IT 10103 IT 10103 Introduction to Information TechnologyIntroduction to Information Technology
CHAPTER 04CHAPTER 04
ComputersComputers
Basic Components needed for a functioning Basic Components needed for a functioning computercomputer
Basic ComponentsBasic ComponentsMotherboardMotherboard
Central Processing Unit (CPU)Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory (RAM)Memory (RAM)
Video Card/AdapterVideo Card/Adapter
Basic ComponentsBasic ComponentsHard DriveHard Drive
Optical DriveOptical Drive
Case Case
Power SupplyPower Supply
Basic ComponentsBasic ComponentsMonitorMonitor
KeyboardKeyboard
MouseMouse
Operating System (OS)Operating System (OS)
Floppy DriveFloppy Drive
Modern Computers Modern Computers ATX computers are the current standard ATX computers are the current standard
form-factor for PCsform-factor for PCs
The System Unit The System Unit
The Case that contains electronic componentsThe Case that contains electronic components
Mid-TowerMini-Tower
Desktop
Full-Tower
Micro-ATX
The Motherboard The Motherboard System Board – The main circuit board of the System Board – The main circuit board of the
system unitsystem unit
ASROCK “K7VT6“ ASROCK “P4V88 RAID
The Motherboard The Motherboard Motherboard ChipsetsMotherboard Chipsets
Those components that allow the motherboard Those components that allow the motherboard and other parts of a computer to function togetherand other parts of a computer to function together
AMDAMD INTELINTEL
ALIALI ATIATI
NVIDIANVIDIA VIAVIA
SISSIS
The Motherboard The Motherboard Some Motherboard ManufacturersSome Motherboard Manufacturers
ASUSASUS ASROCKASROCK
ABITABIT CHAINTECHCHAINTECH
GIGABYTEGIGABYTE AOPENAOPEN
INTELINTEL DFIDFI
MSIMSI ECSECS
SOYOSOYO JETWAYJETWAY
TYANTYAN PCCHIPSPCCHIPS
ALBATRONALBATRON SUPERMICROSUPERMICRO
The Motherboard The Motherboard MotherboardMotherboard
Key is to make sure your motherboard supports Key is to make sure your motherboard supports the CPU, RAM, and expansion cards you plan on the CPU, RAM, and expansion cards you plan on
usingusing
The Processor The Processor ““The Brains of the Computer”The Brains of the Computer”
ComponentsComponents
Control UnitControl Unit
Arithmetic & Logic UnitArithmetic & Logic Unit
The Processor The Processor Control UnitControl Unit
Reads & Interprets Program InstructionsReads & Interprets Program Instructions
Directs the Operation of the ProcessorDirects the Operation of the Processor
Controls the flow of programs and data into and Controls the flow of programs and data into and out of memoryout of memory
The Processor The Processor Arithmetic & Logic UnitArithmetic & Logic Unit
Arithmetic:Arithmetic:
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, DivisionAddition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division
Logic:Logic:
Comparisons (And, Or, Not)Comparisons (And, Or, Not)
The Processor The Processor Machine CycleMachine Cycle
FetchFetch
DecodeDecode
ExecuteExecute
StoreStore
The Processor The Processor FetchFetch
Calls an instruction into memoryCalls an instruction into memory
The Processor The Processor DecodeDecode
Figures out what the instruction is trying to doFigures out what the instruction is trying to do
The Processor The Processor ExecuteExecute
Does the decoded instructionDoes the decoded instruction
Add 2+2Add 2+2
The Processor The Processor StoreStore
Puts the answer 4 into memory for use by Puts the answer 4 into memory for use by another instructionanother instruction
The Processor The Processor PipeliningPipelining
Executing multiple instructions at the same timeExecuting multiple instructions at the same time
FETCHFETCH DECODEDECODE EXECUTEEXECUTE STORESTORE
Instruction 1Instruction 1
Instruction 2Instruction 2
Instruction 3Instruction 3
Instruction 4Instruction 4
The Processor The Processor The System ClockThe System Clock
A Crystal Oscillator on the MotherboardA Crystal Oscillator on the Motherboard
