating: resultsoftheoverheatingassessment.
• Energyperformancecertificate(EPC):adraftenergyperformancecertificate.
YoumustbeamemberofanappropriateaccreditationschemetoproduceafinalEPC –seetheseparateguidancedocumentforinstructions.
• Predicted EnergyAssessment (PEA): the energy assessment required for off-plansales.
• AssessmentofZeroCarbonHome.
Toprinttheresults:
1. Select File>Print fromthemenubar(orclickthe Print buttononthetoolbar). TheSectionsToPrint dialogueopens((Figure 29.1).
2. Usethetickboxestoselecttheoutputsyouwanttoproduce.
3. Click OK.The Printpreview windowopens.
4. Usethebuttonsonthetoolbartoviewsuccessivepagesoftheprintout, thenclickthe Print buttontoprintthepages(Figure 12.2).
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CHAPTER29. OUTPUTTING SAP RESULTS 138
Figure 29.1: SAP SectionsToPrintdialogue
TocreateaPDF fileoftheresults:
1. Fromthemenubarselect File>CreatePDF.A dialogueasksifyouwanttoopenthePDF whenitiscreated.
2. Select Yes or No. The SectionsToPrint dialogueopens(Figure 29.1).
3. Usethetickboxestoselecttheoutputsyouwanttoproduce.
4. Click OK.The Printpreview windowopens.
5. Usethebuttonsonthetoolbartoviewsuccessivepagesoftheprintout, thenclickthe Print buttontoprintthepages(Figure 12.2). TheprogramwillthencreateaPDF fileofthecalculation.
*ThenameofthePDF filewillincludetheJPA Designerfilenameandthecalcu-lationname, sothecalculation Plot28 inaproject TheMeadows willbecalledTheMeadows.JDPtilehungwall.Plot28.PDF.ThefilewillbesavedintotheJPADesignerprogramfolderorinthestart-upfolderyouhavespecified.
Note: asWindowsdoesnotallowcertaincharacterstobeusedinfilenamesyoushouldensurethecalculationnamesinJPA Designerdonotcontainthosecharac-ters, otherwisePDF creationwillfail. Therestrictedcharactersare`/ \ : *? < >|.
Youcanchangetheprintersettingsbyselecting File>Printersetup fromthemenubar.