8/10/2019 Jerusalem in Bible
1/9
Jerusalem in Bible Times: V. Zion, Ophel, and MoriahAuthor(s): Lewis Bayles PatonSource: The Biblical World, Vol. 29, No. 5 (May, 1907), pp. 322+327-333Published by: The University of Chicago PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3141119.
Accessed: 22/11/2014 04:58
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at.
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
.
The University of Chicago Pressis collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The
Biblical World.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 109.101.36.38 on Sat, 22 Nov 2014 04:58:27 AM
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpresshttp://www.jstor.org/stable/3141119?origin=JSTOR-pdfhttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/stable/3141119?origin=JSTOR-pdfhttp://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress8/10/2019 Jerusalem in Bible
2/9
JERUSALEM IN
BIBLE TIMES
PROFESSOR LEWIS
BAYLES PATON, PH.D., D.D.
HartfordTheologicalSeminary
V. ZION, OPHEL, AND MORIAH
I. Zson.
Another hill mentioned in the Old
Testament even
more frequently
than the City of David is Zion.
In regard to the
location of this
hill the views have been as diverse
as they have
been
in regard o the City of David. The traditionboth of the Greekand
of
the Latin church identifies
Zion with SW.
This is followed by
Robinson,
Williams, Lewin, and DeVogue. The
first trace of this
view is found in
the narrativeof the Bordeaux
Pilgrim dating from
the fourth century
A. D.
The
monk Brocardus n
I283 followed
this view in his topography of
Jerusalem. Aben Ezra, De Lyra,
Lightfoot, Hiller, and others have
identifiedZion
with NW. Fergu-
son and Thrupp
identified t with NE. Clarke,
Buckingham,and
Ritter identified
it with the Hill of Evil Counsel
southeast of the
city. In recent times the view has become general that Zion is the
name for the entire easternridge.
This view was
first advocatedby
Caspari,and has
been adoptedby Birch, Weikert,
Socin, Guthe, Ben-
zinger, Buhl, and
G. A. Smith. Even the monks
of St. Stephen's
in
Jerusalemhave come to accept
the east-hilltheory n opposition
o
the traditionof
the Latin church.
The arguments n supportof
the
identification f Zion with the
easternhill are as follows:
I.
All the
early references o the City of
David identify it
with
Zion in such a
way as to show that Zion and the
City of David must
have lain on the
same ridge. In II Sam. 5:7[= I
Chron.II :5] we
read: "Nevertheless, David took
the strongholdof Zion; the same
is the City of
David." In I Kings 8: It= II Chron.
5:2] we are told
that Solomonbroughtup the ark
of the covenant
of the Lord out of
the City of David, which is Zion.
The City of David, as we have
seen, was located on the southern
extremityof the easternhill. If it
can be explained
by sayingthat it is
Zion, this indicates hat Zion was
a name for the
same hill.
327
This content downloaded from 109.101.36.38 on Sat, 22 Nov 2014 04:58:27 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp8/10/2019 Jerusalem in Bible
3/9
-
J
1
EAST
HILL
OF
JERUSALEM-
THE
TRUE
ZTON
This content downloaded from 109.101.36.38 on Sat, 22 Nov 2014 04:58:27 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp8/10/2019 Jerusalem in Bible
4/9
s l
s
-
s
s
8
F
-
*|6
:
-
|
|
:
328
THE
BIBLICAL
WORLD
2.
The
pre-exllic
rophets
requently
peak
of
Zion
as
ina
peculiar
sense
the
abode
of
Yahweh.
This
shows
hat
it wasthe hill upon
which
the
Temple
stood.
Thus,
Amos
I:2?
"Yahweh
hall
roar
from
Zion;"
sa
2:3,
"Many
people
hall
come
up
to
the
mouxltain
of
Yahweh,
o
thewhouse
f
the
God
of
Jacob.
.
o
for
out
of
Zion
shall
go
forth
nstruction;"
sa.
4:5J
"And
the
Lord
will
create
olrer
the
whole
habitation
f
Mount
Zion,
and
over
her
assemblies,
cloud
and
smoke
by
day;"
:
I8,"
Yahweh
f
hosts
dwelleth
n
Mount
Zion;2'
SOUTHWEST
HILTHE
TRADIT10NAL
ZION
I4:32
"Yahweh
hath
founded
Zion;"
8:7X
"A
present
hall
be
brought
nto
Yahweh
fhosts o theplaceofthenameofYahweh f
hosts
the
mount
of
Zion;"
9:I)
7
9,
"Anel,
the
city
where
David
encamped,"
nd
where
he
feasts
of
Yahweh
re
celebrated,
s
called
Mount
Zion;
I:4J
"Yahweh
f
hosts
will
come
down
o
Eght
upon
Mount
Zion;"
I
:9,
"whose
ire s
in
Zion;"
3:
202
"Z;on,
he
city
of
our
olemnities"
MicZ
:
I2
PUtS
into
parallelism
ith
he
statement,
"
Zion
hall
be
ploughed
s
a
field,"
the
mountain
f
the
house
hall
become
s
the
high
places
of
a
forest."
