HOW CANYON GOT NAME

FBJfATOR, XBPT BY HIS HORSE,

PERISHED OS "DESERT."

Stroaj; AHaOt Spring: 0ere We Re-

lief to the Thirsty Traveler'PromiBcat aadaarICB.

PAISLEY, Oru. Sept. It All over what1b known as the "desert" of Southern andF,astcra. Oregon are noted landmarks fa-

miliar to the traveler and Inhabitant ofthis region. These landmarks occupy po-

sitions usually at convenient distancesapart and between them are half-day- 's

or day's travel. Starting out from Lake-vie- w

north there Is Crooked Creek, Chew-anca- n,

Abert Lake, Alkali, Sutton's orJBgU's, Silver Creek Valley, Sagehen andBurns. Or in traveling any other direc-tion from any other point familiar land-marks and stations lie along the route,and these must be taken Into considera-tion In starting out every morning andafternoon that the traveler may reachGbelter and water and food at the propertime, or near the proper time.

Tha greatest landmark of Eastern Ore-gon is Steins' Mountain, situated in Har-ney and Malheur bounties. This moun-tain Is snow-capp- ed the year round, andcan be seen from almost any point onthe Oregon "desert." Then there .Is Juni-per Mountain, Little Juniper, Wagontlre,Gray Butte, and dozens of other peaksend buttes of note. There are many Juni-per peaks and many Paulina peaks. Thereare numerous points and landmarks allover the "desert" of similar names. Thisis doubtless caused from similarity of thelandmarks. There are many alkali lakes,many peaks covered with a small junipergrowth and many, rivers that boll fromthe rocks and again lose themselves inthe sands. Thero are as a consequencemany "Jost creeks" and "lost rivers." Theold renegade chief, Paulina, operated allover this section of country, and thereAre many Paulina Buttes and PaulinaBasins. Ail of the old forts and campsare points of Interest, and are down asimportant landmarks on the "desert." Atall of these points and hundreds of oth-ers of lesser note water and fuel andclock feed is generally plentiful, and thetraveler must of necessity make them atthe proper intervals on his journey.

One of the most noted of the landmarksof Lake County is "Venator Canyon, 40miles a little north of east from Pals-le- y.

Eight or ten miles from Alkali Lake,leading out of the valley in which thislake is situated, is a deep canyon cuttingthrough the vein-roc-ks between GrayButte and Little Juniper Mountain. Al-though a wide wagon road leads along.this valley now and well-defin- trailslead through every valley 'and gulch andcanyon of the desert, 20 years ago It waspractically an unmarked, barren waste. Atthat time the watering places and land-marks were unknown, and the travelermight have traveled hundreds of miles andmissed all of the watering and feedingplaces and fallen by the wayside anddied from thirst and starvation, as didthe old man for "whom Venator Canyonwas named.

In the month of August, 18S0, JezrealVenator left Lakeview with a partybound for Harney County. He was onhorseback, and Intended to accompany theparty to the neighborhood of JuniperMountain, and there search for somehorses that had strayed away from theirusual range. At Crooked Creek, 13 milesnorth from Lakeview, the party was de-layed for some reason, and Mr. Venator,becoming Impatient, proceeded alone. Nineor ten days afterwards" some"4 stockmen.In passing through that section, foundthe horse which Mr. Venator had rid-den feeding In the valley near AlkaliLake. He had a small rope on his neck,which indicated that the animal hadbroken loose after being tied by the owner."Upon making this report in Lakeview,searching parties were sent out and con-tinuous search was made until the bodyof the lost man was found within twomiles of MkaTl Spring, and several milesfrom the mouth, of the canyon, which nowbears his name.

This spring is a fountain of water thatgushes forth from the earth in a largestream and loses itself in the alkali Jakenear by, which is too highly impregnatedwith mineral substances for any livingthing to drink. The dead man had, uponlying down for the last time, taken offone of his boots and placed it under hishead, while the other remained on hisfoot. He still clenched a pocket-knif- e Inhis hand, and had been digging holesin the alkali sands as if searching forwater. His trail was found and followedand it led to the mouth of thte canyon.Along the entire trail, at intervals, he haddug in the sands with his knife and hadalso kindled small fires with the sage-brush. These fires were supposed to havebeen made either to signal aid at thetime or to mark his trail that he mightbe found. He was getting old when heloft home, but was in good health anda splendid horseman, and it was thoughtthat he knew every foot of the desertHis saddle, overcoat, bridle and blanketwere never found. He was supposed ohave carried considerable money on hisperson, but when found only had S30 or$40 with him.

Stories of Indians and foul play havebeen told, but the most probable theoryseems to be that when tired and exhaust-ed he tied his horse somewhere and

to sleep; that the horse, becominghungry and thirsty, broke the rope andescaped to water; that the old man wan-dered about the desert and entered thecanyon that now bears his name, andfinding no water, started on his returntoward home, leaving a trail behind himthat he might be found, and that finallyhe succumbed to thirst and hunger wherefound. At that season of the year therewas no water in Venator Canyon, and be-sides the water boiling from AlkaliSprings, there was no water for manymiles in any direction.

Riding through the plain at this pointnow on a well-travel- road the travelercan readily see how old man Venator losthis way when there was no semblance ofa tralL Tall, irregular rlmrocks bound thegreat scope of country, barren except forthe low, stubby sagebrush and wiregrassthat cover it. Venator Canyon is the onlyoutlet for miles, and this resembles themany blind nicks in the walls that sur-round the traveler. It is one of the bleak-est scopes of country on the Oregon "de-sert" But Venator Canyon is one of thefixed landmarks of the country, althoughthe sacrifice to make the name was asad one.

