John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
Narratives : A simple, formal methodology for achieving sustainable balance
John Haymaker, PhD, AIA, LEED cp
Collaborators: Martin Fischer, John Kunz, Ben Suter
M.A. Mortenson, Walt Disney Imagineering, CCC, Gehry Partners, William McDonough Partners, CSIRO
Narratives
Reasoning
Representation
Narrative
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
People Unit size Total
Office room 1 O1 4 10 40Office room 2 O2 1 20 20Open office O3 3 12 36
8 0 96Units Unit size Total
Office storage, etc. A1 1 10 10Office archive A2 1 8 8Copy, printers, etc A4 1 10 10Meeting space N1 1 25 25
4 0 53People Total
8 0 149CS Department
Corporation Service Department
Office space
TotalSupport activities
Total
Program
Define client requirements
Define site
Define regulatory
requirementsINTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (2003)…404.8 Travel distance. In other than the lowest level of the atrium, where the required means of egress is through the atrium space, the portion of exit access travel distance within the atrium space shall not exceed 200 feet …
Propose atrium
Proposetraditional
1. SHEET PILE FOUNDATION, DIKE, & SITE $146,285
2. TANKS $127,220
3. PIPING SYSTEM $65,543
4. PUMPS, DISPENSER, POWER, CONTROLS, ETC. $60,000
5. MISCELLANEOUS $33,985
6. OVERHEAD $137,800
7. FREIGHT $94,347
8. CONSTRUCTION SUB-TOTAL $665,180
9. DESIGN AND PERMITTING $100,000
10. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT $100,000
11. PROJECT SUB-TOTAL $865,180
12. CONTINGENCY $173,036
13. TOTAL PROJECT COST $1,038,216
Analyzefirst cost
Lighting Energy Cost No Daylighting
Lighting Fraction Saved
Lighting Energy Cost W/ Daylighting
Reduced Maint. Cost
Reduced HVAC Costs
Net Cost Savings
1st Floor @ 70,000 SF 14,700 58% 8,526 635 910 7,925
2nd Floor @ 61,000 SF 12,858 82% 10,544 760 1,125 9,495
Combined 131000 SF 20,280 69% 19,070 1,395 2,035 22,500
Analyze life-cycle cost
Average Illuminance
Footcandles (FC) 9AM / 3PM Noon 9AM / 3PM Noon 9AM / 3PM Noon
Near Atrium 50 - 60 100 - 110 125 - 140 190 - 210 180 - 200 320 - 340
Center 45 - 55 70 - 80 95 - 105 150 - 160 140 - 150 250 - 270Near Perimeter 45 - 55 90 - 100 100 - 120 160 - 180 150 - 170 275 - 295
Estimated Likely Illuminance in FootCandles for Upper Level on Overcast Day
Average Illuminance
Footcandles (FC) 9AM / 3PM Noon 9AM / 3PM Noon 9AM / 3PM Noon
Near Atrium 30 - 40 55 - 65 70 - 80 110 - 120 95 - 115 180 - 200
Center 40 - 50 80 - 90 90 - 110 140 - 160 130 - 150 210 - 230Near Perimeter 70 - 80 130 - 140 150 - 170 235 - 255 220 - 240 380 - 420
Estimated Likely Illuminance in FootCandles for Lower Level on Overcast Day
December September / March June
December September / March June
Analyze daylight
Most LikelyProductivity % Improved
Absenteeism % Improved
Cost Benefit 1 $
Daylighting 4 9 1,581,000
Analyze Productivity and Absenteeism
Lighting Energy Cost No Daylighting
Lighting Fraction Saved
Lighting Energy Cost W/ Daylighting
1st Floor @ 70,000 SF 14,700 58% 8,5262nd Floor @ 61,000 SF 12,858 82% 10,544Combined 131000 SF 20,280 69% 19,070
Analyzeenergy
Decide on Atrium
Reduced Energy Loads: approx. 70% of lighting energy is saved in areas where daylightingis employed. In addition, electric lamp replacement and cooling loads are reduced.