Mic.
:7
says:
"Yahweh
shall
eign
over
hem
n
Mount
Zion."
Jer.
8:
I9
inquires:
"Is
not
This content downloaded from 109.101.36.38 on Sat, 22 Nov 2014 04:58:27 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp8/10/2019 Jerusalem in Bible
5/9
JERUSALEMIN
BIBLE
TIMES
329
Yahweh in Zion?
Is not her
king in
her?" Jer. 3I:6,
I2 reads:
"Let us go up to Zion unto Yahweh our God." "They shall come
and sing in
the height of
Zion." These
passages
indicate that
the
Temple, the
earthly abode
of Yahweh,
stood
upon Zion. But
the
Temple was
certainly
situated upon the
eastern hill;
consequently
Zion
also must be
soughton this hill.
3.
The early
prophets
mention Zion as
the residenceof
the
king
and the
nobility.
We know,
however, hat
Solomon'spalace
adjoined
the
Temple and
was inclosed
within the
same wall;
consequently
Zion
must be
identifiedwith the
eastern hill.
Amos 6: I
describes
the rulersof Judah as " thosethatare at ease in Zion,"and putsthem
into
parallelismwith
the rulersof
Israel who dwell
in
Samaria. Isa.
3: I6
f. describes he
wives of
the aristocracy
s " daughters
of Zion;"
I6:I
tells the
distressedMoabites
to send a
tribute of
lambs to the
ruler
of Judah unto
the mountof
daughterZion.
Isa. 28:
I6, describ-
ing
the conditionof
the renewed
nation,
says: " Behold I
lay in Zion
for a
foundation tone, a
tried stone, a
precious
corner-stone."
Mic.
4:8 says that
the
formerdominion
of the kings of
Judah shall
again
return
o Ophel of
daughterZion.
In this
connection t
may be men-
tioned that Cant.
3:II
representsthe daughters of Zion as going
forth
to meet King
Solomonon his
return o his
palacewith
his bride.
4.
The exilic
writingsconnect
Zion with the
Temple as
frequently
as do the
pre-exilic
writings; thus, Lam.
I:4,
"The ways of
Zion
do
mourn, because
none come to
the
solemnassembly; all
her gates
are
desolate, her
priests do sigh;"
2:6f.,
"Yahweh
hath caused
solemn
assembly and
sabbath to be
forgotten n
Zion; he hath
cast
off his altar
and abhorredhis
sanctuary; 4: I, I I, "
The stones of
the
sanctuary are
poured out;"
"Yahweh has
kindled a fire
in Zion;"
Obad., vs I7, "In Mount
Zion there shall
be those
that escape,
and
it
shall be
holy" (cf. also Isa.
52:7 f.;
60: I4; 64: I0
f; Jer. 50: 5,
28;
5I:
I0).
5. The
post-exilic
prophets n like
manner
speak of Zion as
the
dwelling-place f Yahweh
(cf. Zech. 2:
I0; 8: 2, 3;
Joel 2: I, I5; 3:
I6,
I7, 2I; Isa.
24: 23).
6.
In the Psalter
Zion is scarcely
ever mentioned
except
in connec-
tion with the
Temple
and its
worship. In a
numberof passages t
is
put into
parallelismwith the
sanctuary; hus,
Ps. 20:
2, "Send hee
help
This content downloaded from 109.101.36.38 on Sat, 22 Nov 2014 04:58:27 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp8/10/2019 Jerusalem in Bible
6/9
THE BIBLICAL WORLD
33o
from the sanctuary, nd strengthenhee out of Zion;"Ps. 78:68,
"MountZionwhichhe loved,and he built his sanctuary."As the
site of the Temple,Zion s repeatedly escribed s "the placethat
Yahwehhas chosen,"or "has loved" (cf. Pss. 78:68; 87:2, 5).
