Download pdf - Is Protest Patriotic? · 8th Grade Patriotism Inquiry Is Protest Patriotic? Jim Ryan, a photograph reflecting the idea that many wealthy men were able to get draft deferments while

NEWYORKSTATE SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCETOOLKIT

T H I S W O R K I S L I C E N S E D U N D E R A C R E A T I V E C OMMON S A T T R I B U T I O N - N O N C OMM E R C I A L - S H A R E A L I K E 4 . 0 I N T E R N A T I O N A L L I C E N S E . 1

8thGradePatriotismInquiry

IsProtestPatriotic?

JimRyan,aphotographreflectingtheideathatmanywealthymenwereabletogetdraftdefermentswhileracialminoritiesandworking-classmenmadeupadisproportionatenumberofdraftees,c1970.PhotobyJimRyan,1976.Usedwithpermission.

SupportingQuestions

1. WhatwerethemainargumentsofVietnamWarprotesters?2. WhatmethodswereusedtoprotesttheVietnamWar?3. WhydidsomeAmericansconsidertheVietnamWarprotestersunpatriotic?4. WhydidtheVietnamWarprotestersconsiderthemselvespatriotic?


T H I S W O R K I S L I C E N S E D U N D E R A C R E A T I V E C OMMON S A T T R I B U T I O N - N O N C OMM E R C I A L - S H A R E A L I K E 4 . 0 I N T E R N A T I O N A L L I C E N S E . 2

8thGradePatriotismInquiry

IsProtestPatriotic?NewYorkStateSocialStudiesFrameworkKeyIdea&Practices

8.9DOMESTICPOLITICSANDREFORM:ThecivilrightsmovementandtheGreatSocietywereattemptsbypeopleandthegovernmenttoaddressmajorsocial,legal,economic,andenvironmentalproblems.Subsequenteconomicrecessioncalledforaneweconomicprogram.

Gathering,Using,andInterpretingEvidence EconomicsandEconomicSystems CivicParticipationStagingtheQuestion StudentsreadexcerptsfromThomasPaine’sTheAmericanCrisis(1776)andusetheQuestion

FormulationTechnique(QFT)togeneratecompanionquestionsaddressingtheinquirytopic.

SupportingQuestion1 SupportingQuestion2 SupportingQuestion3 SupportingQuestion4

WhatwerethemainargumentsofVietnamWarprotesters?

WhatmethodswereusedtoprotesttheVietnamWar?

WhydidsomeAmericansconsidertheVietnamWarprotestersunpatriotic?

WhydidtheVietnamWarprotestersconsiderthemselvespatriotic?

FormativePerformanceTask




Createapolitical,social,andeconomicchartoutliningtheargumentsusedbyVietnamWarprotesters.

CreateanannotatedposterofthemethodsusedtoprotesttheVietnamWar.

MakeaclaimwithevidenceaboutwhysomeAmericansconsideredtheVietnamWarprotestersunpatriotic.

MakeacounterclaimaboutwhysomeAmericansconsideredtheVietnamWarprotesterspatriotic.

FeaturedSource FeaturedSource FeaturedSource FeaturedSource

SourceA:Databank:VietnamWarstatisticsSourceB:MyLaiMassacrenewspaperfrontpageSourceC:ExcerptfromJohnKerry’stestimonytotheUnitedStatesSenateSourceD:ImageBank:EscalationintoCambodia

SourceA:“War”SourceB:Sourcebank:VietnamWarprotestsSourceC:Imagebank:WeatherUnderground

SourceA:“LegislatorsDemandStiffPenaltiesforDowChemicalProtesters”SourceB:Excerptfrom“AddresstotheNationontheWarinVietnam”SourceC:Sourcebank:Hardhatrallies

SourceA:Excerptfrom“NamingtheSystem”SourceB:Excerptfrom"ATimetoBreakSilence”

SummativePerformanceTask

ARGUMENTIsprotestpatriotic?Constructanargument(e.g.,detailedoutline,poster,essay)thataddressesthecompellingquestionusingspecificclaimsandrelevantevidencefromhistoricalsourceswhileacknowledgingcompetingviews.

EXTENSIONAdapttheseargumentsbyrewritingthelyricstoapopularsongtoaddressthecompellingquestionwhilealsoreferringtospecificdetailsandevidencefromthefeaturedsources.

TakingInformedAction

UNDERSTANDExaminethepresent-dayinvolvementoftheUSmilitaryinaconflictoverseas.

ASSESSAnalyzetheargumentsofthoseopposedtotheactionandthepatriotismoftheiractionsagainstUSmilitaryinvolvementoverseas.ACTUsingassortedmediaplatforms,designandcreateapresentationthatconveyssupportoroppositiontoAmerica’scurrentmilitaryinvolvementoverseas.


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Overview

InquiryDescription

Thisinquiryisfocusedonthecompellingquestion“Isprotestpatriotic?”ThequestionchallengesthenotionthatprotestagainstauthorityisunpatrioticandasksstudentstoconsiderwhetherAmerica’sdemocraticinstitutionsarestrengthenedthroughoccasionaloppositiontoAmericanleadership.ThisinquirydealswiththeVietnamWarera(1964–1973),focusingprimarilyonthenationalandinternationalchallengesAmericafacedduringthepresidentialadministrationsofLyndonJohnsonandRichardNixon.StudentshaveanopportunitytolearnaboutthereasonsforandagainsttheantiwarprotestsoftheVietnamWarera,themethodsusedtoprotesttheVietnamWar,andthewaysinwhichAmerica’stowns,schools,andfamiliesweredividedoverwarpolicy.Ininvestigatingthecompellingquestion,studentsgrapplewithissuesrelatedtomessageversusmethod:Couldoneagreewiththemessageofantiwarprotesterswhiledisdainingthemethodsofprotest?CouldonesupportNixon’sgoaltostemthespreadofcommunismwhileprotestingthebombingofVietnameseandCambodianvillages?Thisinquirychallengesstudentstoexaminetheirownviewsonpatriotismandevaluatewhetherasoldierwitharifleandaprotesterwithabullhorncanbeequallypatriotic.

