Standards……
Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle: interphase, mitosis (nuclear division) or cytokinesis.
Mitosis
Purpose of Mitosis
Cell Growth Repair and replacement of
damaged cell parts Asexual reproduction
Meiosis
Purpose of meiosis is chromosomal reduction. It only occurs in the organs that produce sex cells.
Reduction division because it reduces the number of chromosomes in half
TOOOOOO produce sex cells/gametes!
Mitosis and MeiosisStandard Check
Which part of the flower produces cells by meiosis?a. Styleb. Antherc. Stigmad. filament
Mitosis and MeiosisStandard Check
Which part of the flower produces cells by meiosis?a. Styleb. Anther produces pollen which are male reproductive cellsc. Stigmad. filament
Mitosis and MeiosisCRQ…….Standard
Check Patau syndrome can be a lethal genetic disorder in
mammals, resulting from chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis. Identify the step during the process of meiosis when
chromosomes would most likely fail to separate. Describe how chromosome separation in meiosis is
different from chromosome separation in mitosis. Compare the effects of a disorder caused by
chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis, to the effects of chromosomes failing to separate during mitosis.
Standard
Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information.
DNA
DNA is a polymer, long chain, of nucleotides.
These molecules contain the genetic information of the cell.
DNA is a nucleic acid
DNA
DNA Double helix Strands are complementary- which means
that each DNA strand has the information to construct the other strand
DNA is anti-parallel One strand runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction and the
other runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction DNA follows semi-conservative replication
DNA
DNA Replication Process Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix and
separates it into two strands Y-shaped replication fork will form as the double
unwinds Single-stranded DNA binding proteins help keep the
strands separate and prevent the strands from getting back together
This process will continue until the entire molecule has been replicated
DNAStandard Check
Which process helps to preserve the genetic information stored in DNA during DNA replication?
a. The replacement of nitrogen base thymine with uracil
b. Enzymes quickly linking nitrogen bases with hydrogen bonds
c. The synthesis of unique sugar and phosphate molecules fro each nucleotide
d. Nucleotides lining up along template strand according to base pairing rules
DNAStandard Check
Which process helps to preserve the genetic information stored in DNA during DNA replication?
a. The replacement of nitrogen base thymine with uracil
b. Enzymes quickly linking nitrogen bases with hydrogen bonds
c. The synthesis of unique sugar and phosphate molecules fro each nucleotide
d. Nucleotides lining up along template strand according to base pairing rules
Standard
Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and chromosmes and their roles in inheritance.
Genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity.
Heredity involves the transmission of genetic characteristics
Genetics-Vocabulary Trait-physical characteristic
Chromosome-long stringy aggregate of genes that carries heredity information and is formed from condensed chromatin
Gene-segment of DNA that provides instructions for a particular trait
Allele-alternative form of a gene
Genetics-Vocabulary Trait-physical characteristic
Chromosome-long stringy aggregate of genes that carries heredity information and is formed from condensed chromatin
Gene-segment of DNA that provides instructions for a particular trait
Allele-alternative form of a gene Homozygous-same Heterozygous-different
Genetics-Vocabulary
Genotype-genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype- physical appearance of the organism
Genetics-Standard Practice
In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). If one parent rabbit is homozygous brown (bb), what is the probability of producing an offspring with brown fur? Use the Punnett square to determine your answer.
Give the phenotype and genotype ratios.
Genetics-Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance- traits in which the heterozygote shows a different phenotype from the homozygous dominant phenotype.
Genotype: BB homozygous black
Bb heterozygous
bb homozygous white
Phenotype: BB black fur
Bb Grey Fur
bb white fur
Genetics-Codominant
Codominance- traits in which both the alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote
Genotype: BB homozygous black
BW heterozygous
WW homozygous white
Phenotype: BB black fur
BW Black and White fur
WW white fur
Genetics-Polygenic Traits
Polygenic- traits in which several genes contribute to the overall phenotype.
Examples: skin type of humans has four genes involved and that is why there is such a wide variety of human skin types.
Genetics-Multiple Alleles
Multiple Alleles-traits that have more than two types of alleles.
