7/25/2019 Islamic Power: The Pulls of Reformism and Fundamentalism
1/12
Chapter 10
Islamic Power: The Pulls ofReformism andFundamentalism
Azmi MuharomMA Asia201!201"
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2015
www.hse.ru
7/25/2019 Islamic Power: The Pulls of Reformism and Fundamentalism
2/12
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2015
#istorical $ac%&round
The sultans, nizams, and
princes
as Modernist
The lama
!s partenship of local
Muslim rulers and colonialis
7/25/2019 Islamic Power: The Pulls of Reformism and Fundamentalism
3/12
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2015
From Muslim rulers to 'ecularAuthorities
Edward Mortimer
The fall of "aghdad to the Mongols #1$%&, which ended thepossi'ilit( that the caliphate could claim to trace its line
'ac) to Muhammad*s rule from Medina, forced +slam to
ac)nowledge that sacred and secular authorit(
could not 'e one.
Muslim Ruler(Political and
Reli&ious)
*esternColonialism
('ecular
Authorities)
'ense of'pecialities
(Muslem Politicaland Reli&ious)
7/25/2019 Islamic Power: The Pulls of Reformism and Fundamentalism
4/12
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2015
Sa((id !hmad hanmodern science was really
the study of the laws of
nature, and since nature was
the work of God, which was
revealed through the Word ofthe Prophet, therefore Islam
and science were as one.
+reformers+and the more orthodo, ulamaIndia and Indonesia
"( contrast, the orthodo-Muslims were increasingl(
drien into the odd situation
of 'ecoming more anti/
estern, hence anticolonial,
'ut without a solid iew ofwhat nationalism should
represent.
7/25/2019 Islamic Power: The Pulls of Reformism and Fundamentalism
5/12
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2015
+reformers+and the more orthodo, ulamaIndia and Indonesia
the -irth of theIndonesian
independence
mo.ement waswedded to the ideals
of Islam/
$udi tomo (the o-lendea.or)+ founded in 1304
'are%at Islam (the Islamic5ea&ue)+ founded in 1312
Muhamadiyahfounded in
1312 as reformistsocioreli&ious mo.ement
Indonesian Communist part6(P7I) founded in 1320
In 132 the 8utch passed the
9uru ;rdinance+9 whichre
7/25/2019 Islamic Power: The Pulls of Reformism and Fundamentalism
6/12
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2015
Potencial for ,plosion
In Islam+ lama are notpriests
who ma6 inter.ene -etweenthe -elie.er and the di.ine+-ut rather the6 are teachers
whose tas% it is to instruct+to clarif6 doctrine+ and to
preser.e the purit6 of rituals/
Failed
7artosuwir6o (Indonesia)and 8r/ Al!#em6$arhanuddin (Mala6sia)
Succes
Muhammad Ali =innah+ A-ulA>la Maududi (Pa%istan) and
The -asis of this potentialfor e,plosion is twofold/
The ?rst factor is theappearance of a leaderwho is read6 to
sacri?ce himself in a#ol6 *ar for mmatIslam
The second factor is
the potentialfollowership+ usuall6rural people who aredistressed a-out
modern societ6
7/25/2019 Islamic Power: The Pulls of Reformism and Fundamentalism
7/12
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2015
First Factor
The relationship-etween teacherand student can
-e of a -indin&nature+ callin& fortotal o-edienceand lifelon&
lo6alt6/ ot same in
Chinese guanxi,=apanese on-giriand Indonesia
The power of theulama can at an6moment mo.e
into the seculardomain
an e,plosion can
come if reli&iousteachers areinspired tocollecti.e action
7/25/2019 Islamic Power: The Pulls of Reformism and Fundamentalism
8/12
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2015
'econd Factor
Muslim -eha.iortends to -e polarized/
And this apparentstate of calm can -esuddenl6 -ro%en -6collecti.e ra&e+
Much of the timethere is a fatalistic
acceptance ofwhate.er happens
as when racial riotserupted in 7uala5umpur in 13"3+ andwhen Pa%istani mo-s
-urned down theAmerican m-ass6 inIslama-ad in 13@3+
Modernization+ with itssecular .alues andur-an life!st6les+ caneasil6 pro.o%ed suchra&e/
7/25/2019 Islamic Power: The Pulls of Reformism and Fundamentalism
9/12
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2015
i(a3at !li han, 4uring his
'rief premiership from 167
to 151, he was franticall(tr(ing 'etween conseratie
lama and "ritish
Standards.
Then+ how is relation satisfactor6 ofnation -uildin& and economicde.elopment
8rom the time the "ritish oerthrew the Moguls. ntil+ndia/9a)istan case
9a)istan was founded on +slamic ideals, 'ut it was not
clear in 167, or (ears later, what those ideals were.
:innah died less than a (ear after he had achieed hisgoal; a
7/25/2019 Islamic Power: The Pulls of Reformism and Fundamentalism
10/12
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2015
Islamic Power as Personal Girtue
In Pa%istan+ $an&ladesh+Indonesia+ and Mala6sia+
1/ Traditional rulers+
2/ Modernist+
D/ Fundamentalist+/ Traditional lama and
/ ;rthodo, Muslim
. Muslim nations of Asia isstill ha.e feelin& that
there is and should -e anummat, a Muslimcommunit6/
. Islamic political cultures isstill hi&hl6 personalized/
The leader is supposedto appro,imate
1. jalal, $rilliance+
&reatness+ superiorit6+manliness+ or maHest6+andjamal,softness+
7/25/2019 Islamic Power: The Pulls of Reformism and Fundamentalism
11/12
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2015
Islamic Power as Personal Girtue
The Islamic ideal leader is
therefore a man who is not perfect
-only uhammad achie!ed perfection-
but whose di!inely inspired "uality ofblessedness
can bring blessings on his followers when,
as brothers, all stri!e to perfect their waysand obey the obligations re"uired by
membership
in the Islamic community, the umma.#
$ucian %. & e
7/25/2019 Islamic Power: The Pulls of Reformism and Fundamentalism
12/12
20+ M6asnits%a6a str/+ Moscow+ Russia+ 101000
Tel/: @ (3) "24!4423+ Fa,: @ (3) "24!@3D1www/hse/ru