InadditiontotheKeyIdealistedearlier,thisinquiryhighlightsthefollowingConceptualUnderstanding:

• (8.9c)TheGreatSocietyprogramsofPresidentLyndonJohnsonstrengthenedeffortsaimedatreducingpovertyandprovidinghealthcarefortheelderly,buttheVietnamWardrainedresourcesanddividedsociety.

NOTE:Thisinquiryisexpectedtotakefourtosix40-minuteclassperiods.Theinquirytimeframecouldexpandifteachersthinktheirstudentsneedadditionalinstructionalexperiences(i.e.,supportingquestions,formativeperformancetasks,andfeaturedsources).Teachersareencouragedtoadapttheinquiriesinordertomeettheneedsandinterestsoftheirparticularstudents.Resourcescanalsobemodifiedasnecessarytomeetindividualizededucationprograms(IEPs)orSection504Plansforstudentswithdisabilities.

StructureoftheInquiry

Inaddressingthecompellingquestion“Isprotestpatriotic?”studentsworkthroughaseriesofsupportingquestions,formativeperformancetasks,andfeaturedsourcesinordertoconstructanargumentsupportedbyevidencewhileacknowledgingcompetingperspectives.

StagingtheCompellingQuestion

StudentsreadexcerptsfromThomasPaine’sTheCrisis(1776)andusetheQuestionFormulationTechnique(QFT)togeneratecompanionquestionsaddressingtheinquirytopic.QFTisausefultoolfordevelopingquestionsthatconsistsofsixdeceptivelysimplesteps—determinethequestionfocus,brainstormquestions,refinetheemergingquestions,prioritizethequestions,determinethenextsteps,andreflect.


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SupportingQuestion1

Thefirstsupportingquestion—“WhatwerethemainargumentsofVietnamWarprotesters?”—laysafoundationfortheinquirybyfocusingontheissueshighlightedbyantiwarprotestersthroughouttheVietnamWar.BornduringorinthewakeofWorldWarII,agenerationofcollegestudentsandyoungadultshadcomeofageduringtheEisenhowerprosperityofthelate1950sandthepromiseoftheKennedyyearsoftheearly1960s.Someoftheseyoungpeoplesoughtindependencefromtheconformityoftheera,breakingwiththeirparentsinareasasvariedasfashion,music,andcinema—aswellaswithVietnamWarpolitics.Theformativeperformancetaskasksstudentstocreateachartthathighlightsthepolitical,social,andeconomicargumentspresentedbyVietnamWarprotesters.ThefeaturedsourcesincludeadatabankofstatisticsrelatedtotheVietnamWar,excerptsfromJohnKerry’sSenatetestimony,thefrontpageofanewspaperannouncingtheMyLaimassacre,andanimagebankreflectingtheescalationofthewarintoCambodia.

SupportingQuestion2

Thesecondsupportingquestion—“WhatmethodswereusedtoprotesttheVietnamWar?”—buildsonthefirst,buthasanarrowerfocusonthemethodsusedtoprotesttheVietnamWar.Theformativeperformancetaskasksstudentstocreateanannotatedposterthathighlightsthevariedtacticsandtechniquesprotestersused.Thefeaturedsourcesprovidestudentswithasamplingofthesetactics.FeaturedSourceA,thesong“War,”performedbyEdwinStarrandwrittenbyNormanWhitfieldandBarrettStrong,capturedthesentimentsofmanyAmericanswho,afterhalfadecade,hadlostanyhopethattheVietnamWarcouldhaveapositiveoutcome.FeaturedSourcesBandCareimagebanksfeaturingpeacefulandviolentformsofprotest,respectively.

SupportingQuestion3

Thethirdsupportingquestion—“WhydidsomeAmericansconsidertheVietnamWarprotestersunpatriotic?”—suggeststhatAmericanswerenotunitedintheiroppositiontotheVietnamWarandthatsomeweredisdainfulofantiwarprotestersandtheirideologicalviewpoints.TheformativeperformancetaskcallsonstudentstomakeaclaimaboutwhysomeAmericansconsideredtheVietnamWarprotestersunpatriotic.FeaturedSourceAisasetofexcerptsfromPresidentRichardNixon’sspeechonAmericanoppositiontothewarandhiscalltothe“silentmajority”fortheirsupportandcommitmenttoAmerica’scontinuedinvolvementinSoutheastAsia.FeaturedSourceBisanewspaperaccountoftheWisconsinlegislature’sdebateaboutstudentsprotestingtheVietnamWar.FeaturedSourceCintroducesthewaysinwhichtheVietnamWardividedeverydayAmericans:TheHardHatRiotofMay8,1970hascometosymbolizetheangermanyAmericans—particularlythemiddleclass—hadfortheantiwarprotesterswhotheyperceivedasentitledandungrateful.


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SupportingQuestion4

Thefinalsupportingquestion—“WhydidtheVietnamWarprotestersconsiderthemselvespatriotic?”—introducesthepositionthatantiwarprotesterssawthemselvesaspatriotsfightinginjustice,theimperialisticambitionsoftheUnitedStates,andmoralweakness.Theformativeperformancetaskcallsonstudentstomakeacounterclaiminresponsetothepreviousformativeperformancetask,whichfocusedontheideathatsomeAmericansconsideredtheVietnamWarprotestersunpatriotic.Thefeaturedsourcesincludetwospeeches:PaulPotter’s“NamingtheSystem”andDr.MartinLutherKingJr.’s“ATimetoBreaktheSilence.”BothspeechesaddressweaknessesinAmerica’scharacterthatwereexposedbycontinuedinvolvementandsupportofthewarinVietnam.

