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JAPANESE DYNASTY IN
DIFFERENT PERIODS
BARANEEDHARAN K-09AA07
CHITRA K-09AA09
RAJAN BL-09AA28
SEERALAN T-09AA35
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Paleolithic Culture
No solid evidence of human presence before
35,000 years ago.
Earliest inhabitants of Japan are believed to have
migrated from Northwest Asia and from the
islands/regions of southwest Asia
Settle in coastal regions
Name comes from Chinese jih pen which meansorigin of the sun
At one time there was a land bridge connectingsouthern Japan with Korean peninsula
Japan was relatively safe from invasion & developsindependent of the rest of Asia
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Jmon (Neolithic) Culture
Jomon Period (10,500-300 BCE): One of Japans earliest distinct
culture,Jomon, meaning cord markings, refers to the techniquethat this culture used to decorate earthenware vessels.
The dominate people were probably Ainu. The population mayhave reached 250,000. Average life expectancy was 15 years.
They were primarily hunter-gatherers who lived on deer, wild boreand fish.
Villages consisted of 6-10 pit dwellings and were marked by hugeshell mounds.
Human remains indicate tooth mutilation, a Southeast Asianinitiation practice.
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Ainu Ainu are to the closest in
cultural and physicalappearance to the Jomon
Referred to as the hairyones
Japans equivalent toAmerican Inuit
Live in the northern most
regions of Japan
Forced to move northwardas Japanese populationexpands in 8th Century
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Jomonfigure
shows signsof
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Yayoi Culture The Yayoi period was 200 BCE-300 CE. It was
Japans iron age.
The population increased by ten to 15 timessuggesting a major influx of people who settledin Kyushu and the Kansai area.
Skeletal remains indicate anatomical differencesfrom the existing population.
DNA samples suggest migrants were from Chinaslower Yangze River basin.
The period is marked by settled wet-riceagriculture and metallurgy. Metals were used toproduced weapons, tools, mirrors & ceremonialbells.
Shamanism and fertility cults were common.
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Horse-rider Theory
Namio-Egami
Basic Character of Yayoiand Early Tomb Periods isIncantatory, sacrificial,
southeast Asian, in a wordagricultural
Late Tomb Period is realist,warlike, baronial, northAsian, in
a word Horse-riderYayoi potswere wheel
thrown and hitemp fired.
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Yayoi uji: clans Clans headed by single figure -- both
War-chief and priest
Women held prominent place in uji,perhaps even serving as clan head orPriestess.
Each clan associated with a single god orkami which represented a force ofNature.
When one ujiconquered another, it
absorbed its kamiinto its own religiouspractices resulting in a complexpantheon ofkami
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KOFUN-The Tomb PeriodKofun ancient burial mounds
Korean Connection
Keyhole shape
150,000 kofun have been found. The largest were 400meters in length.
The tombs indicate the increasing organization ofsociety and the existence of surplus labor.
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Late Tomb Period
Yamato kings and local chiefs Complex web of allegiance and fealty
Loosely centralized political order
Korean Connection Crucial transmitters of ideas and material
culture Wa military on peninsula
7th century wars on peninsula stimulatedimmigration to archipelago.
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Known as largest tumulus (pitgraves covered by sometimesenormous mounds).
Central mound, which takesthe keyhole form.
1,600 feet long and rises to aheight of 90 feet. It covers458 acres.
Objects were placed with thecoffin to assist in thetransition to the next life.
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Burial Practices
This Tall Pine Burial Mound nearNara was decorated with paintings
and star patterns on the ceiling.
Haniwa are clay figures & objectsthat were placed around tombs.
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Asuka TransformationThe Asuka period is the first when the
Japanese imperial court ruled relatively
uncontested.
The court was located in the Asuka region ofYamato Province, but had no permanentcapital.
The period (538-646 CE) overlaps the lateTomb period and extends to the TaikaReform.
The Yamato court exercised power over clanson Honshu and Kyushu. They suppressed
warring clans, awarded titles to subordinatedchieftains and acquired agricultural land.
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Korean ConnectionThe late Asuka period was greatly
influenced by contact with Korea,especially through refugees.
Buddhism was introduced under thesponsorship of the King of Paekche(552).
Warfare on the peninsula included anattempted invasions by Sui (611-614)and a struggle for supremacy betweenPaekche, Koguryo & Silla, promptingKorean immigration to Japan.
The perceived threat to Japan of aunified Korea under Silla and Tangcontrol spurred domestic reform.
Vairocana in
the Todaiji
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ara er o
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ara er o : -794710: first permanent
capital established at Nara
712:A Record of AncientMatters: first book of orallypreserved historic legends
Emperors embracedBuddhism leading to rapidand dramatic expansion
759: The Manyoshu: first
poetry anthology
784:Rise in political powerof Buddhist monasteriesled to capital being movedto Nagaoka
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Nara Fashion
During the Nara and the previous Asuka periods,techniques for dyeing silk were developed. Clothing
consisted of many pieces including upper and lowergarments, jackets, a front skirt, and a back skirt.
Th H i P i d
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In 794 Japans emperor moved the capital to Heian, nowcalled Kyoto. Many nobles moved to Heian, where they
developed an elegant and stylish court society. At theHeian court, Japanese culture flowered.
