Transportation system are the main source
of noise pollution in urban areas.
Constructions of buildings , highways and
street cause a lot of noise , due to the
usage of air compressors , bull dozers ,
loaders , dump trucks and pavement
breakers.
Printing presses, manufacturing
industries, construction sites, contribute to
noise pollutions in large cities. In many
industries, it is a requirement that people
always wear earplugs to minimize their
exposure to heavy noise. People who work
with lawn mowers, tractors and noisy
equipment are also required to wear noise-proof gadgets.
Industrial noise also adds to the
already unfavorable state of noise
pollution.
loud speakers , plumbing , boilers ,
generators , fans and vacuum cleaners
HearingThe immediate and acute effect of noise
pollution to a person, over a period of time,
is impairment of hearing. Prolonged
exposure to impulsive noise to a person
will damage their eardrum, which mayresult in a permanent hearing
Household sources:Gadgets like food mixer, grinder, vacuum cleaner,
washing machine and dryer, cooler, air
conditioners, can be very noisy and injurious to
health. Others include loud speakers of sound
systems and TVs, iPods and ear phones. Another
example may be your neighbor’s dog barking all
night everyday at every shadow it sees, disturbing
everyone else in the apartment.
Places of worship, discos and gigs, parties and other
social events also create a lot of noise for the people
living in that area. In many market areas, people sell
with loud speakers, others shout out offers and try to
get customers to buy their goods. It is important to note
that whey these events are not often, they can be
called 'Nuisance' rather than
Health effects of noise include anxiety and stress
reaction and in extreme cases fright. The physiological
manifestations are headaches, irritability and
nervousness, feeling of fatigue and decreases work
efficiency. For example, being pounded by the siren of
fire fighters, police or ambulance in your city all night
everyday leave people (especially elderly people) stresses and tired in the morning.
Planting , bushes and trees in and around
sound generating sources is an effective
solution for noise pollution.
Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles
can effectively reduce the noise pollution.
Buildings can be designed with suitable noise
absorbing material for the walls , windows and
ceilings.
Workers should be provided with
equipments such as ear plugs and earmuffs
for hearing protection.
Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the
machinery and servicing should be done to
minimize noise generation.
Soundproof doors and windows can be
installed to block unwanted noise outside.
Regulations should be imposed to restrict
the usage of play loudspeakers in crowded
areas and public places.
Factories and industries should be
located far from the residential areas.
Community development or urban
management should be done with long –
term planning , along with an aim to
reduce noise pollution.
Social awareness programs should be
taken up to educate the public about the
causes and effects of noise pollution.
An earthquake is the result
of a sudden release of
energy in the earths crust
that creates seismic waves.
The seismic activity of an
area refers to the frequency
type and size of earth quake
experienced over a period of
time
Focus (hypocenter):Focus is the point on the fault where
rupture occurs and the location from
which seismic waves are released.
Epicenter :Epicenter is the point on the
Earths surface that is directly
Above the focus the point where
An earthquake or underground
explosion originates.
The primary cause of an earthquake is
faults on the crust of the earth.
“a fault is a break or fracture b/w two
blocks of rocks in response to stress.”
This movement may occur rapidly, in the
form of an earthquake or may occur slowly,
in the form of creep.
Earth scientists use the angle of the fault
with respect to the surface and the direction
of slip along the fault to classify faults.
Some major causes of earthquakes on basic
of its causes are :
Surfaces causes
Volcanic causes
Surface causes :great explosions ,
landslides slips on steep coasts , dashing of
sea waves , avalanches , railway trains , heavy
trucks some large engineering projects
cause minor tremors. Some of them are man
made other are natural.
The intensity and strength of an
earthquake is measured on richter scale
the scale invented by Charles richter
California USA in 1935. which categories
earthquake on the basis of energy
released.
scientists measure the strength of
earthquakes using machines known as
SESIMOGRAPHS.
Seismometers – the
measurement of earthquake
Seismometers are instruments
that measure motions of the
ground, including those of
seismic waves generated by
earthquakes volcanic eruptions
and other seismic sources.