SummativePerformanceTask

Atthispointintheinquiry,studentshaveexaminedthereasonsandtacticsusedbyVietnamWarprotestersandhaveexaminedsourcessuggestingthattheprotestswerebothpatrioticandunpatriotic.Studentsshouldbeabletodemonstratethebreadthoftheirunderstandingsandtheirabilitiestouseevidencefrommultiplesourcestosupporttheirclaims.Inthistask,studentsconstructanevidence-basedargumentusingmultiplesourcestoanswerthecompellingquestion“Isprotestpatriotic?”Itisimportanttonotethatstudents’argumentscouldtakeavarietyofforms,includingadetailedoutline,poster,oressay.

Students’argumentswilllikelyvary,butcouldincludeanyofthefollowing:

• Protestingtheactionsofone’scountryinatimeofwarisunpatrioticbecauseitgivesmotivationtotheenemy.

• Protestingtheactionsofone’scountryinatimeofwarispatrioticsolongasthewarisunjustandthemethodsofprotestarepeaceful.

• Theanti–Vietnamwarprotestersexercisedtheirconstitutionalrighttocriticizetheirgovernmentpeacefullyandthusactedpatriotically.

• Theanti–Vietnamwarprotesterswenttoofarintheirprotests,riskedthesafetyofAmericansoldiersabroad,andthusbroughtshametothemselvesandtheircountry.

Studentscouldextendtheargumentsbyrewritingthelyricstoapopularsongtoaddressthecompellingquestionwhilealsoreferringtospecificdetailsandevidencefromthesources.

StudentshavetheopportunitytoTakeInformedActionbyexaminingacurrentprotest.Studentscanunderstandtheissuebyexaminingthepresent-dayinvolvementoftheUSmilitaryinaconflictoverseas.Studentscanthenassesstheissuebyevaluatingtheargumentsofthoseopposedtotheprotestandthosewhoseeitaspatriotic.AndtheycanthenactonwhattheyhavelearnedbyusingvariousmediaplatformstodesignapresentationthatindicatessupportoroppositionforAmerica’scurrentmilitaryinvolvementoverseas.Studentsmaypresenttheirworkinaclassroomorschool-widesetting.


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StagingtheCompellingQuestion

FeaturedSourceSourceA:ThomasPaine,apassagefromanessayinTheAmericanCrisis(excerpt),December23,1776

NOTE:ThomasPaine’spamphletCommonSensewastheclarioncallthatbegantheAmericanRevolution.AsGeorgeWashington'stroopsretreatedfromNewYorkthroughNewJersey,Paineagainrosetothechallengeofliterarywarfare.WithTheAmericanCrisis,hedeliveredthewordsthatwouldsalvagetherevolution.

Washingtoncommandedthatthefreshlyprintedpamphletbereadaloudtohisdispiritedmen;therousingprosehaditsintendedeffect.RecitingPaine'simpassionedwords,thebeleagueredtroopsmusteredtheirremaininghopesforvictoryandcrossedtheicyDelawareRivertodefeathungoverHessiansonChristmasnightand,onJanuary2,theBritisharmy'sbestgeneral,EarlCornwallis,attheBattleofPrinceton.WithvictoryinNewJersey,Washingtonwonnotonlytwobattlesbutalsotheloveandthanksofmenandwomen.

THESEarethetimesthattrymen’ssouls.Thesummersoldierandthesunshinepatriotwill,inthiscrisis,shrinkfromtheserviceoftheircountry;buthethatstandsitnow,deservestheloveandthanksofmanandwoman.Tyranny,likehell,isnoteasilyconquered;yetwehavethisconsolationwithus,thatthehardertheconflict,themoregloriousthetriumph.Whatweobtaintoocheap,weesteemtoolightly:itisdearnessonlythatgiveseverythingitsvalue.Heavenknowshowtoputaproperpriceuponitsgoods;anditwouldbestrangeindeedifsocelestialanarticleasfreedomshouldnotbehighlyrated.Britain,withanarmytoenforcehertyranny,hasdeclaredthatshehasaright(notonlytotax)but“tobindusinallcaseswhatsoever,”andifbeingboundinthatmanner,isnotslavery,thenistherenotsuchathingasslaveryuponearth.Eventheexpressionisimpious;forsounlimitedapowercanbelongonlytoGod.

Publicdomain.


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SupportingQuestion1

FeaturedSource SourceA:Databank:VietnamWarstatistics

Chart1:PublicperceptionoftheVietnamWar.JodieT.Allen.“PollingWars:Hawksvs.Doves.”PewResearchCenter,Washington,DC,November23,2009.http://www.pewresearch.org/2009/11/23/polling-wars-hawks-vs-doves/.

http://www.pewresearch.org/2009/11/23/polling-wars-hawks-vs-doves/


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Chart2:ChartofUnitedStatestroopdeathsintheVietnamWar.


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SupportingQuestion1

FeaturedSourceSourceB:ClevelandPlainDealer,front-pagereportingontheMyLaiMassacre,November29,1969

ThePlainDealerfrontpageonNovember20,1969.UsedwithPermissionofLandovmedia.Photo:RonaldL.Haeberle.TheLIFEImagesCollection/GettyImages.


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SupportingQuestion1

FeaturedSource SourceC:JohnKerry,testimonytotheUnitedStatesSenateForeignRelationsCommitteeasarepresentativeofagroupofVietnamveteransopposedtothewar(excerpts),April22,1971

FeelingsofMenComingBackfromVietnam

...Inouropinion,andfromourexperience,thereisnothinginSouthVietnam,nothingwhichcouldhappenthatrealisticallythreatenstheUnitedStatesofAmerica.AndtoattempttojustifythelossofoneAmericanlifeinVietnam,Cambodia,orLaosbylinkingsuchlosstothepreservationoffreedom,whichthosemisfitssupposedlyabuse,istoustheheightofcriminalhypocrisy,anditisthatkindofhypocrisywhichwefeelhastornthiscountryapart....

