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Minsk, 13.11.2013Organic Farming: Foreign

Development Experience and Implementation in Belarus

The project is partly financed by the European Union

European Regional Development Fund

Intensive and organic methods of livestock farming: influence of livestock farms on

water ecosystems with example of Baltic Sea and

solutions for the issueJakub Skorupski

West Pomeranian University of Technology





Definitions

• Industrial animal production – intensive rearing of livestock in specialized installations, which productive-ly, organizationally and legally are closer to manufactu-ring facilities (enterprises, factories) than to farms.

• IED (former IPPC) farms – instalations for the intensive rearing of pigs and poultry with more than 2.000 pigs over 30 kg or 750 sows, or 40.000 places for poultry, that require integrated permits, in accordance with the EU Directive on industrial emissions (former Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive).

• Cattle, sheep, goats, horses and fur animals large-scale breeding installations with equivalent number of live-stock should also be consider.





Definitions





Statistical Data

• about 67,3 millions of pigs in the Baltic Sea catchment area,

• population of poultry amounts to about 189,8 millions,

• app. 35,6 millions of cows in the Baltic Sea catchment area,

• total livestock density in the EU countries of the BSR is equal to 40,4 millions of LU,

• more than 1.320 IED farms in the Baltic catchment area,

• number of farms with more than 100 LU in the EU countries of the BSR amounts up to 74.400.





46.2%

1.0%0.1%

39.5%

11.0%

2.2%

Bydło

Owce

Kozy

Trzoda chlewna

drób

konie

Cattle

Sheep

Goats

Pigs

Poultry

Horses

Percentage of particular species in total livestock of the BSR

Statistical Data





Statistical Data2,052.8

4,582.2

17,985.2

313.2

487.9

1,030.9

11,117.9

747.21,152.1

1,784.8

Czech Rep.

Denmark

Germany

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

Poland

Slovakia

Finland

Sweden

2.3

10.3

46.7

0.4

0.3

0.46.9

1.01.9 4.2

Total number of livestock (in thous. of LU; on the left) and industrial animal farms (>100 LU, in thous.; on the right) in the EU countries of the BSR





Accumulated Environmental Impact



Problems connected with industrial animal farming

A) ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS• water pollution – nitrogen and phosphorus leakage to the

ground water, connected with overfertilization,• eutrophication – “overfertilization” of inland and sea waters

(algal blooms, decrease of fish population, ecosystems modi-fications, loss of bottom fauna, lack of oxygen in waters),

• microbiological pollution – Staphylococcus sp., fecal strepto-cocci, Escherichia coli, rubella bacilli, tubercle bacilli, foot-and-mouth disease viruses, various fungi and parasites,

• indirect effect that contributes to formation of acid rain and increased greenhouse effect (greenhouse gas emission har-ming the ozone layer).







Water Pollution

Percentage contribution of particular anthropogenic sources in the overall nutrient load flowing into the sea (Granstedt, 2006)

59

8

8

10

2

13N

Agriculture

Forestry

Precipitation

Industry

Domestic wastewater

Fish farms55

12

14

4

24

P





Water Pollution

27%

3%

8%

17%11%

14%

5%

10%

5%

N

Poland

Germany

Denmark

Sweden

Finland

Russia

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

35%

2%

5%11%10%

19%

4%8%

5%

P

Percentage contribution of the BSR countries in the overall nutrient load flowing into the sea (HELCOM, 2006)















Eutrophication



Manure production and eutrophication

125,0 x 0,18 = 22,5 [kgN/day]125,0 x 0,053 = 6,63 [kgP/day]

= 125,0 AU

overfertilisation == eutrophication

(f.i. input of 1 kg of nitrogen into water reservoirs causes creation of about 16 kg of

biomass!)

1 AU of productive

(slaughter) hog=

0,18 kgN/day and

0,053 kgP/day

IPPC farm with 2500 productive

pigs

if we assume, that productive pig gives approximately 3 times more excrement than

humans…

IPPC farm with 2500 productive pigs

8,21 MgN/year and

2,42 MgP/year

town with 7500 inhabitants,

without sewage treatment plant!

is equivalent to



Minsk, 13.11.2013

Organic Farming: Foreign Development Experience

and Implementation in Belarus



Chlorophyll a concentration in waters of the European seas, July 2007 (JRC, emis.jrc.ec.europa.eu)

Eutrophication

Minsk, 13.11.2013





Eutrophication





















Minsk, 13.11.2013





GHG emission

Acid Rains

Ammonia emission in Europe

(kg N/ha/year)





Ozone Layer Destruction





Farm Animals Escapes



B) SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS• air pollution – ammoniac, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl

compounds, amines, mercaptans, dinitrogen monoxide causes offensive odours, danger for human health,

• loss of recreation places,• high costs of drinking water purification,• degradation of cropland – improper storage and usage of

liquid manure,• farms’ location in direct neighborhood of NATURA 2000

areas and different protected or valuable areas and the Nitrate Vulnerable Zones.





C) LEGAL PROBLEMS• lack of fertilization plans,• lack of permanent soil quality monitoring,• Aarhus Convention principles regarding access to environ-

mental information are not followed,• deficiency of the Helsinki Convention implementation,• lack of regulations concerning air odour qualit.





Solutions?• Secure a full implementation of the Helsinki Convention

requirements for industrial animal farms.• Monitor and control the implementation of the IED

Directive on industrial farms.• Execution of regular, independent soil monitoring in terms

of nitrate contamination for farmland with high load of manure.

• Implementation of odour air quality standard.• Promotion of biotechnological methods of manure utilisa-

tion (e.g. biogas production).• Organic animal farming – 62 organic pig farms and 71

organic poultry farms in Poland.





Industrial vs. Organic



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

Number of organic farms in Poland in the years 1999-2013

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

500000



Industrial vs. Organic



Acreage of organic farms in Poland in the years 1999-2013

1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013



• The animals fulfill the important role in organic farm: they improve and close the circulation of nutrients.

• Self-sufficiency feed-fertilizer allows stocking 0.5-1.5 LU/ha in organic agriculture.

• Animal welfare: livestock grazing in the summer and access to open air in winter: the animals must be able to move out of stable. The farm buildings should be provided with sufficient volume position, permanent access to water and food, adequate light and natural bedding.

• The animals rebuys must come from organic farms, they can be derived from conventional sources, but only under certain conditions – for procreation purposes.



Organic animal husbandry



• Feed should be produced on the farm or becoming from other organic farms.

• Animal mutilation (castration, cutting sprouts, shortening their tails, etc.) are generally not permitted.

• Prophylactic administration of drugs is prohibited, and vaccinations allowed only if they are officially required.

• Conversion period of animals introduced into an existing ecological farm: 12 months in the case of horses, cattle for meat production, 6 months in the case of small ruminants and pigs and animals for milk production, 10 weeks for poultry for meat production, 6 weeks in the case of poultry for egg production.



Organic animal husbandry



ABOVE ALL – LAW

INTRODUCTION OF THE NATIONAL LEGISLATION

RATIFICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Aliaksandr Pakhomau

PROBLEMS WITH IMPLEMENTA-TION, COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT





Thank You for Your attention