Journalism History
Community discussion
•Communication between tribes, societies
•Editors took stories from London papers, recounted what people said at the local pub.
The invention of news, 1690-1850
Assortment of local advertising
small paragraphs of local adversting
Large chunks of European and economic intelligence lifted from London papers
18th Century printers avoided controversy, printing largely foreign news because there was no ground for local leader grumbling
First Amendment to Constitution
•1791.. Only aimed at federal government, not state government
The Sedition Act of 1798
•Forbade criticism of the government, making it a criminal offense
Early newspapers
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DFfLVYLAJE&feature=player_embedded
1800-1890
•Correspondents, not occupation
•1820s, newspapers began sending out reporters to ship
•Between 1833-1835 entrepreneurs developed penny press.
•Sought out local news
•Began competition for local news
Partisan Press
Federalists Anti-FederalistsCommerce,
banking, manufacturing
Farmers, wage earners,
intellectualsAlexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson
Gazette of the United
StatesNational Gazette
Philip FreneauJohn Fenno
•Transition from partisan to mercantile press
•Pennsylvania Evening Post & Advertiser
•First daily newspaper
•American Minerva
•Noah Webster, editor, is college educated (not just a printer)
•Paper has wider appeal (beyond N.Y.C.)
Development of daily newspaper
•Separation of fact and opinion
•National Intelligencer begins in 1800
•Covers Congress – verbatim
• Idea of a newspaper of record
•Forerunner of the Congressional Record
Development of daily newspaper
•Better presses, cheaper paper
• Idea emerges that news is new
•Reporters appear
•Foreign news still important
•Competition appears
Development of daily newspaper
New York Tribune
New York Herald
New-York Times
Horace Greeley
James Gordon Bennett
Henry RaymondBenjamin Day
Journalism History
Great Newspaper EditorsGreat Newspaper Editors
New York Sun
The first published newspaper interviewThe first published newspaper interview
Horace Greeley and Brigham Young
The first recorded newspaper interviewThe first recorded newspaper interviewH.G. — Am I to regard Mormonism (so-called) as a new religion, or as simply a new development of Christianity?B.Y. — We hold that there can be no true Christian Church without a priesthood directly commissioned by and in immediate
communication with the Son of God and Savior of mankind. Such a church is that of the Latter-Day Saints, called by their enemies Mormons; we know no other that even pretends to have present and direct revelations of God's will.
H.G. — Then I am to understand that you regard all other churches professing to be Christian as The Church of Rome regards all churches not in communion with itself — as schismatic, heretical, and out of the way of salvation?
B. Y. — Yes, substantially.H.G. — Apart from this, in what respect do your doctrines differ from those of our Orthodox Protestant Churches — the
Baptist or Methodist, for example?B.Y. — We hold the doctrines of Christianity, as revealed in the Old and New Testaments — also in the Book of Mormon,
which teaches the same cardinal truths, and those only.H.G. — Do you believe in the doctrine of the Trinity?B. Y. — We do; but not exactly as it is held by other churches. We believe in the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, as
equal, but not identical — not as one person [being]. We believe in all the Bible teaches on this subject.H.G. — Do you believe in a personal devil — a distinct, conscious, spiritual being, whose nature and acts are essentially
malignant and evil?B.Y. — We do.H.G. — Do you hold the doctrine of Eternal Punishment?B.Y. — We do; though perhaps not exactly as other churches do. We believe it as the Bible teaches it.H.G. — I understand that you regard Baptism by Immersion as essential.B.Y. — We do.H.G. — Do you practice Infant Baptism?B.Y. — No.H.G. — Do you make removal to these valleys obligatory on your converts?B.Y. — They would consider themselves greatly aggrieved if they were not invited hither. We hold to such a gathering
together of God's People as the Bible foretells, and that this is the place and now is the time appointed for its consummation.