WhatWasFoundandLearnedinVietnam

Wefoundthatnotonlywasitacivilwar,aneffortbyapeoplewhohadforyearsbeenseekingtheirliberationfromanycolonialinfluencewhatsoever,butalsowefoundthattheVietnamesewhomwehadenthusiasticallymoldedafterourownimagewerehardputtotakeupthefightagainstthethreatweweresupposedlysavingthemfrom.

Wefoundmostpeopledidn’tevenknowthedifferencebetweencommunismanddemocracy.Theyonlywantedtoworkinricepaddieswithouthelicoptersstrafingthemandbombswithnapalmburningtheirvillagesandtearingtheircountryapart.Theywantedeverythingtodowiththewar,particularlywiththisforeignpresenceoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,toleavethemaloneinpeace,andtheypracticedtheartofsurvivalbysidingwithwhichevermilitaryforcewaspresentataparticulartime,beitVietCong,NorthVietnamese,orAmerican.

WefoundalsothatalltoooftenAmericanmenweredyinginthosericepaddiesforwantofsupportfromtheirallies.

WesawfirsthandhowmoneyfromAmericantaxeswasusedforacorruptdictatorialregime.Wesawthatmanypeopleinthiscountryhadaone-sidedideaofwhowaskeptfreebyourflag,asblacksprovidedthehighestpercentageofcasualties.WesawVietnamravagedequallybyAmericanbombsaswellasbysearchanddestroymissions,aswellasbyVietCongterrorism,andyetwelistenedwhilethiscountrytriedtoblameallofthehavocontheVietCong.

Werationalizeddestroyingvillagesinordertosavethem.WesawAmericalosehersenseofmoralityassheacceptedverycoollyaMyLaiandrefusedtogiveuptheimageofAmericansoldierswhohandoutchocolatebarsandchewinggum.

Welearnedthemeaningoffreefirezones,shootinganythingthatmoves,andwewatchedwhileAmericaplacedacheapnessonthelivesofOrientals.

WewatchedtheU.S.falsificationofbodycounts,infacttheglorificationofbodycounts.Welistenedwhilemonthaftermonthweweretoldthebackoftheenemywasabouttobreak.Wefoughtusingweaponsagainst“Orientalhumanbeings,”withquotationmarksaroundthat.WefoughtusingweaponsagainstthosepeoplewhichIdonotbelievethiscountrywoulddreamofusingwerewefightingintheEuropeantheater....


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RequestforActionbyCongress

WeareaskinghereinWashingtonforsomeaction,actionfromtheCongressoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,whichhasthepowertoraiseandmaintainarmies,andwhichbytheConstitutionalsohasthepowertodeclarewar.

Wehavecomehere,nottothepresident,becausewebelievethatthisbodycanberesponsivetothewillofthepeople,andwebelievethatthewillofthepeoplesaysthatweshouldbeoutofVietnamnow....

Publicdomain.AvailableatthefacultypageofDr.ErnestBolt,UniversityofRichmond:https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/johnkerrytestimony.html.

https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/johnkerrytestimony.html


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SupportingQuestion1

FeaturedSource SourceD:ImageBank:EscalationintoCambodia

Image1:Herblock,politicalcartooncriticalofUSinvolvementintheVietnamWar,“Now,asIWasSayingFourYearsAgo,”1972.Herblock,cartooncriticalofUSinvolvementintheVietnamWar,“Now,asIWasSayingFourYearsAgo,”1972A1972HerblockCartoon,©TheHerbBlockFoundation.Usedwithpermission.


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Image2:TaylorOwen,maprepresentedbombingsites,“SitesBombed,”2006.NOTE:DespitenotbeingdirectlyinvolvedintheVietnamWar,neighboringCambodiawasthesceneofextensivemilitaryaction.NorthVietnamesetroopsusedareasofCambodiaasbasesfortheirmilitary,andtheUnitedStatesregularlybombedthesewesternCambodiabases.In1970,PresidentNixonorderedthesecretinvasionofCambodia.Thismap,producedbyTaylorOwenin2006,highlightssitesinCambodiathatwerebombedbytheUnitedStatesmilitary.Map©TaylorOwen.Usedwithpermission.Themapaccompaniedthearticle“BombsoverCambodia,”byTaylorOwenandBenKiernan,TheWalrus,October2006.Availableat“TheCambodianGenocideProject,”YaleUniversity:http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf.

http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf


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SupportingQuestion2

FeaturedSource SourceA:NormanWhitfieldandBarrettStrong,lyricsfroma1960spopsong,“War,”1969

War,huh,yeahWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,ohhoh,ohWar,huh,yeahWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,sayitagain,y’allWar,huh,goodGodWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,listentomeOh,war,Idespise‘CauseitmeansdestructionofinnocentlivesWarmeanstearstothousandsofmothers’eyesWhentheirsonsgoofftofightandlosetheirlivesIsaidWar,huh,goodGody’allWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,justsayitagainWar,whoaLordWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,listentomeWar,itain’tnothin’butaheartbreakWar,friendonlytotheundertakerOhwar,isanenemytoallmankindThethoughtofwarblowsmymindWarhascausedunrestwithintheyoungergenerationInduction,thendestruction,whowantstodie?War,goodGody’allWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,sayit,sayit,sayit

War,uhhuh,yeah,huhWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,listentomeWar,itain’tnothin’butaheartbreakerWar,it’sgotonefriend,that’stheundertakerOh,warhasshatteredmanyyoungman’sdreamsMadehimdisabled,bitterandmeanLifeismuchtooshortandprecioustospendfightingwarsthesedaysWarcan’tgivelife,itcanonlytakeitaway,oohWar,huh,goodGody’allWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,sayitagainWar,whoa,LordWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,listentomeWar,itain’tnothin’butaheartbreakerWar,friendonlytotheundertakerPeaceloveandunderstandingtellmeIstherenoplaceforthemtoday?TheysaywemustfighttokeepourfreedomButLordknowsthere’sgottobeabetterwayWar,huh,goodGody’allWhatisitgoodfor?Youtell‘em,sayit,sayit,sayit,sayitWar,goodLord,huhWhatisitgoodfor?Standupandshoutit,nothingWar,itain’tnothin’butaheartbreaker

War. WordsandMusicbyNormanWhitfieldandBarrettStrong.©1970(Renewed1998)JOBETEMUSICCO.,INC.AllRightsControlledandAdministeredbyEMIBLACKWOODMUSICINC.onbehalfofSTONEAGATEMUSIC(ADivisionofJOBETEMUSICCO.,INC.)AllRightsReservedInternationalCopyrightSecuredUsedbyPermission.ReprintedbyPermissionofHalLeonardCorporation.


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SupportingQuestion2

FeaturedSource SourceB:Sourcebank:VietnamWarprotests

Source1:JimRyan,aphotographreflectingtheideathatmanywealthymenwereabletogetdraftdefermentswhileracialminoritiesandworking-classmenmadeupadisproportionatenumberofdraftees,c1970.PhotobyJimRyan,1976.Usedwithpermission.


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Source2:FredLonidier,photographofyoungmenburningtheirdraftcards.TheSupremeCourtruledthattheburningofdraftcards,unliketheburningofAmericanflags,wasnotaconstitutionalright,c1970.©FredLonidier.Usedwithpermission.


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Source3:NihonDenpaNews,photographtakenofperhapsthemostnotoriousantiwarprotesterofhergeneration—actressJaneFonda,1972.©APPhoto/Usedwithpermission.


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ClayGuiltyinDraftCase;GetsFiveYearsinPrison

U.S.JudgeAlsoFinestheBoxer$10,000forRefusingInduction

ByMARTINWALDRON

Houston,June20--CassiusClay,thedeposedheavyweightchampion,wasconvictedbyajurytonightofviolatingtheUnitedStatesSelectiveServicelawsbyrefusingtobedrafted.

FederalDistrictJudgeJoeE.IngrahamsentencedClaytofiveyearsinprisonandfinedhim$10,000.Thiswasthemaximumpenaltyfortheoffense,whichisafelony.

Thejudge'ssentencewaspronouncedimmediatelyatClay'srequest.

"I'dappreciateit,"the25-year-oldboxersaid,"ifthecourtwilldoitnow,givememysentencenow,insteadofwaitingandstallingfortime."

Hislawyerssaidhe"wantstobeabletosleeptonight"withoutworryingwhatthesentencewouldbe.

Clay,whohadcontendedthathisstatusasaBlackMuslimministermadehimexemptfromthedraft,stoodpassivelyinfrontofthejudge'sbenchasthejudgepronouncedsentence.

Everyeyeinthecrowdedcourtroomwasonhimashestaredstraightahead,saying,"No,sir,"firmlywhenthejudgeaskedhimifhewantedtosayanythingthatmightgotowardmitigatinghissentence.

Beforethesentencing,MortonSusman,UnitedStatesAttorney,indicatedthathewouldfilenoobjectiontothejudge'sgivingClayalightersentencethanthemaximum.

"Theonlyrecordhehasisaminortrafficoffense,"saidMr.Susman.

HesaidthatClay,asanathlete,hadbroughthonortotheUnitedStatesbywinningintheOlympicsinRomein1960,andhadbroughtcredittohimselfbybecomingheavyweightchampionoftheworld.

"HebecameaMuslimin1964afterdefeatingSonnyListonforthetitle,"saidMr.Susman."Inmyopinion,histroublestartedwiththat--thistragedyandthelossofhistitlecanbetracedtothat."

AfterClayhadrefusedinApriltotaketheArmyinductionoath,theWorldBoxingAssociationandtheNewYorkAthleticCommissionstrippedhimofhistitle.

Mr.Susman,whowasaidedintheprosecutionbyaNegroassistant,CarlWalker,saidthathehadstudiedtheMuslimorder"anditisasmuchpoliticalasitisreligious."

Clay,whohadstoodstifflyinhisgraysilksuitandblackalligatorshoeswithoutspeaking,couldkeepquietnolonger.

"IfIcansayso,sir,"hesaid,"myreligionisnotpoliticalinnoway."


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TherewereanumberofMuslimmembersinthecourtroomfortheverdictandthesubsequentsentencing,buttherewasnooutcryandnodisturbance.AnumberofspecialagentsoftheFederalBureauofInvestigationwerewatchingtheaudiencealongwithFederalmarshals.

Thejury,sixmenandsixwomen,allwhite,stayedinthejuryboxduringthesentencing.

Clay'sattorneys,HaydenC.CovingtonofNewYorkCityandQuinnanA.HodgesofHouston,tookexceptiontoMr.Susman'sremarksabouttheMuslims.

DeniesMuslimInfluence

Mr.Covington,whohaswoncivilrightssuitsforJehovah'sWitnesses,areligioussect,inanumberofconstitutionalcases,said:"ItakeexceptiontoremarksthatthismanisundertheinfluenceoftheMuslimsinanyway."

Clay,hesaid,isoneofthefinestmenhehasevermetandactedfrom"sincerityandhonesty"whenherefusedlastApril28tostepforwardandbeinductedintothearmedservicesatHouston.

BothMr.CovingtonandMr.HodgesaskedJudgeIngrahamtoputClayonprobation.Failingthat,saidMr.Covington,theformerchampionshouldnotbegivenasentencemoreseverethanthosegiveninasimilarcases."That's18months,"hesaid.

JudgeIngraham,afterbeingtoldthatClay'sattorneyswouldappeal,saidthatnowwasnotthetimetoaskforclemency.Iftheconvictionshouldbethrownoutonappeal,"thesentencewouldbenil,"hesaid,butifitshouldbeupheld,thatwouldbethetimetoseekareductioninsentenceortoseekprobation.

Clay,whohadknownbothapplauseandboosinhissevenyearsasaboxer,didnotseemdowncastattoday'sturnofevents.