Jezroal Venator was born in the Stateof Illinois. He crossed the plains in 18S3,and had the usual hardships experiencedin those days. His family, consisting ofa wife and seven children, now residefive miles south from Lakeview. andprominent among the people of Lake andHamey Counties. They own large ranchesin both counties and are considered amongthe wealthy stockowners of this section.

John Venator, the youngest son, Jn rid-ing from, one of the Venator ranches inHarney County to the Venator home, inLake, a few weeks ago, on his returnfrom a law school, traveled nearly 100miles a day, the last half-da- y coveringE2 miles, on the same horse that hehad started out on. As an incident ofthe trip, he passed the mouth of VenatorCanyon, and near the spot where his fa-ther was found dead just 20 years ago.

3TOW FOR MODERN SEWERAGE.Baker City to Follow TJp Her Munic-

ipal Improvement.BAKER CITY, Or Sept. 15. A modern

sewerage system, entailing a cost of about$30,000. will be built in six of the principalstreets of Baker City as soon as thegravity water system is constructed. Thestreets on which It is proposed to laytho system are Resort, Front First,Second, Third and Fourth. This .im-provement has been discussed in an in

formal way by the'City Counclhnen andproperty-owne- rs for several months, andall agree that a good sewerage systemin .the streets named is of the .utmostimportance.

Some preliminary work has alreadybeen done by Engineer Kelly, who sur-veyed the route of the 'pipe line for thewater system, and a map has been pre-pared, showing the extent of the systemand the cress-stree- ts that will bedrained by the laterals. The system willcommence at the intersection of thestreets and the O. R. & N. Railroadat the eastern part of the dry, and onthe west the main drainage will emptyinto Powder River about a mile distantfrom D street, which is the last streetin that part of town.

The pipe selected ranges in size from sixto 12 Inches, and is of vitrified terra cotta,this being considered the most durableand cheapest of any of the pipes usedin sewerage construction. The main isto be laid along Front street, and willbe 12 inches in size, while the size of the-pip-

to be used on trie other streets willvary as necessity demands. This willdrain the principal and most thickly-settle- d

portion of tho city, and will consti-tute a sewerage system entirely ade-quate for all present purposes.

Residents owning abutting propertyfrom D street to where the main sewerwill empty Into, the river, about a mileIn length, under the present arrange-ment must be charged with the cost ofthe work, the same as the property-owne- rs

on the streets through which thesystem will be laid. This Is consideredunfair, and Is a matter of much concernto the City Council, as the benefits de-

rived from a sewerage system in thatlocality will be very "small. Some oftho taxpayers and Councllmen are Infavor of levying the cost of, the workon the city, but there is no provisionIn the charter by which this can be done.To remedy the matter, It is probable thatthe Council will appoint commissionersto assess property according to its value,so that each shall pay a pro rata sharetowards the improvement. In this wayproperty-owne- rs residing outsldo of Dstreet, and also along some of tho otherstreets through which the system willrun, and where property varies In value,would be relieved of a burdensome tax.

There is considerable Improvement go-ing on In Baker City, and building hasbeen continually kept up since early lastSpring. The result is that many newand. handsome 'residences and businesshouses adorn all narts of the eitw Db- -slrable residences are in great demand,and as soon as they are out of the build-ers' hands they are occupied by new-comers. From tho present outlook, It Isprobable that tho erection of cottages, aswell as business buildings, will continueduring tho Winter, or as long as theweather will permit work of this kind.

Commissioner Hamm says that he hasbuilt 10 miles of sidewalk since May.Two thousand feet of sidewalk Is nowbeing built on Washington street to con-nect with the new school building on theEast Side. In addition to this, muchneeded repairing has been done in dif-ferent part3 of the city.

BURGLAR SHOT DEAD.Policeman Cangrht Hira in tlie Act-Pitc- hed

Battle Ensned.SEATTLE, Sept ward Morse,

formerly of Redyard, Minn., who had Justreturned from Nome, was shot and in-stantly killed early this morning by Po-liceman Fred A. Rlbbach. RILbach foundMorse and two companions attempting tocommit burglary in the Whitechapel dis-trict, and attempted to arrest them. Apitched battle with revolvers ensued, 20shots being flredL Harry Austin, one ofthe burglars, was wcunded in the aimwhile fleeing from the scene. Morse was37 years of age, and had been a shingleweaver befcre coming to this Coast, la3tFebruary.

Washington Industries.The Kittitas creamery is receiving 6000

pounds of milk a day.The old tannery at Montesano Is about

to be rehabilitated and operated.The work on the flume of the Olympla

Light & Power Company, at Tumwater,is progressing favorably. The grading iswell along toward completion, and theflume has been constructed to a pointabout"60 feet south of the bridge.'

The oat harvest throughout the ChehallsValley has been completed, and the yieldfor 1900 is said to be much larger than atany time In the history of the county.The yield in. many Instances has been 1C0

bushels to the acre,.:jnd the average hasoeen aboutSOr Tho sections producing thegreatest yield are between Montesano andSatsop, oii the broad, fertile bottoms.

It is probable a number of the smallershingle and lumber mills will close downwithin SO days for varying periods, saysthe Tacoma Ledger. There will be no con-certed movement, but a number of millshave determined that they w 11 not at-tempt to, run continuously through theWinter under present conditions. Homeof the loggers will. also suspend opera-tions temporarily. The effecfon the mar-ket from these causes is expected to bebeneficial.