Pulitzer Hearst
Yellow Journalism
Famous journalists• Ida Tarbell
• Investigated trusts like Standard Oil
• Nellie Bly
• Investigated abuse of mental institutions
Photojournalism•Photographers no longer
need permission or cooperation of subjects
•Photographs more candid, intimate, immediate, episodic
•Considered “objective” documents
•News content in their own right, not just illustrations ancillary to the text
Milestones
•Half-tone photographic printing
•Gelatin-based film
•Flashbulbs
•Smaller, mass-produced cameras
Leica: mass produced in 1924
LIFE Magazine
•Founded in 1936
• Instant success
•Two million circulation by 1938
•22 million readers by 1944
Voice by wire
Alexander Graham Bell — 1876
Wireless
James Clerk Maxwell
•Electromagnetic radiation theorized 1864
Heinrich Hertz •Transmission of radio waves 1887
Guglielmo Marconi
•First wireless transmission 1895
•Transatlantic wireless transmission 1901
BroadcastingReginald Fessenden
•Wireless voice transmission 1906
Lee deForest
•Audion Tube 1864
•Broadcasts from Eiffel Tower 1908
Edwin Howard Armstrong
•Regenerative Circuit 1913
Radio Networks
David Sarnoff
•Suggests Radio Music Box 1916
•Establishes NBC 1926
William Paley
•Columbia Broadcast System 1928
US Congress
•Establishes the Federal Radio Commission 1927
Radio-Press War
• 1922 - A.P. says copy is not for radio
• 1933 - “Biltmore Agreement”
• Two, five-minute newscasts per day (after 9:30 a.m. and 9:00 p.m.)
• Networks respond with commentary
• 1939 - A.P. lifts banUPI “clacker”
Broadcast Commentators
Floyd Gibbons
Walter WinchellLowell
Thomas
Radio-Press War•1922 - A.P. says copy is
not for radio
•1933 - “Biltmore Agreement”
•Two, five-minute newscasts per day (after 9:30 a.m. and 9:00 p.m.)
•Networks respond with commentary
•1939 - A.P. lifts ban
UPI “clacker”
Mechanical Television
Mechanical Television
John Logie Baird
Philo T. FarnsworthPhilo T. Farnsworth
•Born in Beaver, Utah (1906)
•Raised in Idaho
•Attended BYU (1923-1924)
•Invented first all-electronic television (1926)
RCA
David SarnoffVladimir Zworykin
Edward R. Murrow
30 Minutes
•CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite - September 3, 1963
•NBC News “Huntley-Brinkley Report” - September 9, 1963
•ABC News with Peter Jennings - January 1965
Pentagon PapersPentagon Papers•MacNamara orders a
history of U.S. involvement in Indochina
•Leaked by Daniel Ellsberg
•Published in June 1971 by New York Times
•Government sues for prior restraint
•Other papers, including Washington Post, also publish
•MacNamara orders a history of U.S. involvement in Indochina
•Leaked by Daniel Ellsberg
•Published in June 1971 by New York Times
•Government sues for prior restraint
•Other papers, including Washington Post, also publish
Watergate Break-inWatergate Break-in• June 17, 1972: Democratic
National Committee in the Watergate complex
•Five “plumbers” planting listening devices are caught by Washington, D.C. police
•Operation financed by illegal contributions to CREEP
• June 17, 1972: Democratic National Committee in the Watergate complex
•Five “plumbers” planting listening devices are caught by Washington, D.C. police
•Operation financed by illegal contributions to CREEP
Watergate complex – Washington, D.C.
Watergate complex – Washington, D.C.
Watergate Break-inWatergate Break-in
•Taping system reveals president participated in coverup
•Taping system reveals president participated in coverup
Woodward & Bernstein
Woodward & Bernstein
•1900-1945 Commercialization of news
•1950s limited objectivity
•Adversarial press, 1970s
•1980s-2000, technology and consolidation
•2000, communications revolution