Seismometers may be deployed
at earths surface in shallow
vaults in boreholes or
underwater.
Earthquake prediction is usually define as the
specification of the time location and magnitude of
a future earthquake within stated limits.
But some evidence of upcoming earthquake are
following :
Unusual animal behavior.
Water level in wells.
Temperature change.
Uplifting of earth surface.
Change in seismic wave velocity.
Large scale of fluctuation of oil flow form oil
wells.
Effects of earthquake
Loss of life and property.
Damage to transportation system i.e.
roads railways , airports , marine etc…
Damage to infrastructure.
Chance of floods -develop cracks in
dams.
Chances of fire , short – circuit.
Communications such as telephone wires
are damaged.
Water pipes sewers are disrupted.
Economic activities like agriculture
industry trade and transport are severely
affected.
Earthquake safety rules -
If you are in house-
don’t use lift for getting down from
building.
Be prepared to move with your family.
If you are in shop school or office - don’t run from an exit.
Take cover under a disk or table.
Move away from window glass.
Do not go near electric point and cable.
Keep away from weak portion of building.
If you are outside-
Avoid high buildings , walls, power lines
and other objects that could fall and
create block.
Don’t run through streets.
If possible , move on to an open area
away from hazard including trees.
If you are in vehicle - stop in a safe open place.
Remain inside vehicle.
Close windows , doors and vents.
•Lightning is similar to the electric shock
you have experienced on touching a metal
object on a very dry day.
•Part of the cloud becomes negatively
charged , other part becomes positively
charged.
•Lightning acts to balances by creating
positive or negative flows of current.
•Most lighting is what is called “sheet
lightning” the other kind is called “cloud
to ground lightning” and is much less
frequent but much more dangerous.
•Besides sheet and cloud to ground
lightning there is also a type that most
people know as heat lightning.
•This name is given to thunderstorms
that are too far away for people to see
or hear so the result is a bright flash
in the sky which usually occurs when
there is a warm humid night following
a hot day.
•Rapid vertical movements inside
cumulonimbus.
•5 kilometer level ice crystals develop.
•Positive charge with colder regions.
•Negative charge with colder regions.
•Small positive go up , heavy negative
towards base.
•Surface has net positive charge.
•Lightning stroke discharges negative
region by striking ground.
Find shelter immediately. If you find yourself caught in a
lightning storm, the key to minimizing danger is to get inside
a protective structure. While most people seek shelter if
lightning appears to be near, people commonly wait too long
to seek shelter. If you can detect lightning, it may be close
enough to strike you. Don’t wait for it to strike right next to
you (or on top of you) to get to safety.[1]
• If you can’t find a substantial structure, get in a car with a
metal roof and sides. If the car is struck, the metal body will
conduct the electricity around you, not through you. Make
sure all windows are rolled up and doors are closed. Be
careful not to lean against any metal -- if you do, the lightning
will be conducted into your body if it strikes the car. Do not
use the radio.
•Substantial, frequently inhabited buildings (those grounded
with plumbing, electrical systems, and, if possible, lightning
rods) are best.
2 ) Stay away from windows. Keep windows closed,
and try to stay within inner rooms of the structure.
Windows provide a direct path for the lightning to
travel.
Don’t touch anything metal or electrical. Using a landline
phone is the main cause of lightning-related injuries in
the US. Lightning can travel into the home from through
any material that conducts electricity. This includes
landlines, electrical wiring, and plumbing.
•Do not touch any electrical outlets during a storm. Do
not unplug any devices during an lightning storm, as the
strike could be transferred to you.
•Do not lie on concrete floors or lean against concrete
walls. Most concrete has a wire mesh which can conduct
electricity
•Stay out of the bathtub or shower, and avoid indoor
swimming pools.
In a car, try to avoid touching any part of the metal frame
or the car's glass
Stay inside at least 30 minutes after the last strike.
Don’t go out if the rain starts letting up. There is still a
significant risk of lightning strikes from a departing
storm.