Example: Blood type
There are 3 different alleles for blood type; A,B,O
A is dominant to O. B is dominant to O. A and B are Codominant.
Genetics-Sex-linked
Sex-linked traits are traits that are located on the sex chromosomes. Majority are located on the X chromosome.
Example: colorblindness
Remember: Men have a greater chance of having these conditions because they only have one X chromosome.
Genetics-Standard Practice
When an organism has two different alleles for a trait, is is said to be
a. Recessive
b. Dominant
c. Homozygous
d. Heterozygous
Genetics-Standard Practice
When an organism has two different alleles for a trait, is is said to be
a. Recessive
b. Dominant
c. Homozygous
d. Heterozygous
Genetics-Standard Practice
Use the following chart to answer the questions
Blood type is inherited through multiple alleles. A child has type A blood. If the father has type AB blood, what are all thepossible phenotypes of the mother?
a. Phenotype O or Ab. Phenotype A or ABc. Phenotypes A, B, ABd. Phenotypes O, A, B, AB
Genetics-Standard Practice
Use the following chart to answer the questions
Blood type is inherited through multiple alleles. A child has type A blood. If the father has type AB blood, what are all thepossible phenotypes of the mother?
a. Phenotype O or Ab. Phenotype A or ABc. Phenotypes A, B, ABd. Phenotypes O, A, B, AB
Genetics-Standard Practice
Which statement best describes the relationship between an allele and a gene?
a. An allele is a variation of a gene that can be expressed as a phenotype.
b. An allele is the part of a gene that attaches to messenger RNA molecules.
c. An allele is a segment of a DNA molecule that controls replication of a gene.
d. An allele is the primary protein made by a gene found in a developing embryo.
Genetics-Standard Practice
Which statement best describes the relationship between an allele and a gene?
a. An allele is a variation of a gene that can be expressed as a phenotype.
b. An allele is the part of a gene that attaches to messenger RNA molecules.
c. An allele is a segment of a DNA molecule that controls replication of a gene.
d. An allele is the primary protein made by a gene found in a developing embryo.
Genetics-Standard Practice
A trait in cows is determined by two alleles of a single gene: allele R is dominant, and allele r is recessive. What is the probability of the dominant trait being expressed in the offspring of one RR parent and one rr parent?
a. 25%b. 50%c. 75%d. 100%
Genetics-Standard Practice
A trait in cows is determined by two alleles of a single gene: allele R is dominant, and allele r is recessive. What is the probability of the dominant trait being expressed in the offspring of one RR parent and one rr parent?
a. 25%b. 50%c. 75%d. 100%
All offspring will be heterozygous with Rr genotype so all offspring will express the dominant trait.
Genetics-Standard Practice
Which form of genetic engineering was used by humans for many years before the discovery of DNA?
a. Gene splicingb. Gene insertionc. Animal cloningd. Selective breeding
Genetics-Standard Practice
Which form of genetic engineering was used by humans for many years before the discovery of DNA?
a. Gene splicingb. Gene insertionc. Animal cloningd. Selective breeding
Selective breeding results in offspring with desired genetic traits. Farmers and breeders have been doing this for centuries.
Genetics-Standard Practice
Genetic engineering has led to genetically modified plants that resist insect pests and bacterial and fungal infections. Which outcome would most likely be a reason why some scientists recommend caution in planting genetically modified plants?
a. Unplanned ecosystem interactionsb. Reduced pesticide and herbicide usec. Improved agricultural and yield profitd. Increased genetic variation and diversity
Genetics-Standard Practice
Genetic engineering has led to genetically modified plants that resist insect pests and bacterial and fungal infections. Which outcome would most likely be a reason why some scientists recommend caution in planting genetically modified plants?
a. Unplanned ecosystem interactionsb. Reduced pesticide and herbicide usec. Improved agricultural and yield profitd. Increased genetic variation and diversity
StandardSources of Variation
Describe the processed that can alter composition or number of chromosomes (i.e. crossing over, nondisjunction, duplication, translocation, deletion, insertion and inversion
Sources of Variation during Meiosis
Crossing Over- occurs when two chromosomes physically overlap and exchange chromosome material. This process occurs more often on some chromosomes than other chromosomes and changes the DNA sequence within each chromosomes.