Increased Productivity: Worker productivity has increased
Reduced absenteeism: Workers remain more alert, and are absent less, under natural lighting conditions.Simple Payback: 5.9 years
Daylighting
People Unit size Total
Office room 1 O1 4 10 40Office room 2 O2 1 20 20Open office O3 3 12 36
8 0 96Units Unit size Total
Office storage, etc. A1 1 10 10Office archive A2 1 8 8Copy, printers, etc A4 1 10 10Meeting space N1 1 25 25
4 0 53People Total
8 0 149CS Department
Corporation Service Department
Office space
TotalSupport activities
Total
Program
INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (2003)…404.8 Travel distance. In other than the lowest level of the atrium, where the required means of egress is through the atrium space, the portion of exit access travel distance within the atrium space shall not exceed 200 feet …
1. SHEET PILE FOUNDATION, DIKE, & SITE $146,285
2. CONCRETE $127,220
3. SUPERSTRUCTURE $65,543
4. ENCLOSURE $60,000
5. FINISHES $33,985
6. OVERHEAD $137,800
7. FREIGHT $94,347
8. CONSTRUCTION SUB-TOTAL $665,180
9. DESIGN AND PERMITTING $100,000
10. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT $100,000
11. PROJECT SUB-TOTAL $865,180
12. CONTINGENCY $173,036
13. TOTAL PROJECT COST $1,038,216
Average Illuminance Footcandles (FC) 9AM / 3PM Noon 9AM / 3PM Noon 9AM / 3PM Noon
Near Atrium 50 - 60 100 - 110 125 - 140 190 - 210 180 - 200 320 - 340
Center 45 - 55 70 - 80 95 - 105 150 - 160 140 - 150 250 - 270Near Perimeter 45 - 55 90 - 100 100 - 120 160 - 180 150 - 170 275 - 295
Estimated Likely Illuminance in FootCandles for Upper Level on Overcast Day
Average Illuminance Footcandles (FC) 9AM / 3PM Noon 9AM / 3PM Noon 9AM / 3PM Noon
Near Atrium 30 - 40 55 - 65 70 - 80 110 - 120 95 - 115 180 - 200
Center 40 - 50 80 - 90 90 - 110 140 - 160 130 - 150 210 - 230Near Perimeter 70 - 80 130 - 140 150 - 170 235 - 255 220 - 240 380 - 420
Estimated Likely Illuminance in FootCandles for Lower Level on Overcast Day
December September / March June
December September / March June
Lighting Energy Cost No Daylighting
Lighting Fraction Saved
Lighting Energy Cost W/ Daylighting
1st Floor @ 70,000 SF 14,700 58% 8,5262nd Floor @ 61,000 SF 12,858 82% 10,544Combined 131000 SF 20,280 69% 19,070
Most LikelyProductivity % Improved
Absenteeism % Improved
Cost Benefit 1 $
Daylighting 4 9 1,581,000
Lighting Energy Cost No Daylighting
Lighting Fraction Saved
Lighting Energy Cost W/ Daylighting
Reduced Maint. Cost
Reduced HVAC Costs
Net Cost Savings
1st Floor @ 70,000 SF 14,700 58% 8,526 635 910 7,925
2nd Floor @ 61,000 SF 12,858 82% 10,544 760 1,125 9,495
Combined 131000 SF 20,280 69% 19,070 1,395 2,035 22,500
A William McDonough Partners design process
Reduced Energy Loads: approx. 70% of lighting energysaved in areas where daylightingis employed. In addition, electric lamp replacement and cooling loads reduced.