Hisstepwasasjauntyaseverashewalkedfromthecourtroomafterbeingreleasedon$5,000bond.Heheldhandswithtwoyoungwomenwhohadbeenwithhimduringintermissionsinthetrialandhesmiledatthecrowdthatgatheredaround.Heallowedthetelevisioncameramentosurroundhimandshufflehimoffdownthestreet.

Thejurywasoutconsideringtheverdictforonlyabout20minutes.EveryoneknewbeforeitretiredthatClaywouldbeconvicted.Heandhislawyershadnotattemptedtodenythathehadrefusedinduction.TheirmaincontentionwasthatthedraftboardsinLouisville,Ky.,andinHoustonhadactedimproperlyinnotgrantinghimadefermentasaminister.

AfterJudgeIngrahamhadruledthatastudyofthehugedraftboardfileoftheClaycasehadconvincedhimthatthedraftboardshadnotacted"arbitrarilyorcapriciously"inrefusingthedeferment.Clay'sconvictionbecameaforegoneconclusion.

PaysNoAttention

Claypaidnoattentiontothelegalmaneuveringduringtheday.Hesatatthedefensetable,drawingandchewinggum.

Duringrecesses,whileClaystoodoutinthecorridorsintheFederalCourthouseandsignedautographsforchildren,oneofhisattorneysshowedreporterssomeofthedrawingsthatClayhadmade.Oneshowedanairplaneflyingoveraheavilywoodedmountainrangetowardtherisingsun.Anotherportrayedashipsailinghead-onintoafjordbetweentwomountainranges.


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Clayhimselfexhibitedotherdrawings--mysticsymbols,cloudsandsoforth.Onewasanelaboratesketchofthewords"MuhammadAli,"whichishisMuslimname.

Inall,thejuryheardonlyanhourorsooftestimony,mostofitfromgovernmentwitnesses.

Source4:MartinWaldron,articleaboutCassiusClay(laterMuhammadAli)beingfoundguiltyofavoidingthedraft,NewYorkTimes,June21,1967.

FromtheNewYorkTimes,June21,1967©1967TheNewYorkTimes.Allrightsreserved.UsedbypermissionandprotectedbytheCopyrightLawsoftheUnitedStates.Theprinting,copying,redistribution,orretransmissionofthisContentwithoutexpresswrittenpermissionisprohibited.http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0620.html#article.

http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0620.html#article


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Source5:BernieBoston,photographofpeacefulwarprotesterswhowerealsopartofthecounterculturemovementandwerenicknamed“hippies,”TheWashingtonPost,October22,1967.©GettyImages/©TheWashingtonPost.

Source6:SpencerGrant,photographofantiwarprotesterataBostonrallywavingtheVietCongflagattheStateHousetoprotesttheKentStateUniversityshootings,c1970.©GettyImages/©SpencerGrant.


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SupportingQuestion2

FeaturedSource SourceC:Imagebank:WeatherUnderground

Image1:Photographerunknown,photographofdamagefromaWeatherUndergroundbombsetoffinawomen’sbathroomintheAirForcewingofthePentagon,May19,1972.BathroomBombatthePentagon©Corbis.


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Image2:Artistunknown,posterreflectingtheplanneddemonstrationsbytheWeatherUnderground,afactionoftheStudentsforaDemocraticSociety(SDS)inChicagofromOctober9to11,1969.SpecialCollectionsLibraryattheUniversityofWashington,[email protected].


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Image3:FederalBureauofInvestigation,mostwantedbulletinwith20peopleconnectedtotheWeatherUndergroundfactionoftheStudentsforaDemocraticSociety,c1970.Publicdomain.


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SupportingQuestion3

FeaturedSourceSourceA:RobertMeloon,newspaperarticleaboutstudentprotestsagainsttheVietnamWarattheUniversityofWisconsin,“LegislatorsDemandStiffPenaltiesforDowChemicalProtesters,”TheCapitalTimes(excerpts),October1967

NOTE:SoonafterstudentprotestsagainstDowChemical(manufacturersofnapalm)turnedviolent,UniversityofWisconsinofficialswerecalledonthecarpetatthestatehouse.Legislatorssuspectedtheirstateuniversityofhousingcommunists,incitingtreasonousbehavior,andimportingactivistsfromotherpartsofthenationtostirthingsup.Madison'sliberalafternoonnewspaper,TheCapitalTimes,waslosingreadership,partlybecauseofitsantiwarposition;itcoveredthelegislature'sreactionsinthisarticle.

StrictdiscipliningofcampusdemonstratorswasdemandedWednesdaybystatelegislatorsaftertheyreceivedareportontheviolencefromLt.Gov.JackOlson.

TheAssemblyadopted94to5aresolutioncallingforstiffpenaltiesforthestudentsandexpulsion“whenevernecessary.”

Theresolutioncalledtheprotests“aflagrantabuseandperversionofthetreasuredtraditionsofacademicfreedoms....”

Inhistalktothelegislators,Lt.Gov.Olsonalsocalledforaget-toughpolicyattheUniversity.

“AnyonewhohastakenpartinthistypeofriothasnoplaceintheUniversity,”hesaid.

IntheSenate,Sen.LelandMcParland(D-Cudahy)saidhewas“sickofstudentsrunningtheUniversity.”

“Weshouldshootthemifnecessary,”McParlandsaid.“Iwould,Iwould,becauseit’sinsurrection,”headded....

“CommunismisonthatUniversitycampusandit’soperatingtoday,”[Sen.Gordon]Roseleip[(R-Darlington)]said.Hecalledforalegislativeinvestigationofthedemonstrations.

Sen.ErnestKeppler(R-Sheboygan)cautionedthesenatorsthat“wearedealingwithonlyasmallpercentageofthestudentbody.”

“Butweshoulddealwiththemseverely,”headded....

AssemblymanEdwardMertz(D-Milwaukee)calledthestudents“long-haired,greasypigs”andinsistedtheLegislatureshouldtakeoverrunningtheUniversity....

[AssemblymanHarvey]Dueholm[(D-Luck)]calledtheAssembly’saction“masshysteria.”

“Letthelawtakeitscoursebutweshouldn’tsithereandtellthemwhattodo,”hesaid.“IthinktheRegentscanruntheUniversity.”

©CapitalNewspapers.Usedwithpermission.Availableat“TwoDaysinOctober,”TheAmericanExperience,PBSwebsite:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/twodays/filmmore/ps_legislators.html.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/twodays/filmmore/ps_legislators.html


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SupportingQuestion3

FeaturedSourceSourceB:RichardNixon,speechabouttheprogressoftheVietnamWar,“AddresstotheNationontheWarinVietnam”(excerpts),November3,1969

Inspeakingoftheconsequencesofaprecipitatewithdrawal,ImentionedthatourallieswouldloseconfidenceinAmerica.Farmoredangerous,wewouldloseconfidenceinourselves.Oh,theimmediatereactionwouldbeasenseofreliefthatourmenwerecominghome.Butaswesawtheconsequencesofwhatwehaddone,inevitableremorseanddivisiverecriminationwouldscarourspiritasapeople.Wehavefacedothercrisesinourhistoryandhavebecomestrongerbyrejectingtheeasywayoutandtakingtherightwayinmeetingourchallenges.Ourgreatnessasanationhasbeenourcapacitytodowhathadtobedonewhenweknewourcoursewasright.IrecognizethatsomeofmyfellowcitizensdisagreewiththeplanforpeaceIhavechosen.HonestandpatrioticAmericanshavereacheddifferentconclusionsastohowpeaceshouldbeachieved.InSanFranciscoafewweeksago,Isawdemonstratorscarryingsignsreading:"LoseinVietnam,bringtheboyshome."Well,oneofthestrengthsofourfreesocietyisthatanyAmericanhasarighttoreachthatconclusionandtoadvocatethatpointofview.ButasPresidentoftheUnitedStates,IwouldbeuntruetomyoathofofficeifIallowedthepolicyofthisnationtobedictatedbytheminoritywhoholdthatpointofviewandwhotrytoimposeitonthenationbymountingdemonstrationsinthestreet.Foralmost200years,thepolicyofthisNationhasbeenmadeunderourConstitutionbythoseleadersintheCongressandtheWhiteHouseelectedbyallofthepeople.Ifavocalminority,howeverferventitscause,prevailsoverreasonandthewillofthemajority,thisNationhasnofutureasafreesociety.…Iknowitmaynotbefashionabletospeakofpatriotismornationaldestinythesedays.ButIfeelitisappropriatetodosoonthisoccasion.TwohundredyearsagothisNationwasweakandpoor.Buteventhen,Americawasthehopeofmillionsintheworld.Todaywehavebecomethestrongestandrichestnationintheworld.AndthewheelofdestinyhasturnedsothatanyhopetheworldhasforthesurvivalofpeaceandfreedomwillbedeterminedbywhethertheAmericanpeoplehavethemoralstaminaandthecouragetomeetthechallengeoffreeworldleadership.LethistoriansnotrecordthatwhenAmericawasthemostpowerfulnationintheworldwepassedontheothersideoftheroadandallowedthelasthopesforpeaceandfreedomofmillionsofpeopletobesuffocatedbytheforcesoftotalitarianism.Andsotonight—toyou,thegreatsilentmajorityofmyfellowAmericans—Iaskforyoursupport.


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IpledgedinmycampaignforthePresidencytoendthewarinawaythatwecouldwinthepeace.Ihaveinitiatedaplanofactionwhichwillenablemetokeepthatpledge.ThemoresupportIcanhavefromtheAmericanpeople,thesoonerthatpledgecanberedeemed;forthemoredividedweareathome,thelesslikelytheenemyistonegotiateatParis.Letusbeunitedforpeace.Letusalsobeunitedagainstdefeat.Becauseletusunderstand:NorthVietnamcannotdefeatorhumiliatetheUnitedStates.OnlyAmericanscandothat.Publicdomain.Availableat“Nixon,”TheAmericanExperience,PBSwebsite:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/nixon-vietnam/.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/nixon-vietnam/


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SupportingQuestion3

FeaturedSource SourceC:Sourcebank:Hardhatrallies

--fromtheNewYorkTimes,May21,1970

OnMay20,1970,between60,000and150,000constructionworkersandothersparadedthroughdowntownNewYorktoshowsupportforPresidentNixon'sVietnamwarpolicies.TheparadewasorganizedbytheBuildingandConstructionTradesCouncilofGreaterNewYork(ledbyPeterBrennan)inparttocounteractthewidespreadmediaimagesoframpagingconstructionworkersfromMay8withimagesofpeacefulpoliticalprotest.AblizzardoftickertapedrifteddownonthemarchersfromthewindowsofWallStreetoffices.

Thisarticleisnotnewscoverageofthemarchbutrather"arandomsamplingofsomemarchersandtheirviews."Thisisavaluablehistoricalsourceforuncoveringwhatthe"hardhats"themselvesthoughtandwhotheywere.Itisimportanttokeepinmind,though,thatthereporterandeditorsselectedthemarchersandviewstheyfoundmostnewsworthyorrepresentative.

RobertGeary,50,anofficeworkerfortheColonialHardwareCorporation:I'mveryproudtobeanAmerican,andIknowmyboythatwaskilledinVietnamwouldbeheretodayifhewasalive,marchingwithus....Iknowhediedfortherightcause,becauseinhislettershewrotetomeheknewwhathewasfightingfor:tokeepAmericafreeandtoavoidanytakingoverbyCommunists--atheisticCommunists,bytheway.