This results in an endless number of different possible genetic combinations.
Sources of Variation during Meiosis
Nondisjunction- (not coming apart) is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis I or II, during anaphase
Chromosomal Mutations
Deletion- mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is missing
Inversion-a mutation that causes a reversal in the order of a segment of a chromosome within the chromosome, or a gene
Translocation-transfer of part of a chromosome to a different position on a non-homologous chromosome.
Duplication-a mutation in which there are two or more copies of a gene or of a segment of a chromosome.
Point Mutations Deletion- a mutation that results when one or two
nucleotides are removed
Insertion-a mutation that results when one or two nucleotides are added
Substitution-a mutation that occurs when when nucleotide is substituted with another nucleotide
Note: Deletion and Insertion can result in a frameshift mutation
Point Mutations Silent mutations
Does not affect the amino acid
Missense Mutations Causing a change in the reading of the
codons
Nonsense Mutations Results in a premature stop command
MutationsStandard Check
Which type of change in chromosome composition is illustrated by the diagram?
A. Deletion
B. Inversion
C. Translocation
D. Insertion
MutationsStandard Check
Which type of change in chromosome composition is illustrated by the diagram?
A. Deletion
B. Inversion
C. Translocation
D. Insertion
MutationsStandard Check
What is a source of genetic variation? A. Adaption B. Mutations C. Replication D. Transcription
MutationsStandard Check
What is a source of genetic variation? A. Adaption B. Mutations C. Replication D. Transcription
RNA RNA
Made of nucleotides Sugar in RNA is ribose and it contains
uracil in place of thymine RNA is a single strand of nucleotides
RNA-Transcription Transcription is similar to DNA replication, but
only one strand of nucleotides is formed. DNA is used as a template to make messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
RNA-Translation Translation is the process where all three RNA’s
(mRNA, rRNA and tRNA) work together to translate the nucleotide language into amino acid language to build proteins. This occurs in the cytoplasm
RNA-Standard Check
Information on mRNA is used to make a sequence of amino acids into a protein by which of the following processes? A. Replication
B. Translation
C. Transcription
D. Transference
RNA-Standard Check
Information on mRNA is used to make a sequence of amino acids into a protein by which of the following processes? A. Replication
B. Translation
C. Transcription
D. Transference
Standard
Describe the levels of ecological organization (i.e., organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere)
Ecology Levels of Organization
Population Group of organisms of one species that live in the
same place at the same time
Population density is the number of organisms living in a given area.
Ecology Levels of Organization
Biological community Group that is made up of several populations
interacting with each other
If there is a change in one population it can dramatically affect the others living in within the community
Ecology Levels of Organization
Growth rate Is a change in population size, growth rate can be
positive, negative or zero
Exponential growth
Ecology Levels of Organization
Growth rate Is a change in population size, growth rate can be
positive, negative or zero
Logistic growth
Carrying capacity
Ecology Levels of Organization
When a population reaches its carrying capacity, a number of factors help stabilize it at that size. They are called density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors.
Density-Dependent Limiting Factors Competition Predation Parasitism Crowding/stress
Ecology Levels of Organization
When a population reaches its carrying capacity, a number of factors help stabilize it at that size. They are called density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors.
Density-Independent Limiting Factors Weather/fires Drought/floods Human activities
Ecology Levels of Organization
Ecosystem Study the interactions between populations (biotic
factors) and their physical surroundings (abiotic factors)
Terrestrial ecosystems Aquatic ecosystems
Salt water/ marine Fresh water
Ecology Levels of Organization
Biomes Taiga, desert, tropical rainforest
Biosphere Part of Earth that supports life
Atmosphere, aquatic and terrestrial
Energy Flow Energy is constantly flowing through
ecosystems.
Primary source is SUN
Terms to Know: Producers/autotrophs Consumers/heterotrophs Decomposers
Energy Flow Trophic level
Organisms are grouped into trophic levels based on their source of energy----organisms with the same energy sources are on the same trophic level
Food chain is a simple diagram that shows how energy and matter flows through an ecosystem
Food web is a diagram that shows multiple food chains and the interaction organisms have with each other, in other words a more complex interconnected system of food chains
Energy Flow Energy pyramids show how energy decreases at
each succeeding trophic level. The total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is only about 10%.