Heian nobleslived inbeautifulpalaces,enjoyed livesof privilege
So removedfrom commonpeople, manycalled selvesdwellers
Life in the HeianPeriod
Rules governed
all aspects ofcourt behavior,dress
Elaborate silk
gowns forwomen
Proper way towrite note, an
art form
Etiquette
The Heian Period
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Heian Court DressHeian Court Dress
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The Fujiwaras
Fujiwara family controlled
Japan for
most of Heian period
Many Fujiwaras served as
regentFujiwaras often married
daughters to heirs of throne
Rich landowners with
private armies eventuallychallenged
Fujiwaras, Japans centralgovernment Detail of the Flying
Storehouse, from The
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Heian Literature Men continued to write
Chinese-style poetry
Women began to writein Japanese prose
First novel: GenjiMonogatari by LadyMurasaki Shikibu
Diaries:The Pillowbook by
Sei Shonagan
As I Crossed aBridge of Dreamsby Lady Sarashina
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K k P i d B k f
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Kamakura Period BakufuGovernment:
Lord-Retainer SystemShoguns government structure:Classic Patron-client, or Lord-retainer
system
Shogun accepts allegiance (oaths of
loyalty) from lesser lords Each lord supported by corps of samurai
retainers who swear allegiance to him.
Lords provide leadership and resources
Retainers provide military service,
loyalty, and obedience to their lord
KamakuraPeriod
Samurai
F d liF d li
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FeudalismFeudalism
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SamuraiWeaponry:
Swords
Bow and Arrow
Also Spears
For mountedsamurai
i h i
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Samurai ChargingSamurai Charging
Kamakura:
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Kamakura:Japan under
attackMongol invasions:
1274 & 1281
Divine Winds: or Kamikazesave Japan at the lastmoment
arr ng a es er o : -
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arr ng a es er o : -CE
100 years of civil war
Changes in Bushidoand lord-retainer
systemDramatic changes in
social structure
Change in economic
structure
Muromachi Period
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Muromachi Period
1336 1573
Beginning of the shogunand samurai rule, leadingto Age of Wars
Zen Buddhism
Dry landscapegardening
Ryoan-ji, Kyoto (Below)
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Gempei War Period -Civil Wars1156: Hgen Disturbance--Taira (or Heike) and
Minamoto (or Genji) on both sides 1160: Heiji Disturbance-- Taira were solidly
aligned against the Minamoto. A Taira victoryenabled the clan to become the new aristocracyat court from 1160 until the early 1180s
1180: Taira-Minamoto War -- Minamotochieftains rose in the provinces that led to thedefeat of the Taira
Sengoku Period(1477
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Sengoku Period(1477-1568)
Onin War (1467-77)
Total disintegration
of centralauthority.
High feudalism
Spread of highculture
Constant warfare
Momoyama
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MomoyamaPeriod
1573 1615Three powerful warlords
ousted shogun andconsolidated political
authorityConstruction of castles
Himeji Castle (WhiteHeron Castle)
Tea ceremonySen no Rikyu, tea master
A hi/M P i d(1568 1598)
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Azuchi/Momoyama Period(1568-1598)3 Shoguns who unified Japan in the late 1500s are:
OdaNobunaga:
ReducedBuddhistcontrol over
Japanesepolitics.
Built castlesto defend hislands
Paved theway forunificationwith newadministrative practices.
Continued centralizedgovt. power.
Changed the tax on the
land from money toquantities of rice(koku).
Society based onformal class structure.
Created a standingarmy.
Farmers and warriorshad to choose one orthe other and not both
Establishedhis
government base inEdo.
Finalizedunificationof Japan
ToyotomiHideyoshi: TokugawaIeyasu
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Oda NobunagaToyotomiHideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyas
Ed P i d
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Edo Period
1615 1868
Tokugawa Ieyasureinstated title ofShogun
Institutions set up tolimit social and culturalchange
Banning of Christianity
Expelled all foreignersexcept Dutch
Edo Period Control
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Edo Period ControlTechniques
Japanese forbidden to
leave & return (1635).
Foreigners forbidden toenter (1639).
Local areas controlledby daimyo(lords).
Daimyo controlled byshogunate.
Travel discouraged.
Meiji Restoration
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Meiji RestorationShogun forced to relinquish
powerPower officially in hands of
Emperor Mutsuhito
-His reign was called the
Meiji
Japan westernized
-Quickly went to work
crafting a constitution
Satsuma/Choshu
Plotters
Meiji Leadership
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Meiji Leadership
Collective leadership
with the Emperor
20-30 young leaders-Mostly samurai
-Mostly from Satsuma orChoshu
-Includes some reformersamong the royal court
Known as the MeijiOligarchy
Young EmperorMei i
Meiji Restoration:Rapid
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Meiji Restoration:RapidWesternization / modernization
Abolish Caste Structure Strip Daimyo of Han and special privilege
Compensate Daimyo for lost land with cash
Abolish Samurai class and privileges Adopt conscript army of commoners
Forbid wearing of swords
Assign many former samurai as government officials
Meiji Art
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Meiji Arttakes a
modernturn
The Taisho Period (1912-1926)
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The Taisho Period (1912 1926)and the 1920s
Financial conditions force
cuts in spendingUnable to fund domestic
program and new divisionsin military
Prime Minister Saionjiforced out of office
Mass demonstrations
Attempt at imperial orderfails
Significance: first timeparty majority, back by
popular opinion, had
II Samurais III
PP.16-17
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xxxx xxxx xxx
I. EmperorsRule
II. Samurai sRule
X
III.Modern-ization
WAR
IV.Postwar
Clanfight
s
645
NARA
Centralizatio
n
HEIANNobles,
Decentralizati
on
Internal
wars,dynam
ic &fluid
society
Peace,isolati
on,conservativeclass
society
EDO
Tokuga
waShogun
ate
KAMAKURA
MUROMACHI
SENGOKU
1867
MEIJI
Westernization,industri
alization,militarilization
Rapid
recovery and
growth
Hunting &
gathering
TaikaReform
Rice Chineseculture &Buddhis WEST: guns &Christianity
WEST!!!USoccupation
1603
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