In view of the recent cut in the price otsaw logs, a number of prominent Aber-deen loggers are seriously discussing thequestion of shipping logs from Gray'sHarbor to Puget Sound., On., the Soundlogs are bringing $7, and are largelysought by the mills at that figure. ThaNorthern Pacific Railroad Company hasoffered to carry saw logs from the harborto the Sound at a flat rate of $1 per 1000,provided that the shipment would not bobelow 200,000 feet per day. This wouldbring $1 per 1000 more profit than at theGray's Harbor market

THREE HAPPY DRIVERS.

They Created Mnch Fan and SomeTerror on the Street.

Joe Trast, the driver of one of Nickum& Kelly's sand-wagon- s, created more excltement on Third street Saturday thana whole circus. Three teams had beensent to the northwest part of town withloads of sand and were returning. Theman who drove the In the leadwas in his right mind. The man whodrove the second team was "paralyzed"with liquor, and his team, being left totheir own devices, followed tho firstTrast, who drove tho third team, actedas if hung on a "live wire." He couldnot stand up nor. sit down, nor even Heon tho bottom of the wagon, but kepttrying to fall overboard without, ever'succeeding, and was shouting like aComanche on the warpath.

His team was so worried by his anticsthat they were ready to run away, andwere all over the street, and only thestanding luck of a drunken man savedhim from running over everybody andwrecking and devastating every vehicleon the street"

Trast was the cynosure of eyesrand the thing that worried all spectatorswas that the drivers"iof the other

paid no attention to him, but al-lowed him to "wander at will o'er themeadows," as it were. He was watchedout of sight and a hundred or morepersons followed the team to the sanddock to see what become of the drivers.They were slated for dismissal at once.It is supposed that they fell Into abrewery. vat and were not rescued untilunconscious and had not regained con-sciousness when they started for thewharf. They are probably both soberand sorry by this time.

Increase In Price of Walnuts.LOS ANGELES. Cal.. Sept 16. The

price of this season's walnut crop will be10 cents per pound for sof tshell and 9V6

cents for standards, these figures havingbeen established at a meeting of the ex-ecutive committee of the Southern Cali-fornia Walnut Growers' Association. TillsIs a big Increase, last year's prices hav-ing been $815 and' $7 65 per 100 pounds forthe two grades.

Vv:4v?yM-- -

JHE MQBNING QEEGOKIAl?y MQIfPAY, SEPTEMBEB IT,. 1900.

WELFARE OF NATION

(Continued from First P&gfe)

with a territory-in- - the aggregate as largeas that of the Philippines, the Constitu-tion has never yet "followed the flag";the Army officer and the civilian agentstill exercise authority without askingthe "consent of the governed." We mustproceed in the Philippines with the samewise caution, taking each successive stepas it becomes desirable and accommodat-ing the. details of our .policy to .the pe-

culiar needs of the situation. But assoon as the present revolt. Is put downand order established It will undoubtedlybe possible to give the islands a largermeasure of than Jeffer-son originally gave Louisiana.

Florida 'and the Seinlnolea.The next great step in expansion was

the acquisition of Florida. This, was part-ly acquired by conquest and partly bypurchase, Andrew Jackson being the moBtprominent figure in .the acquisition. It

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GALLERY OF OREGON NEWSPAPER 23

CHARLESvJ. HOWARD, OF BOHEMIA NUGGET, COTTAGE GROVE.Charles Howard born at October 10, 18GQj and resided In that

state until 1SS3, receiving this time His. experiencehas been, all work .country This at thoage of IS, Sheldon, la., was continued at and for' "two yearsStatesman, Or., afterward the Eugene. In 1890 Mr, assumed tho

editor of the Eugene Register, beln associated) wjth Rowland and'Mr. Howard started tho 10, and built up

paper financially and politically, and of considerable Influence Jn theof the state. of the during the campalsm of 1S00, and the

the present campaign," 'good Judgment'ahd capacity forwork. life-lon- g "Republican, Mr. is one the able exponents of his party's

the newspaper men the forceful and fluent writer.

was taken under President Monroe; theafter-lim- e President, John Qulncy Adams,being In- - securing the, pmAs In the case of the Philippines, Floridawas acquired by purchase from Spain,and In Florida the Semlnoles, who hadnot been consulted In the sale, rebelledand waged war exactly as some of. theTagals have rebelled and waged war Inthe Philippines. The Sominole War lastedfor many years, but Presidents Monroe,Adams and Jackson declined for a mo-

ment of consider the question of aban-doning Florida to the Seminoles or totreat their nt to the Governmentof the "United States as a valid foHturning over the territory to them.

Our next acquisition of territorywas that of Texas, secured bytreaty after it had been wrested

the Mexicans by thethemselves.--The- n came the acquisition ofCalifornia, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevadaand parts of Colorado and Utah.as tho re-

sult of the Mexican War, supplementedfive years later by the Gadsden purchase,.

Tho acquisition was that of Alas-ka, secured by treaty andpurchase. Alaska was full of natives,some of wliom had advanced well beyondthe stage of savagery and were Chris-tians. They were not consulted aboutthe purchasenor was their acquiescencerequired. The purchase was made by themen who had just put through a trium-phant war to restore the Union and free-th-

slaves, but none of them deemednecessary to the doctrine of the"consent of the governed" to a conclu-sion fantastic as to necessitate thoturning over of Alaska to Its originalowners, the Indian and the ForSO years the United States authorities,military and civil, exercised the supremeauthorltv in a tract of land many timeslarger tnan the Philippines, In which Itdid not seem likely that there wouldever be any considerable body of whiteInhabitants.

The of Hawaii.Nearly 30 years passed, before the next

Instance 'of expansion occurred, whichwas over in the Island of Hawaii. Axeffort was made at the end of PresidentHarrison's Administration to secure theannexation ofHawall. The effort wasunsuccessful. In a debate in Congress onFebruary- - 1891, of the leaders inopposing the annexation of thestated "these islands are more than 2000

miles distant from our westernboundary. We have a serious race prob-lem now in our country, and I am notin favor of .adding to domestica mongrel population (of this character).Our Constitution makes no provision lora colonial establishment territorial,government we establish wouldnecessarily because of the' population bean oligarchy, which would have to besupported by armed soldiers." 'Yet Ha-waii has "now been annexed her dele-gates have sat In the National conven-tions of the two great parties. The tearsthen expressed In to an oli-garchy" and "armed soldiers" are notnow seriously by any humanbeing; yet they are. precisely the objec-tions urged against the acquisition ofthe Philippines at this very moment Weare making no new departure. We arenot taking a single In anyway affects our institutions our tra-ditional policies. From the beginning wohave given widely varying degrees of--

to the different terri-tories, according to their needs.- -

It Ias?fot Imperialism.The simple truth is that there is noth-

ing even remotely resembling "impe- -"militarism" involved in the

present development of that policywhich been part of the

of America from the day, when shebecame nation. The mean abso-1- "lutely nothing as applied to our presentpolicy in the Philippines; for this policy;Is only imperialistic In the sense thatJefferson's policy was imperialistic; onlymilitary in the 'sense that Jackson's'

toward the Semlnoles or Custer's"toward the Sioux embodied militarism;and there is no more danger of its pro-ducing evil results at home now thanthere was of its interfering with

under Jefferson 'or. Jackson or inthe days of the Indian wars on the

Our Army is relatively not aslarge as It was in the days of Wayne;we have not regular for every

--inhabitants. is no. more

danger of a 'draft thanr there Is of thereintroductlon of slavery. When we ex-panded over Kew ftexjpo and Californiawe secured free goverhnlent these ter-ritories and their .falling underthe "militarism" dictatorship likethat of Santa Ana or the "Imperialism"of 'a real empire the days of Maxt-milllan- .1

We put a,' stop to ImperialismIn Mexico as soon. the Civil Warclosed. We made great

stride whence drove the Span-iards from Porto Rico and the Philip-pines, and thereby' ', made ready theground for tho ...gradually increasingmeasure of. for which

ar severally fitted. Cu-bans being helped along the path toindependence as readily as her own citi-zens content she should go. Thepresence of troops the Philippines dur-ing the Tagal insurrection has no moreto. do militarism or imperialismthan had their presence In the Dakotas,Minnesota and Wybmfng during themany years which' elapsed before the.final outbreaks or Ihe Sioux were def-initely put down. There ''Is no more mili-tarism imperialism garrisoning Lu-zon until order is restored than there was

MEN-N- O.

THEJ. was Monticello, la.,

during a practical education. newspapervaried. embracing, details of on papers.' work beganat Tacoma, Wash., on the

Salem, on Guard, . Howardduties of g H,TKA L.. S.Rowland. Behemla Nugget January 1899, has a

strong mining affairsAs editor Register of Nugget

during Mr. Howard has shown largeA Howard of

pollcy-amon- g younger of state, a

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imperialism In sending soldiers to SouthDakota in 1890 during the Ogallalla outbreak. The reasoning which justifiesour having made war against SittingBull4 also Justifies ,oilr having checkedthe outbreaks of Agulnaldo and his fol- -'

lowers," directed as they .were againstFilipino and American alike.

The only certain ',way of rendering Itnecessary for our Republic to enter on acareer of "militarism" would be toabandon the Philippines to their owntribes and at the, same time either toguarantee a stable, government among

'these tribes or to guarantee them againstoutside Interference. A? far larger armywould be required to carry out any suchpolicy than will be required to secureorder "under the American flag; whilothe presence of thl'fiag on the islands Isreally the only possible security againstoutside aggression. 4

Tho whole argument against PresidentMclvinley's policy lri the Philippines be-comes absurd when- - It Is conceded thatwe should, to quote the language of theKansas City platform, "give to the Phil-ippines first a stable form of govern-ment" If they are now entitled to In-dependence they are also entitled to de-cide for themselves whether their gov-ernment shall be stable or unstable, civ-ilized or savage, or whether they shallhave any government a all; while It Is,of course, equally evident that undersuch conditions we -- have no right what-

ever to guarantee them against outsideInterference any more than we have tomake such a guarantee in the case of thoBoxers (who are merely Chinese analo-gies of Agulnaldo's followers). If wehave a right to establish a stable gov-ernment in the islands it necessarily fol-lows that it is not only our right butour duty to 'support that government un-til the natives gradually grow fit to sus-tain it themselves. How else will It bestable? The minute we leave it, itceases to be stable.