HEY HEY HEY the 10% Rule
Energy FlowStandard Check
In the food chain below, which population will most likely decrease if snakes are removed from the food chain?
Grassgrasshopppergrogsnakehawk
a. Grass
b. Grasshopper
c. Frog
d. hawk
Energy FlowStandard Check
In the food chain below, which population will most likely decrease if snakes are removed from the food chain?
Grassgrasshoppperfrogsnakehawk
a. Grass
b. Grasshopper
c. Frog
d. hawk
Energy FlowStandard Check
In the food chain below, identify the initial source of energy for the ecosystem.
Grassgrasshoppperfrogsnakehawk
a. grass
b. sun
c. grasshopper
d. autotrophs
Energy FlowStandard Check
In the food chain below, identify the initial source of energy for the ecosystem.
Grassgrasshoppperfrogsnakehawk
a. grass
b. Sun ultimate source for everything
c. grasshopper
d. autotrophs
Energy FlowStandard Check
In the food chain below, identify the effect that would occur on one organism if the snake suddenly decreases.
Grassgrasshoppperfrogsnakehawk
Energy FlowStandard Check
In the food chain below, identify the effect that would occur on one organism if the snake suddenly decreases.
Grassgrasshoppperfrogsnakehawk
Hawks would be harmed because of a decrease in their food supply, could decrease the hawk population due to more competition for available food.
Standard Describe how matter recycles through an
ecosystem (i.e., water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle)
Cycles
Water Cycle
Evaporates from lakes, streams, oceans Condensation into clouds in the atmosphere Rainfall sends water back to Earth-precipitation Transpiration water given off by plants
Cycles
Carbon Cycle CO2 in atmosphere is used by plants during
photosynthesis and enters the ecosystem CO2 is released back into the atmosphere
through respiration, burning, volcanic activity, and artificially through the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)
CO2 enters aquatic systems through diffusion, used by marine algae, enters ecosystems and then is returned through respiration
Cycles
Nitrogen Nitrogen is assimilated into plant tissues due
to nitrogen fixing bacteria Nitrogen compounds enter the ecosystem Nitrogen leaves the ecosystem through
nitrogenous wastes, death of organisms or denitrifying bacteria which release nitrogen back into the atmosphere
Artificial source of nitrogen-fertilizers
CyclesStandard Check
Which element’s cycle depends on certain kinds of bacteria to keep the element available to other organisms? a. Carbon b. Hydrogen c. Nitrogen d. phosphorus
CyclesStandard Check
Which element’s cycle depends on certain kinds of bacteria to keep the element available to other organisms? a. Carbon b. Hydrogen
c. Nitrogen although bacteria are a part of the other cycles of all the elements listed above, only nitrogen requires the use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria to keep the cycle going
d. phosphorus
CyclesStandard Check
Most of the water on Earth is located in the oceans and has a salinity of about 3.5%. Which statement BEST explains why rain is fresh water and has a very low salinity? A. When water precipitates from oceans, most of the
salt remains in the oceans. B. When water evaporates from oceans, most of the
salt remains in the oceans. C. When water precipitates from clouds, most of the
salt remains in the clouds. D. When water evaporates from clouds, most of the
salt remains in the clouds.
CyclesStandard Check
Most of the water on Earth is located in the oceans and has a salinity of about 3.5%. Which statement BEST explains why rain is fresh water and has a very low salinity? A. When water precipitates from oceans, most of the
salt remains in the oceans. B. When water evaporates from oceans, most of
the salt remains in the oceans. C. When water precipitates from clouds, most of the
salt remains in the clouds. D. When water evaporates from clouds, most of the
salt remains in the clouds.