that paces the machine cyclethat paces the machine cycle
The Processor The Processor Clock CycleClock Cycle
Measured in MHz or GHzMeasured in MHz or GHz
Megahertz = 1,000,000 cycles/secMegahertz = 1,000,000 cycles/sec
Gigahertz = 1,000,000,000 cycles/secGigahertz = 1,000,000,000 cycles/sec
The Processor The Processor Clock CycleClock Cycle
One clock cycle is calculated by dividing 1 by the One clock cycle is calculated by dividing 1 by the MHz or GHzMHz or GHz
Example: (800 MHz CPU)Example: (800 MHz CPU)
1/800,000,000 = 0.00000000125 or 1/800,000,000 = 0.00000000125 or
1.25 nanoseconds (nano = billionth)1.25 nanoseconds (nano = billionth)(1.25 billionths of a second)(1.25 billionths of a second)
The Processor The Processor Clock CycleClock Cycle
The shorter the clock cycle the faster the The shorter the clock cycle the faster the processorprocessor
The Processor The Processor Types of ProcessorsTypes of Processors
AMD Athlon X2 INTEL Core2Duo
The Processor The Processor CPU InstallationCPU Installation
ZIF Socket = Zero-Insertion Force SocketZIF Socket = Zero-Insertion Force Socket
The Processor The Processor CPU InstallationCPU Installation
Heat Sinks & FansHeat Sinks & Fans
The Processor The Processor Parallel ProcessingParallel Processing
Multiple processors work together to Multiple processors work together to complete a set of instructionscomplete a set of instructions
ControlCPU
CPU 01
CPU 02
Answer
The Processor The Processor Dual-Core ProcessorsDual-Core Processors
INTEL Core2DuoAMD Athlon X2
The Processor The Processor Data RepresentationData Representation
ANALOGANALOG
DIGITALDIGITAL
BINARY SYSTEM (2)BINARY SYSTEM (2)
The Processor The Processor Bit = 0 or 1Bit = 0 or 1
Byte = 8 bitsByte = 8 bits
Byte = Character (ABC, 012, etc)Byte = Character (ABC, 012, etc)
The Processor The Processor HertzHertz
a unit of frequency of electrical vibrations a unit of frequency of electrical vibrations equal to one cycle per second equal to one cycle per second
The Processor The Processor MHz – MegahertzMHz – Megahertz
Mega = MillionMega = Million
GHz – GigahertzGHz – Gigahertz
Giga = BillionGiga = Billion
THz – TerahertzTHz – Terahertz
Tera = TrillionTera = Trillion
INTELINTELPentium 3Pentium 3
CeleronCeleron
Celeron-DCeleron-D
Pentium-MPentium-M
Pentium 4Pentium 4
Pentium 4 Extreme EditionPentium 4 Extreme Edition
XeonXeon
ItaniumItanium
Core2DuoCore2Duo
AMDAMDAthlonAthlon
DuronDuron
SempronSempron
Athlon XPAthlon XP
Athlon MPAthlon MP
OpteronOpteron
Athlon 64Athlon 64
Athlon 64 FXAthlon 64 FX
Athlon X2Athlon X2
The Processor The Processor Where to find information about Processors:Where to find information about Processors:
www.amd.com
www.intel.com
www.newegg.com
www.mwave.com
www.pricewatch.com
MEMORY MEMORY Random Access MemoryRandom Access Memory
(RAM)(RAM)
MEMORY MEMORY Kilobyte (KB/K) = 1,024 bytesKilobyte (KB/K) = 1,024 bytes
or 2or 21010
Megabyte (MB/M) = 1,048,576 bytesMegabyte (MB/M) = 1,048,576 bytes
or 2or 22020
Gigabyte (GB/G) = 1,073,741,824 bytesGigabyte (GB/G) = 1,073,741,824 bytes
or 2or 23030
MEMORY MEMORY Memory Speeds:Memory Speeds:
Millisecond = One-thousandth/secMillisecond = One-thousandth/sec
Microsecond = One-millionth/secMicrosecond = One-millionth/sec
Nanosecond = One-billionth/secNanosecond = One-billionth/sec
Picosecond = One-trillionth/secPicosecond = One-trillionth/sec
MEMORY MEMORY Most common form of memory isMost common form of memory is
Dynamic Random Access Memory Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) (DRAM)
MEMORY MEMORY Common RAM TypesCommon RAM Types
SDRAMSDRAM
DDR SDRAMDDR SDRAM
MEMORY MEMORY Common RAM TypesCommon RAM Types
DDR2 SDRAMDDR2 SDRAM
RDRAM (RAMBUS)RDRAM (RAMBUS)
MEMORY MEMORY Common DDR SDRAM TypesCommon DDR SDRAM Types
DDR Speed PC Rating
DDR 200 PC1600
DDR 266 PC2100
DDR 333 PC2700
DDR 400 PC3200
DDR2 400 PC3200
DDR2 533 PC4200
DDR2 667 PC5300
DDR2 800 PC6400
MEMORY MEMORY How Much RAM do I Need?How Much RAM do I Need?
256 MB Minimum for Windows XP256 MB Minimum for Windows XP
512 MB Minimum for Audio/Video Editing512 MB Minimum for Audio/Video Editing
1000 MB1000 MB Minimum for 3D Design/Animation Minimum for 3D Design/Animation
2000 MB for Windows XP x64 2000 MB for Windows XP x64
2000 MB for Windows Vista x322000 MB for Windows Vista x32
4000 MB for Windows Vista x644000 MB for Windows Vista x64
MEMORY MEMORY CACHECACHE
High Speed Memory that stores instructions High Speed Memory that stores instructions and data for frequent useand data for frequent use
MEMORY MEMORY L1 Cache – CPU - FastestL1 Cache – CPU - Fastest
8 KB to 128 KB 2-4ns8 KB to 128 KB 2-4ns
L2 Cache – Motherboard - SlowerL2 Cache – Motherboard - Slower
64 KB to 4 MB 3-6ns64 KB to 4 MB 3-6ns
L3 Cache – Motherboard – SlowerL3 Cache – Motherboard – Slower
256 KB – 4 MB 4-8ns256 KB – 4 MB 4-8ns
MEMORY MEMORY Read Only MemoryRead Only Memory
(ROM)(ROM)
Cannot EraseCannot Erase
Stores Permanent Data and InstructionsStores Permanent Data and Instructions
MEMORY MEMORY BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the built-in BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the built-in
software that determines what a computer can do software that determines what a computer can do without accessing programs from a diskwithout accessing programs from a disk
MEMORY MEMORY Flash MemoryFlash Memory
Can be erased electronicallyCan be erased electronically
CMOS - Uses a Battery to retain dataCMOS - Uses a Battery to retain data
Also external form available:Also external form available:
Expansion SlotsExpansion SlotsExpands the capabilities of a computerExpands the capabilities of a computer
Adapter CardsAdapter CardsAdds new features to the computerAdds new features to the computer
Page 204Page 204
PortsPortsAllows connection of peripheralsAllows connection of peripherals
Page 206-210Page 206-210
BusesBusesAn electrical channel for the computer An electrical channel for the computer
components to communicatecomponents to communicate
BusWidth(bits)
Bus Speed(MHz)
Bus Bandwidth(MBytes/sec)
8-bit ISA 8 8.3 7.9
16-bit ISA 16 8.3 15.9
EISA 32 8.3 31.8
VLB 32 33 127.2
PCI 32 33 127.2
64-bit PCI 2.1 64 66 508.6
AGP 32 66 254.3
AGP (x2 mode) 32 66x2 508.6
AGP (x4 mode) 32 66x4 1,017.3
AGP (x8 mode) 32 66x8 2,034.4
PCI-X 64 133 1.06 GB/SecPeripheral Component Interconnect Extended
BAYSBAYSPage 212Page 212
QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
Assignment # 02Page 223Page 223
True/False 1-12True/False 1-12
Page 224Page 224
Multiple Choice 1-14Multiple Choice 1-14
Page 225Page 225
Matching 1-10Matching 1-10
Short Answer 1-5Short Answer 1-5