Question of Contraction.Properly speaking, the question is not

whether we shall expand for we havealready expanded but whether we shallcontract. The Philippines are now partof American territory. To surrenderthem would be to surrender Americanterritory. They must, of course, begoverned primarily in the Interestsof their own citizens. Our first caremust be for the, people of the Isl-ands which have come under our guard-ianship as a result of the most righteousforeign war that has been waged withinthe memory of the present generation.They must.be administered In the Inter-ests of thelr-- i Inhabitants, and that neces-sarily means that any question of per-sonal or partisan politics In .their ad-ministration must be entirely eliminated.We must continue to put at the head ofaffairs In the different Islands such menas General Wood,' 'Governor Allen andJudge Taft; 'and it 'Is a most fortunatething that we are able to Illustrate whatought to be done in the way of 'sending'officers thither by pointing out what ac-tually has been done. The minor placesIn their administration, where It Is Im-possible to fill them by natives, must befilled by the strictest application of themerit system. It Is very Important thatIn ourxwn home administration the min-isterial and administrative officers, wherethe duties are entirely nonpolltlcal, shallbe filled absolutely without reference topartisan affiliations; but this is manytimes more important In the newly ac-quired islands. The merit system is iaits essence as democratic as our com-mon school system, for it simply meansequal chances and fair play for all.

Afynlnnldo Not Entitled to Povrer.It must be remembered always that

governing there islands in the interestsof the inhabitants may not necessarilybe to govern them as the Inhabitants at'th'o t moment prefer. To grant self

to Luzon .under Agulnaldowould be like grantingto an Apache reservation under some lo-

cal chief; and this Is no more altered by,tfie fact that the Philippines fought theSpaniards than It would be by tho factthat the Apaches have long been trainedand employed In thg United States Armyand'have rendered signal service therein;just' as the Pawnees did under the ad-ministration of President Grant; just astho Stockbrldge Indians' did In the daysof - Washington, and ' the friendly tribesof the 'Six Nations-did- . in the days ofPresident Madison.

There are now In tha .United States

communities of Indians which have ad-vanced so far that it has been possibleto embody .Worn as a.whole in our politi-cal system," all the members of the tribebecoming United States citizens. Thereare other communities where the bulk ofthe tribe are still too wild for it to bepossible to take such a step. There areIndividuals among the Apaches, Paw-nees, Iroquois, Sioux and other tribeswho are now United States citizens, andwho are entitled to stand and do standon an absolute equality with all our cit-izens of1 pure white blood. Men of In-dian bloo'd are now serving in the Armyand Navy and in Congress, and occupyhigh positions, both In the business andthe political world. There Is every reasonwhy as rapidly as an Indian or any bodyof Indians becomes fit for

he or it should be granted the full-est equality with the whites; but therewould be no justification whatever intreating this fact as a reason for aban-doning the wild tribes to work out theirown destruction. Exactly the same rea-soning applies in the case-o- f the Philip-pines. To' turn over the Islands toAgulnaldo and his followers would be togive to the Islanders;under no circumstances would the ma-jority thus gain Theywould simply be put at the mercy' of asyndicate of Chinese half-breed- s, underwhom corruption would flourish far .morefreely than ever it flourished underTweed, while tyrannical oppression wouldobtain to a degree only possible undersuch an oligarchy. nTour truly,

THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

AGAINST COLOMBIA.

Avrard of French. President oa theBoundary Question.

WASHINGTON, Sept 16. The Ministerof Costa Rica at Washington, SenorCalvq, has received a cablegram from theMinister of Costa Rica at Paris, whichconveys the information that the Presi-dent of the French Republic, M. Loubet,who was the arbitrator appointed to de- -

vclde the boundary question betweenCostaRica and Co'ombla, by his award of yes-terday, fixed the boundary limit betweenthe two countries on the Atlantic side atMona Point and on the Pacific side atPunta Barlca. The Republic of Colombiaclaimed that the limit should be fixed atCape Graclas.Adlos, on the Atlantic, in-cluding tho whole of Costa Rica and theNlcaraguan Atlantic Coast, and that thelimit on the Pacific side should be placedat Boruca River, to the northwest ofGolfo Dulce, which would have given Co-

lombia a .right to half the territory ofC:sta Rica and about two-thir- of thatof Nicaragua. Costa Rica claimed the oldlimits between Central America and Co-

lombia, placed at the Island of Escudode Veragua, on the Atlantic, and theRiver Chlriqul Vlejo, on the Pacific. Theaward fixes the boundary line on the Pa-cific side at Punta Barlca, as claimed byCosta Rica, and on the Atlantic deniesthe right of Colombia to any part of theterritory of Nicaragua or any portion ofthat of Costa Kica beyond Mona point.

GATHERED BLANK CHECKS.

Methods of a Man "Whom the PoliaeArrested.

. A man giving the name of J. CV Cog-gi- ns

arrived In Portland about a weekago and visited a printing office to getsome blank checks struck off. He had anelectro' plate with him, bearing the nameof Cogglns Brothers, Yreka, Cal., andsaid he was a member of that firm.Suspicions were aroused, the policecalled, and when Mr. Coggins came afterhis checks he was escorted to the cityjail, where he" admitted his name .wasnot Cogglns, but. T. M. Stuart. Thelumber firm in Yreka was telegraphed,and answered that no one was authorizedto 'have checks written for them.. The police went --to the man's room Ina lodging-hous- e 'and found an array ofblank checks from many different banks,some having the war tax stamps on.them. How he came by them the pris-oner declines to tell, but he virtuallyadmitted that Issuing checks Js his lineof business. He bears a strong re-

semblance to the photograph of a forgerwho ''did time" In Utah and In Minne-sota, but denies emphatically that he 13

the original. The police think he, is, how-ever, and had "Mr. Coggins" photo-graphed yesterday. ' He is a well-dress-

man, of about 40, and has the address ofa business man. His check enterprisehas been nlpppd.In the bud here, thoughhe may not be prosecuted on any charge.

a

LAFAYETTE KISSED A BELLE

It Was nt Her Ovrn Request, and Vir-ginia Society Was Sorely Shocked.

"La Fayette's stay In Alexandria, Va.,upon his return visit to America, was asuccession of fetes, opening with a civicand military parade," writes Mrs. Thad-deu- s

Horton, In the September Ladles'Home Journal. "The event to which everyone looked forward with delight thegrand ball. It was held In tho doubledrawing-room- s of the residence of Mr.and Mrs. Cazenore, which after Englishfashion, occupied the second floor. Thaapartments were richly decorated andwere thronged with the elite of Virginiasociety and many notable guests fromWashington City and elsewhere. La Fay-ette stood In the rear drawing-roo- andreceived with the Mayor of Alexandria,who Introduced the guests to him. Duringthe presentations a young lady from mid-

dle Virginia, a great belle, came up, andon being Introduced asked La Fayette tokiss her, which he Immediately did. Every-body was shocked at such an exhibitionof Immodesty on her part, and wonderedhow the General could be so undignifiedas to comply with her request. Nothingelse was talked of the entire evening butthis remarkable occurrence. The ladlesall thought it quite shameful and a dis-

grace to the occasion and blamed boththe girl and the Marquis. The gentlemen,however, thought La Fayette excusableunder the circumstances."

Eve's Origin.Harper's Bazar.

One of many legends that have offsetthe parsimony of Eve's biblical historyrepresents her as the end of man's crea-tion In a quite literal fashfon made, outof his tall! Strangely enough the legendanticipated science In Its view of theprimitive man's terminal facilities. An-

other legend gives a" dozen reasons whyEve was not made from this, that, or theother part of Adam, but from the ribonly, and then sayp that she had all thefaults and fallings which Yahweh hadendeavored to avoid. Clearly the legendof Eve, If not the Genesis narration, isdominated by a spirit of hostility towomankind. She Is another with Potl-phar- 's

wife and the wicked Jezebel andthe rebellious Vashti and the tricksy De-

lilah. She is typical of the women whoget men into trouble, and who give colorto the story that, when thero was mis-

chief in Persia, the King's flrst questionalways was, "Who was she?"

Republicans of Colorado.DENVER, Colo., Sept. 16. The Repub-

lican State Convention will convene inthe Broadway Theater in this city to-morrow to select a full state ticket. TheIndications are that there will be littleor no contest for places on the ticket,and It Is even said that a slate has beenmade and will be put through withoutany opposition. Frank C Goudy, a prom-inent lawyer of this city, will undoubted-ly be named for Governor.

The McKlnley' Sunday.CANTON, O., Sept. 16. President and

Mrs. M'cKinley drove to the cemeterytoday and placed flowers on the gravesof the'McKlnley children and other rela-tives burled there. In the afternoon thePresident and Mrs. McKlnley took an-other short drive. They received a num-ber of neighbors and friends who calledduring the day. Judge-McAte- of IndianTerritory, Is here to see the President.

TRIP OVER OREGON TRAIL

INTERESTING JOURNEY FROM FORTJARAMIE TO AMERICAN FALIS.

Professor YonBg Cover the DIffltance

and Well Describes the ManyPoints of Attraction.

AMERICAN FALLS, Idaho, Sept, 12.

It Is a stretch of six hundred miles fromFort Laramie to the American. Falls-th- ree

hundred to South Pass, "and threehundred to the falls of the Snake. InIts course thr;e great divides are crossed

the continental backbone at South Pass;the ridge separating the basin of theColorado from that of tho Great SaltLake, crossed where the trail makes fromthe tributaries of the Green to those ofthe Bear In southwestern Wyoming; thewater shed between the basin of theGreat Lake and the Valley of the Co-

lumbia, crossed in, passing from the val-ley of the Bear to that of the Snake asFort Hall Is approached. To describethis portion of the Oregon trail by thoriver courses that it follows, we 3ay thatit continues to make up the North Forkof tho Platte; not so closely, however, asat first on account of the canyons of thoupper river. As the Sweetwater entersthe Platte, running through a valleyreaching far to tho west, while the upperNorth Fork comes from the south, thepioneers necessarily left the valley of thePlatte and struck up that of the Sweet-water. . This they followed up a hundredmiles, turning to the right through SouthPass. A few miles on they found thePacific Springs, whose waters flow intothe Green. Down tho valley ot the Greentho trail was made, on the west side,and generally at a distance from thestream. This led to Fort Brldger, ahundred and fifty miles to the southwest

a. roundabout way. The Sublette andthe Larlble cut-of- fs leaving the oldertrail a little below Pacific Springs, woresoon opened and led more directly toFort Hall on the Snake. The older trailand the Sublette cut-o- ff each makesup a western tributary of theGrefen and passes into the val-ley of the Bear. The valley ofthis river Is followed so far as Its trendIs to the northwest This Is somo fivemiles beyond the Soda Springs. Heresome of the Callfornlans would turn offto the left and keep down the river. TheOregonlans and Callfornlans, not yetready to part company, would strikeacross the divide to the northwest and.following the Portneuf down towards theSnake would come to old Fort Hall. NearFort Hall some would cross the Snakoand continue in a nearly direct coursewestward, tklrtlng the foothills of theSalmon Mountains. The main stream ofthe migrations, however, wound along thesouth bsnk pf the Snake, passing theAmerican Falls. There was one fordingof the Platte and several of the Bear,a--d beyond the American Fall3 therewere two fordlngs of the Snake. Thegeneral course of the trail is west, a littlesouth of the middle of the present "Stateof Wyoming, unll South Pass Is reachedwhere the trail turns to the southwest,the' older route more than the cut-off- s:

reaching the Bear River Its course 13

northwest until It strikes tho Snake.' It Is seen that tha flrst transcontinental.railroad, the Government and Union Pa-cific, did not follow the trail up th6North Platte. A branch of the ChicagoNorthwestern system lias for some yearste3n headed along the line of the oldtrail. Its line from Orin Junctibn westto Cooper, the western end of the Fre-mont, Elkhorn and Missouri, indicatesthat tho Northwestern hasthe trail route. Ju3t now the Burlingtonand Missouri Is active In this quarter.It already has a line extendlnff fromCourt House Rock to twenty miles be-

yond Fort Laramie. And rumors aremany that it is projecting a line stillfarther. These do not Indicate, however,that it proposes to contest the North-wester-

rights to the Sweetwater val-ley and the South Pass. West of theRockies tho Union Pacific follows fromGranger to a point opposite Fort Bridgerquite closely the older portion of thetrail. The Oregon Short Line is practi-cally on the trail along the Bear River,Portneuf and the Snake as far as theAmerican Falls.

Conspicuous ftntnral Feature.The conspicuous natural features along

these six hundred miles of the trail areIndependence Rock, Devil's Gate, wherethe Sweetwater cuts through a graniterange of rocks. Soda Lake, Split Rock,South Pass, Wind River Mountains, SodaSprings and the American Falls.

Most promising Iron mines have beenopened some twenty-flv- e miles northwestof Fort Laramie, and a train-loa- d of oreis sent to the Pueblo smelters every day.- The cattle Industry continues to-- be thepredominant one as far west as the cross-ing of the North Fork, known to thopioneers as the Red Buttes. While thocattlemen maintain ranches upon thebottom lands, far up to the sources ofthe Sweetwater, the sheepmen have, inrecen.t years,, possessed themselves of thevast upland grazing. All of this areaaway from the streams Js still Govern-ment land, which the sheepmen pasturefree. They separate their sheep intoflocks of two or three thousand. Eachdrove Is in charge of a herder, who hasleft with him a wagon fitted out withstove, bed and a larder. As we struckone of these about noon one day, withouta ranch in sight, and a good-natur- andhospitable herder in possession of thawagon, we can vouch for the good stockof provisions It contained.

There Is a campmover who selects theranges for the several herders with theirflocks and moves their wagons. The dailyroutine of a herder and his flock Is to lienear a spring or stream of water duringthe heat of the day, and at 4 or 5 o'clockmove his herd cut upon tho range to re-

turn the next morning at 10. The sheep-men seem to be encroaching upon tho do-

main heretofore enjoyed by tho cattle-men. The cattlemen, however, predict thedestruction of the upland pasturage bythe sheep. At the high prices that haveprevailed during recent years, both cat-tle and sheep owners are making some 400

or 500 per cent on every head they marketThe increasing depredations of the wolve3cause them especial concern at present

There has been considerable activity Ingold mining during recent years in thecountry a few miles north of the trail, asit approaches South Pass. To the right ofthe trail as It comes down the valley ofthe Green River, crossing the Little andthe Big Sandy are the famous RockSpring coal mines from which comes themain coal supply of the Rocky Mountainregion. All In all, a trip through Cen-tral Wyoming Is calculated to Impress onewith the Idea of the immense mineral re-sources of the state. Her vast oil fieldsand coal and iron mines destine her to be-come the Pennsylvania of the West Wa-ter rights for agricultural and grazingpurposes are all taken up In thff southernpart of the state. Just now there- - Is astrong movement to the northern por-tion. A migration of some 30.000 Mormonsinto the Big Horn country is in progress.Bear River Valley seems to have a higherdevelopment in an agricultural way thanany of the irrigated districts to the eastAnd the valley of the Snake surpassesBear River.

Trail Largrcly Used as Road.The trail through this 600 miles Is still

largely used as a road. One Is com-pelled to admire the practical sagacityas engineers which the pioneers, or thosewho were the original locaters of thetrail, showed. Where other rout;s irepreferred, it is owing to the nec-jair-

of making connections with the rancheswhich are all along the river bottoms.The pioneers, concerned only with get-ting over the ground, with access to wa-

ter when camp was made, would makecut-off- s.

The prairie schooner making the pas

sage of the mountains Is not an infre-quent sight At Fish Creek." shortly be-fore reaching Independence Rock, we meta group of four wagons. They werebound for Nebraska from Idaho Falls.When remonstrated with for leaving thaWestern country, one of the occupantsremarked: "I am no pig- - I knowed whenI had enough.

At Independence Rock, we came upto a man with a large family on hl3way to some place In Washington. Hohad? as a young man. passed this placoin 1850. Now, with a family born andbred in Kansas, he was going over thasame road. They stopped to scan thocrevices and chambers of the rock forhis name and those of his erstwhile com-panions. Names in great numbers ap-pear on the rockf but the earlier, un-less deeply carved or painted In protect-ed places, are obscured by moss and thaweathering. While we found some thatappear in the annals of Oregon, nonethat was especially familiar was readduring our short stop.

We found many interesting and oblig-ing hosts among the proprietors ofranches on the Platte and Sweetwater.Some expressed themselves as delightedwith the conditions of life on the ranch.In their opinion, neighbors are mostneighborly when 20 miles apart,, and theircattle are not nearly so liable to betroublesome to each other a3 when but .half a mile separates them. The supremodisdain with which they look down upondairy farming was --well expressed in aremark by a sheep rancher's daughterwhich we overheard, She was on thetrain returning from a visit in Nebraska.When teased about the suitors she hadprobably interested thero she said thatshe had "no use for such hayseeds."Ranching in their eyes is lordly, but or-

dinary farming plebeian, done by hay-seeds. While our experience proved theexistence of delightful exceptions amongthe their reputation asreckless, unsocial individuals, little re-gardful for their own welfare or forthat of any one else, la not altogetherunfounded.