Interactions
Interspecific Competition Occurs when different species of organisms prey on
the same essential resource that is in limited supply
Intraspecific Competition Occurs between members of the same species
Competition may be harmful to either one or both ends of an interaction
Interactions
Predation- interaction that is useful for the predator but mostly fatal to the prey
Symbiosis-interaction between two species that keep a close physical association, there are three types Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism
InteractionsStandard Check
Which example describes a mutualistic relationship between organisms? A. Young wasps prey on caterpillars Crabs eat the remains of dead fish Ants protect a tree on which they feed Tapeworms feed on food in the intestines of cats
InteractionsStandard Check
Which example describes a mutualistic relationship between organisms? A. Young wasps prey on caterpillars Crabs eat the remains of dead fish Ants protect a tree on which they feed Tapeworms feed on food in the intestines of cats
EcologyStandard Check
Why are nonnative species often considered a disturbance in an ecosystem? A. They increase mutations B. They compete for resources C. They have special growth needs D. They cause increased biodiversity
EcologyStandard Check
Why are nonnative species often considered a disturbance in an ecosystem? A. They increase mutations B. They compete for resources C. They have special growth needs D. They cause increased biodiversity
Evolution
What is natural selection?
A mechanism of evolutionary changes that happens when individuals that are better adapted in the challenges of the environment than other individuals survive and reproduce.
Evolution
Natural selection accounts for the differences among individuals in a population in survival and the ability to successfully reproduce.
Essentially, some individuals have alleles that produce phenotypes that help these individuals survive in their environment than other individuals. These successful individuals will then be able to pass these traits to their offspring.
Evolution-Darwin
Remember: Populations tend to produce more offspring than
what the environment can support Resources are limited Individuals need to compete for survival There is variation among the individuals in a given
population These variations can be inherited by the offspring Survival of the fittest- the most fit are best adapted to the
environment Overtime evolution can occur due to the advantageous
traits accumulating in a population
Evolution-Standard Check
Ancestors of the koala lived on the ground, but modern koalas live in trees and eat eucalyptus leaves, which are poisonous to most other animals. The difference between the ancestor and modern koalas was caused by A. The presence of homologous structures B. The presence of vestigial organs C. Selective breeding D. Natural selection
Evolution-Standard Check
Ancestors of the koala lived on the ground, but modern koalas live in trees and eat eucalyptus leaves, which are poisonous to most other animals. The difference between the ancestor and modern koalas was caused by A. The presence of homologous structures B. The presence of vestigial organs C. Selective breeding D. Natural selection
Standard
Describe the factors that can contribute to the development of new species (e.g., isolating mechanisms, genetic drift, founder effect, migration)
Forces of Evolution
Genetic Drift Changes in the gene pool of a small
population due to CHANCE!
Chance events may cause the frequencies of alleles to drift randomly from generation to generation, since the existing gene pool may not be accurately represented in the next generation.
Forces of Evolution
Genetic Drift
The Bottleneck Effect The size of the population may be reduced drastically
by such natural disasters as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, fires, floods, etc. which kill organisms NONSELECTIVELY.
By chance some individuals survive. In the small remaining population, some alleles may be overrepresented as some under represent and some alleles may be totally absent.
Bottleneck Effect reduces overall genetic variability in a population since some alleles may be entirely absent.
Forces of Evolution
The Founder Effect
The Founder Effect When a few individuals colonize a new
habitat, genetic drift is also likely to occur. Genetic drift in a new colony is called the founder effect.
The smaller the founding population, the less likely its gene pool will be representative of the original population’s genetic makeup.
Forces of Evolution
Gene Flow
Gene flow is the migration of fertile individuals, or the transfer of gametes between populations.
Natural populations may gain of lose alleles by gene flow, since they do not have gene pools which are closed systems.
Forces of EvolutionStandard Check
Horses and tapirs have a common ancestor, but they now look very different from one another. Horses are now grassland animals adapted fro grazing on grass and shrubs. Tapirs are jungle animals that live in dense forests and eat fruit, leaves, and aquatic vegetation. Which of the following led to the development of such differences in the two species? A. Selective breeding B. Convergent evolution C. DNA hybridization D. Natural selection
Forces of EvolutionStandard Check
Horses and tapirs have a common ancestor, but they now look very different from one another. Horses are now grassland animals adapted fro grazing on grass and shrubs. Tapirs are jungle animals that live in dense forests and eat fruit, leaves, and aquatic vegetation. Which of the following led to the development of such differences in the two species? A. Selective breeding B. Convergent evolution C. DNA hybridization D. Natural selection
Standards
Explain how genetic mutations may result in genotype and phenotypic variations in a population.
Mutations
Mutations A new mutation that is transmitted in
gametes immediately changes the gene pool of a population by substituting one allele for another.
Mutations are important to evolution because they are the original sources of genetic variation, which is the raw material for natural selection.
Speciation
Speciation is
When one species splits to form two, that's called speciation. In animals, we say two individuals are different species if they can't interbreed with each other. Sometimes this can happen when two sub-populations are separated. Continents can drift apart, migrating birds can be blown off course, or fruit flies can be bred in different labs.
Allopatric speciation is speciation that occurs because populations live in different places. (Contrast this with sympatric speciation, where the two populations might live in the same place but have some other reason why they can't interbreed.)
Speciation Speciation
Major cause of speciation is isolation. Types of isolation are
• Geographical• Reproductive• Behavioral• Temporal
Standard
Interpret evidence supporting the theory of evolution (i.e. fossil, anatomical, physiological, embryological, biochemical and universal genetic code)
Evidence for Evolution
Fossil Record If today’s species came from ancient
species, then we should be able to find remains of those species that no longer exist.
There are many fossils of organisms that no longer exist, but resemble organisms that do exist today.
Fossil record creates a geological time scale.
Evidence for Evolution
Comparative Anatomy Homologous structures-common ancestor,
structures that are similar in structure but different in function
Example: human arm and bat wing
Evidence for Evolution
Comparative Anatomy Vestigial Organs
Seemingly functionless parts, snakes have tiny pelvic and limb bones, humans have tail bones
Evidence for Evolution
Comparative Biochemistry and DNA There is biochemical similarity in all living
things.
Organisms that are closely related will have less differences in their proteins, which means that the amino acid sequence will be similar which means the DNA nucleotide sequence will be similar.
Evidence for Evolution
Comparative Embryology Developing organisms have similarities in
their early stages of development.
Evidence for Evolution
Observation of Species change WolvesDogs Light colored peppered mothdark
colored peppered moth
Evidence for EvolutionStandard Check
Fossils of Archaeopteryx show that this animal had feathers, like a bird. It also had a bony tail, teeth, and claws on its wings, like a reptile. These fossils are evidence that support the idea that A. Birds and reptiles have a common ancestor B. Birds have changed very little over millions
of years C. Reptiles species are more advanced than
bird species D. Reptiles are warm-blooded like birds
Evidence for EvolutionStandard Check
Fossils of Archaeopteryx show that this animal had feathers, like a bird. It also had a bony tail, teeth, and claws on its wings, like a reptile. These fossils are evidence that support the idea that A. Birds and reptiles have a common
ancestor B. Birds have changed very little over millions
of years C. Reptiles species are more advanced than
bird species D. Reptiles are warm-blooded like birds
Evidence for EvolutionStandard Check
Which of the following is considered by most biologists to be the most accurate in supporting the theory of evolution? A. Fossils B. Embryology C. DNA sequencing D. Genetic equilibrium
Evidence for EvolutionStandard Check
Which of the following is considered by most biologists to be the most accurate in supporting the theory of evolution? A. Fossils B. Embryology C. DNA sequencing D. Genetic equilibrium
DNA sequencing is the most accurate tool for determining relatedness.
Evidence for EvolutionStandard Check
Which of the following is considered by most biologists to be the most accurate in supporting the theory of evolution? A. Fossils B. Embryology C. DNA sequencing D. Genetic equilibrium
DNA sequencing is the most accurate tool for determining relatedness.
STUDENTS
I think you rock…..and I want you all to know that you are so much higher than 1500’s so show the state how great you ALL really are.
BEST OF LUCK TOMORROW IWILL BE THINKING OF YOU ALL!!!!!!!!!!
WHAT IS?
Category: Characteristics Of Life
Ability of populations to change over time
ANSWER: Evolution
WHAT IS?
A group of different species that live in the same habitat and interact with one another
ANSWER: biological community
WHAT IS?
A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area and can interbreed
ANSWER: Population