It is also said to be "the place wherehe dwelleth," r "wherehe
reigns" cf.Pss.48:2; 74:2; 76:2; 99:2; I32:I3; I46:Io; 9:IIv I4;
2:6; 87:2). As the dwelling-placef Yahweh,Zion s described s
the sourceof salvation, ife, and blessing or Israel (cf. Pss. 9:I4;
I4:7; 50:2; 53:6; IIo:2; I28:5; I33:3; I34:3) Zion is also
repeatedly escribed s the placewhere he worship f Yahweh oes
on, whichalso mplies hat t wasthe mountain n which he Temple
stood; thus,Ps. 65: , "Praisewaiteth or thee,O God, n Zion,and
unto heeshall hevowbe performed;Ps.84: 7, " Every neof them
appeareth eforeGod in Zion." In Ps. I37: I, 3 the songsof the
Temple are described s songs of Zion (cf. Ps.
I02: 2I; I47: I2;
I25:I). Those who followecclesiasticalraditionn locatingZion
on the west hill explain hese passagesby assuming hat the name
Zionwas originallypplied o SW,but wassubsequentlyxtendedo
cover he entire ity,and thenwas imited n the language f religion
to theTemplemountain. This theorys so artificialhat t hasfound
no favoramong riticalhistorians.
7. The writings f the ApocryphaonnectZionwith the Temple
in precisely he samemanner s the earlier iterature. In I Macc.
4:37, 38 we read: "Andall the armywasgatheredogether ndthey
went up untoMountZion. And they saw the sanctuaryaid deso-
late, and the altar profaned, nd the gates burnedup, and shrubs
growing n the courtsas in a forestor as on one of the mountains,
and the pnests'chambers ulleddown;" Macc. 5:54, "And thev
wentup to MountZionwithgladness nd oy,andofferedwholeburnt
men, and they fled into the City of David;and after these things
Nicanorwentup to MountZion,and therecamesomeof the priests
out of the sanctuary."In I4:27 it is narrated hat it was decided
to set up certain illars n honor f Simon n MountZion. In I4:48
we are told that thesewereset up in a conspicuouslacewithin he
compass f thesanctuary.
The only wawTn which advocates f the west-Zion heorycan
This content downloaded from 109.101.36.38 on Sat, 22 Nov 2014 04:58:27 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp8/10/2019 Jerusalem in Bible
7/9
JERUSALEM IN BIBLE TIMES 33I
dispose fthese tatementss
to assert hat
FirstMaccabeess in error
in its identification.Thus,MommertVol.I, p.
I79)
remarks: In
the second
centurybeforeChrist n
MaccabeesZion
appears or a
short ime as
a designationf the
sanctuary."As a matterof fact,
Zion has
neverappeared s anything lse
than a
designationf the
sanctuaryrom he earliest
imesonward.
Thisidentifications not
peculiar o Maccabees
mongthe books
of theApocrypha, ut is
found also in
Ecclus. 24:Io, "In the
holytabernacle ministered
beforehim;
and so was I establishedn
Zion;"I Esdr.8:8I, "He
glorifiedhe
templeof our
Lord,andraisedup the desolate
Zion."
8.
Josephus everuses henameZion,but n Ant. ,
I3: 2; Vii. 4 : 2;
I3:4, he states hat David's
entfor the arkwas pitched n
the same
mountain n whichSolomon's
emplewas
afterward uilt. Dand's
tentfor the
ark,accordingo II Sam.6:I2,
was placed n the Cityof
David on
MountZion; consequently
osephus lso seems
to have
held that Zion was the
Temple hill. We find thus an
unbroken
tradition
dentifying ionwiththe eastern
ill from he earliest imes
down o about OO A. D.
The only
objectiorlo this view is that
in many
passages f the
OldTestamentZion s put nto parallelism ithJerusalem.This, it
is claimed,
hows hatZionwasa name or
the wholecity,
andthere-
fore forbidsourbasingany
conclusionspon ts connection
ith he
Temple. This parallelism
f Zion and Jerusalems
found n the
pre-exilic
rophetscf. AmosI :2; Mic. 4: 2
L=Isa.2:3j;
Isa. 4:3 f.;
o:32; 3I :4f.,9; 33:20;
37:22,32[ =II Kings g:2I,3I];
Mic.3:Io
I2 [ =Jer.26:
I8]; 4: 8; Zeph.3: 4, I6). It is
foundmorerequentlyn
the exilicand
post-exiliciteraturecf. Jer. 5I
:35; Lam. :
I7; 2: O,
I3; 4:II f.; Isa.40:9; 4I:27;
52:I f.; 62:I; 64:Io; Zech.
:I7; 8:3;
9:9; Joel 3:I6 f.; Ps. 5I:I8; 76:2; Io2:I6, 2I; I28:5; I47:I2;
I35:2I;
Ecclus.24:O f.). In a number f
passages ion
and daugh-
ter Zionare
usedas names or the wholeof
Jerusalemcf.