Towns Along: the Route.The towns along the route are either

dead, but unburied wrecks of bygone mil-itary or mining activity, or they areflourishing, wide - open gambling andbrawling hells. There are always, how-ever, considerate, refined and, hospitablepeople to be found. Soda Springs, onBear River, is especially favored in itssprings, which are beings utilized com-mercially. "Old Steamboat spring." onthe brink of the Bear River, gushes asof yore, just as noted by the pioneers.The yellowish mound wtth springs incrater-lik- e openings are also thero. Atalmost every town one learns of clus-ters of graves' near the trail.

To describe the old Oregon trail by thesereferences to tho aspects of Its environ-ment does not suggest Its significance.Tho 2000-mi- le groove across the continent

deep and canal-lik- e where It passes oversandy wind-swe- pt stretches, and scarcelytraceable where harder rocks come tothe surface has Its significance from thopurposes and resolution of the men andwomen who in moving to their destinationmade It. These men and women wereinstruments in effecting the greatest sin-gle expansion ever achieved by any peo-ple. The earlier pioneers ftx undauntedlycarrying out their resolution and movingacross this continental wilderness were inan Important way affecting tho destiniesof the world. Having visions of home3with easy access to the greater sea, thopioneers pushed forward with unparalleledfortitude and gained a vantage ground forAmerican civilization which, more thanany other thing enables this nation nowto enforce Its function as arbiter in worldaffairs.

It Is no doubt open to succeeding goner,atlons of Oregonlans to malco as enduringan impress upon national and world his-tory as did the pioneers. Tho surestmeans of toning their minds to high re-solve i3 for them to cherish the signifi-cance of the old Oregon tralL It shouldbo preserved as an honored symbol ofwhat was probably the most representa-tive American achievement

F. G. YOUNG

THINGS IN 1893-- 6.

Pertinent Answer to Haxcnafa Attaclcoxx Cleveland.

New York Evening Post.The Republicans came Into power In

1SS9. and soon made havoc of. the surplus.Two bills were immediately Introducedhaving this object in view, and a thirdwas brought forward later. One of thesewas the McKlnley tariff, which) con-tained a clause repealing the duties onsugarr which struck out $3900,000 of rev-enue at one blow; that la, about one-ha- lf

of the annual surplus. The secondwas a new pension bill, which eventuallyadded $50,000,000 to the expenditures, andwhich led Corporal Tanner, who waa thenCommissioner of Pensions, to exclaim."God help the surplus." Tho third bill,which came later, waa the Sherman sil-ver act, tho worst of the three In Itseffects upon private business and uponthe Treasury as welL

The Bland-Alliso- n. silver bill had beenIn operation since February, 1878, callingfor an expenditure of about $25,000,000 peryear for silver bullion to be coined intosilver dollars, a species of flat moneywhich was kept at par by a roundaboutprocess of redemption. The Governmentwhich paid them out took them back atthe custom-hous- e and the tax office, sothat anybody could realize par for them-b-

paying them to the Government. Ob-

viously this condition could last only aslong as the amount outstanding waa nolarger than tho Government could takeIn for taxes. The publlo understood thesituation perfectly.

The Sherman silver act proposed to In-

crease the purchases of sliver bullionfrom 52,000,000 worth per month to 4.B00,-0- 00

ounces per month, and to issue a newkind of fiat monoy on it a kind that didnot need to be coined, and could, there-fore, be put out faster than silver dol-

lars. This law was passed In July, 1890.

It added to the public expenses about$50,000,000 per year, and not only ran theTreasury In debt for current expenses,but created an apprehension in the pub-

lic mind that we were within measure-abl- edistance of & suspension of gold

payments.The Treasury surplus began to grow

less until it disappeared altogether. Thegold reserve began to shrink. SecretaryFoster,' in the latter part of 1892. beganto talk about Issuing bonds to replenishthe reserve, and actually gave an orderfor the preparation of plate3 for print-ing the bonds. Mr. Dolllver. of Iowa,the same who ha3 Just been appointedSenator from Iowa, was Interviewed onthe financial situation about the middleof January, 1S93, to the following pur-port:

Tha Treasury Is 'n no present danger. It willpay gold on demand for every piece of silver orpaper outstandlns as long as we (the Repub-licans) are In power. To be sure, the percent-age of gold on hand Is not as great as It hasbeen, but It la sufficient Tho people won't callfor It; the paper currency Is good enough forthem. "What may happen after the 4th otMarch is not our affair. There la no reasonwhy we should go out ot our way to help theDemocrats. Let each party look out for Itsown troubles. That la my present vtow. How-ever, I reservo the right to change It later.

Mr. Dolllver's diagnosis of the situa-tion, both political and financial. In thomiddle of January. 1893. was correct. Itwas also frank. It was an acknowledg-ment that If a panic was approaching. Itwould not be the work of the IncomingAdministration, although the latter wouldhave to bear the burden of it. Tha paniccame a few months later. It was causedby the three profligate and disastrousmeasures enacted by a Republican Con-gress here enumerated, and now SenatorHanna has the effrontery to point backto the hard times of 1S93-9- 7 as thoughthey had been caused by the Administra-tion which suffered from them.

Capital Invested represents $11,033.954,S93,an average of 5G0,556 per mile of line.

Number of employes, 923,924, an averageof 49G per 100 miles.