Ithinkmostofthem[collegedissenters]areinfluencedbyafewvilepeople...I'lltellyouonepersonwhosmudgedthenameofmysonandthatwasMayorLindsay.Whenhestandsupandsaysmenwhorefusetoserveinthearmedforcesareheroic,thenIpresumebythesamecategorythatmysonthatwaskilledinVietnamisacoward,thewayhethinks.

EightypercentofthepeoplearebehindAmericaandtheflag...Ibelievethatwhatwe'refightingforisworthit,yes,butnobodylikeswar.

Oftheflag:It'sme.It'spartofme.IfoughtforitmyselftwoorthreeyearsintheSecondWorldWar...It'sthegreatestcountryintheworld.Allthey[dissenters]havetodoismoveout.

Mrs.AllisonGreaker,411100thStreet,Brooklyn,marchingwithherchildren,RichardNixonGreaker,1,andAllison,2:We'repartofthesilentmajoritythat'sfinallyspeaking--andinanswertothecreepsandthebumsthathavebeenholleringandmarchingagainstthePresident.

http://chnm.gmu.edu/hardhats/nixon.html

http://chnm.gmu.edu/hardhats/silent.html


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Ithinkhe'sdoingeverythinghecantobringaboutanhonorablepeace.IthinkmykidsaregoingtolivebetterwithNixonintheWhiteHouse.

TostopCommunistaggression[thewar]hasbeenworthit,yes...IftheyhadlistenedtoGen.DouglasMacArthurfromtheverybeginningandgoneintoManchuria,wewouldn'thavehadtheproblemswehave.WewouldhaveputtheCommunistsdownbackin1952.Ihavealotoffaithinthecollegekids...Ithinkthey'rebeingheardenough,andwe'reansweringrightnowtoday....They'vetriedtotakeovereducation,theCommunistshave,andIthinkthisiswhere[thestudentsare]gettingtheirviewpointsfrom.

CollectionofviewsexpressedbyduringaHardHatrallyinNewYorkCity,“FortheFlagandforCountry,TheyMarch”(excerpts),NewYorkTimes,May21,1970.FromTheNewYorkTimes,May21,1970©1970TheNewYorkTimes.Allrightsreserved.UsedbypermissionandprotectedbytheCopyrightLawsoftheUnitedStates.Theprinting,copying,redistribution,orretransmissionofthisContentwithoutexpresswrittenpermissionisprohibited.http://chnm.gmu.edu/hardhats/forflag.html.PhotographsbyGaryWinogradoftheHardHatrallyinSanFranciscoareavailableon-lineat:https://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.164190.html

http://chnm.gmu.edu/hardhats/forflag.html

https://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.164190.html


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SupportingQuestion4

FeaturedSourceSourceA:PaulPotter,speechinoppositiontotheVietnamWar,“NamingtheSystem”(excerpt),April17,1965

NOTE:PaulPotter,presidentoftheStudentsforaDemocraticSociety,spokeinfrontof25,000peoplewhohadparticipatedinamarchonWashington,DC,onApril17,1965mtourgeanendtothewarinVietnam.

Thereisnosimpleplan,noschemeorgimmickthatcanbeproposedhere.Thereisnosimplewaytoattacksomethingthatisdeeplyrootedinthesociety.IfthepeopleofthiscountryaretoendthewarinVietnam,andtochangetheinstitutionswhichcreateit,thenthepeopleofthiscountrymustcreateamassivesocialmovement-andifthatcanbebuiltaroundtheissueofVietnamthenthatiswhatwemustdo.ByasocialmovementImeanmorethanpetitionsorlettersofprotest,ortacitsupportofdissidentCongressmen;Imeanpeoplewhoarewillingtochangetheirlives,whoarewillingtochallengethesystem,totaketheproblemofchangeseriously.ByasocialmovementImeananeffortthatispowerfulenoughtomakethecountryunderstandthatourproblemsarenotinVietnam,orChinaorBrazilorouterspaceoratthebottomoftheocean,butarehereintheUnitedStates.WhatwemustdoisbegintobuildademocraticandhumanesocietyinwhichVietnamsareunthinkable,inwhichhumanlifeandinitiativeareprecious.ThereasontherearetwentythousandpeopleheretodayandnotahundredornoneatallisbecausefiveyearsagointheSouthstudentsbegantobuildasocialmovementtochangethesystem.Thereasontherearepoorpeople,Negroandwhite,housewives,facultymembers,andmanyothershereinWashingtonisbecausethatmovementhasgrownandspreadandchangedandreachedoutasanexpressionofthebroadconcernsofpeoplethroughoutthesociety.Thereasonthewarandthesystemitrepresentswillbestopped,ifitisstoppedbeforeitdestroysallofus,willbebecausethemovementhasbecomestrongenoughtoexactchangeinthesociety.Twentythousandpeople,thepeoplehere,iftheywereserious,iftheywerewillingtobreakoutoftheirisolationandtoaccepttheconsequencesofadecisiontoendthewarandcommitthemselvestobuildingamovementwherevertheyareandinwhateverwaytheyeffectivelycan,wouldbe,I’mconvinced,enough.Tobuildamovementratherthanaprotestorsomeseriesofprotests,tobreakoutofourinsulationsandaccepttheconsequencesofourdecisions,ineffecttochangeourlives,meansthatwecanopenourselvestothereactionsofasocietythatbelievesthatitismoralandjust,thatweopenourselvestolibelingandpersecution,thatwedaretobereallyseenaswronginasocietythatdoesn’ttoleratefundamentalchallenges.

Usedwithpermission.


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SupportingQuestion4

FeaturedSourceSourceB:MartinLutherKingJr.,speechinoppositiontotheVietnamWar,"ATimetoBreakSilence,”April4,1967

NOTE:TheMartinLutherKing,Jr.ResearchandEducationInstituteatStanfordUniversitywebsitecontainsatranscriptandaudiorecordingofDr.King’sNewYorkspeechinoppositiontotheVietnamWar:http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/doc_beyond_vietnam/.

http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/doc_beyond_vietnam/