Increased Productivity: Worker productivity will increase
Reduced absenteeism: Workers will remain more alert, and be absent less, under natural lighting conditions.Simple Payback: 5.9 years
Daylighting
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
People Unit size Total
Office room 1 O1 4 10 40Office room 2 O2 1 20 20Open office O3 3 12 36
8 0 96Units Unit size Total
Office storage, etc. A1 1 10 10Office archive A2 1 8 8Copy, printers, etc A4 1 10 10Meeting space N1 1 25 25
4 0 53People Total
8 0 149CS Department
Corporation Service Department
Office space
TotalSupport activities
Total
Program
Define client requirements
Define site
Define regulatory
requirementsINTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (2003)…404.8 Travel distance. In other than the lowest level of the atrium, where the required means of egress is through the atrium space, the portion of exit access travel distance within the atrium space shall not exceed 200 feet …
Propose atrium
Proposetraditional
1. SHEET PILE FOUNDATION, DIKE, & SITE $146,285
2. TANKS $127,220
3. PIPING SYSTEM $65,543
4. PUMPS, DISPENSER, POWER, CONTROLS, ETC. $60,000
5. MISCELLANEOUS $33,985
6. OVERHEAD $137,800
7. FREIGHT $94,347
8. CONSTRUCTION SUB-TOTAL $665,180
9. DESIGN AND PERMITTING $100,000
10. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT $100,000
11. PROJECT SUB-TOTAL $865,180
12. CONTINGENCY $173,036
13. TOTAL PROJECT COST $1,038,216
Analyzefirst cost
Analyze life-cycle cost
Define Goals
ProposeOptions
Analyze
Evaluate Goals
Average Illuminance
Footcandles (FC) 9AM / 3PM Noon 9AM / 3PM Noon 9AM / 3PM Noon
Near Atrium 50 - 60 100 - 110 125 - 140 190 - 210 180 - 200 320 - 340
Center 45 - 55 70 - 80 95 - 105 150 - 160 140 - 150 250 - 270Near Perimeter 45 - 55 90 - 100 100 - 120 160 - 180 150 - 170 275 - 295
Estimated Likely Illuminance in FootCandles for Upper Level on Overcast Day
Average Illuminance
Footcandles (FC) 9AM / 3PM Noon 9AM / 3PM Noon 9AM / 3PM Noon
Near Atrium 30 - 40 55 - 65 70 - 80 110 - 120 95 - 115 180 - 200
Center 40 - 50 80 - 90 90 - 110 140 - 160 130 - 150 210 - 230Near Perimeter 70 - 80 130 - 140 150 - 170 235 - 255 220 - 240 380 - 420
Estimated Likely Illuminance in FootCandles for Lower Level on Overcast Day
December September / March June
December September / March June
Analyze daylight
Perform Analyses
Most LikelyProductivity % Improved
Absenteeism % Improved
Cost Benefit 1 $
Daylighting 4 9 1,581,000
Analyze Productivity and Reliability
Lighting Energy Cost No Daylighting
Lighting Fraction Saved
Lighting Energy Cost W/ Daylighting
1st Floor @ 70,000 SF 14,700 58% 8,5262nd Floor @ 61,000 SF 12,858 82% 10,544Combined 131000 SF 20,280 69% 19,070
Analyzeenergy
Reduced Energy Loads: approx. 70% of lighting energy is saved in areas where daylightingis employed. In addition, electric lamp replacement and cooling loads are reduced.
Increased Productivity: Worker productivity has increased
Reduced absenteeism: Workers remain more alert, and are absent less, under natural lighting conditions.Simple Payback: 5.9 years
Daylighting
Decide on Atrium
A William McDonough Partners design process
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
Did WMP achieve sustainable balance?
Aes
thet
ic
Rhy
me
ArchitecturalReasonE
nvironmental
Sensitivity
Ope
ratio
nal
Effi
cien
cy
Diverse NeedsOf Individuals
Flexibility
For Grow
th Aes
thet
ic
Rhy
me
ArchitecturalReasonE
nvironmental
Sensitivity
Ope
ratio
nal
Effi
cien
cy
Diverse NeedsOf Individuals
Flexibility
For Grow
th
WMP found it difficult to explicitly:
Propose many options
Analyze these options
Compare their analyses to their goals
Clearly communicate this design process
Quickly integrate this design process
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
A Walt Disney Concert Hall design & construction process
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
This process was time-consuming and error-prone.
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
SI-13
This process was iterative.
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
Did the WDCH team achieve sustainable balance?
Cos
t
Time
Resources
Clie
ntR
elat
ions
EmployeeDevelopment
Safety C
ost
Time
Resources
Clie
ntR
elat
ions
EmployeeDevelopment
Safety
Compared to shop welding, field welding is:
Less safe
More expensive
More time-consuming
Less efficient with resources workforce, materials, and energy
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
What is a methodology that enables AEC professionals to formalize the dependencies among their representations, and control the integration of these representations as the project progresses?
Research Question
Problem: The narrative structure is not formalized or managed.
Result: AEC Projects are not achieving sustainable balance.
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
Multidisciplinary, Constructive, Iterative, Unique
The narrative structure of AEC projects
narrative: “An account of a series of events, facts, etc., … with the establishing of connections between them.” (The Oxford English Dictionary)
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009 Narrative
AEC professionals could benefit from a methodology to:
Representation
Reasoning
Reasoning
ReasoningReasoning
Define task-specific representations.
Define the dependency between these representations.
Control the integration of these Narratives.
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
Narratives
data
datarelationship
Reasoning (manual)
Representation
Representationdependency
Narrative
(automated)Reasoning
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
POD: AEC project model frameworks
Construction Data
Design Data
Management Data
COMBINE (Augenbroe, 1995) EDM-2 (Eastman et al 1999),
Bentley Managed Environment (Hollings, 2003)Graphisoft (Sawyer, 2004)
No formalization of distributed and narrative process
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
POD: AEC project model frameworks
Construction Data
Design Data
Management Data
Narrative approach
Prevalent approach
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
POD: Representation formalisms
IFC
STEP
gbXML
Revit
No formalization of the process or dependency
Representation
Reasoning
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
POD: Reasoning
Comfort Simulation(Riuska)
Steel Detailing (Tekla)
Energy Simulation(Riuska)
Structural Simulation(SAP2000)
Construction Simulation(Commonpoint)
Egress (Pan et al 2004)
Daylight Simulation(Radiance)
Space Analysis(Solibri)
No formalization of the process or dependencies
Life Cycle Analysis(CRC)
Representation
Reasoning
Cost Analysis(Tocoman)
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
No formalization of representations or reasoning
Representation
Reasoning
POD: Process models
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
data
datarelationship
Reasoning (manual)
Representation
Representationdependency
(automated)Reasoning
data
datarelationship
Reasoning (manual)
Representation
Representationdependency
(automated)Reasoning
Narratives: Building on Points of Departure
Reasoning
Representation
Process
Narratives
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
Formalizing the dependencies between representations
<?xml version="1.0"?><representation> <dependency> <status>integrated</status> <reasoning url="url/to/Find Deck Attachments.jar" /> <source url="url/to/Steel Framing.pv">Beams</source> <source url="url/to/second/Concrete Slabs.pv">Slabs</source> </dependency> <data> // deck attachment features described here </data></representation>
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
A Narrative to automatically generate deck attachments
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
WDCH PerspectorsAccuracy 86 Deck Attachments Required
Correctly Identified 0 84False Positives 0 28False Negatives 86 2
Completeness Amount of detail
Significant improvement over current practice is possible. Further improvement possible with additional Perspectors.
Automation could make creating more useful additional detail cost-effective.
Evidence for power: Designing deck attachments
John
Hay
mak
er, C
EE 2
14, 2
009
Evidence for generality
Find Cantilever Conditions Perspector
Find Deck Attachments Perspector