Isa. I: 27;
Io:24; 29:8;
33:5, I4; Mic.
I:I3; 4:Io f; 4:I3; Jer
3:I4; 4:6,
3I; 6:2, 23; 9:I9; 30:I7;
Lam.I:6, I7; 2:I, 4, 8, I8;
4:22; 5:II,
I8; Isa. I2:6;
49:I4; 5I:3, II, I6; 6I:3;
62:II; 66:8; Zech.2:7;
Joel 2:23; Isa 35:Io; Ps. 9
I4; 87:5;
Io2:I3, I6; I26:I; I29:5).
It should
be noted hat all
thesepassagesn whichZion
s put nto
parallelism
ith Jerusalem,
r in which t is described s
if it were
This content downloaded from 109.101.36.38 on Sat, 22 Nov 2014 04:58:27 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp8/10/2019 Jerusalem in Bible
8/9
THE BIBLICAL
WORLD
32
the
whole city, are poetical.
There is not one
instance in prose in
which
Zion is identifiedwith
Jerusalem. Zion is E>aralleloJudahor
Israel
in a numberof
passages (cf. Jer. I4:I9; Lam.
5:II; Isa. 46:
I3;
ZeCh,9:I3; PST48
II,I2;69:35;78:68;97:8;I49:2). It
would
not be
safe to infer from
these that Zion is literally
synonymous
with
all of Judah or
Israel. It
is equally unsafe to
infer from poetic
parallelism hat Zion is
literallysynonymouswith
Jerusalem.
When
we
consider hat in the great
majorityof
passages Zion is
connected
with the Temple
or with somethingon
the eastem
hill, and that in
not
one passage s it
connectedwith the westernhill,
the easiest way
to explain the Old Testament usage is to assume that Zion was
originallya name
for the eastem hill, but
that its associationwith
the
Temple made it
suitable as a poetic
designation of Jerusalem
or
Judah viewed as
a religious
community. When,
therefore, it is
placed
in parallelismwith
Jerusalemor Judah, it
does not
indicate
that it
had an actual
geographical xtension o the
westem hill.
This
is a
more natural hvpothesis
han the one
which assumes that
Zion
was
originallythe
name of the western
hill, was then extended
to
the whole citv,
and was finally imited
again to the
Temple mount.
II. OpheZ. The hill of Ophel is first mentioned in Mic. 4:8,
where
it is describedas "
Ophel of daughterZion."
Since Zion has
been
found to lie on the
eastem hill, this implies
that Ophel was
on
the same ridge.
Neh. 3:26 states that "
the Nethinim
dwelt in Ophel
unto
the place over against
the Water
Gate toward the east."
The
Water
Gate
opened upon the path which
led down from the
eastem
hill to the spring
of Gihon; consequently
Ophel was situated n
the
middle
of the
easternhill. The same
location s assigned o it by
the
statements of Neh. 3:27 and
II:2I. II Chron.
27:3 mentions the
wall of Ophel in connectionwith the upper gate of the house of the
Lord.
II Chron. 3:I4
connects he compassing
bout of Ophel
w]th
the
buildingof an outer wall
to the City
of David on the west
side of
Gihon.
Josephus, n Wars,
v, 4:2, says that the
eastem wall of
the
city
ran from
Siloam to the Temple and
joined the eastern
cloisterat
a place called
Ophel. Wars,v, 6: I,
connectsOphelwith the
Temple
and
the Valley of Kidron (cf.
n, 6: 3). From hese
passages t is
clear
that
Ophel must
have lain on the eastem
hill immediately outh of
the
Temple.
This content downloaded from 109.101.36.38 on Sat, 22 Nov 2014 04:58:27 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp8/10/2019 Jerusalem in Bible
9/9
JERUSALEM IN BIBLE TIMES
333
IIIwMoriah--Moriahas a name or the Templemount s givell
only n lI Chron 3: x Gen.
22: 2, I4
(editorial)eems o know his
name, nasmuch s it explainsMoriahas meanlng he placewhere
men ought to appear before Yahweh-that is, the Temple. No
tracesof this name are found n early iteratureand it is doubtful
whethert was in actualuse. In all earlywritingsZion s the name
for the Templehill If Monah s a realname, henwe mustassume
that t applied o oneof the smaller eaksof the eastern ille In that
case Zion was the name of the whole easternndge, and its three
smallerpeaks extending rom northto southwere Moriah}OphelX
andCityof David.
THE VET,EY OF KIDRON
This content downloaded from 109 101 36 38 on Sat 22 Nov 2014 04:58:27 AM
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp