Anemia : a state in which blood Hb is below the normal range for the patients age , sex & altitude of residence
NORMAL:
Males 13- 16 g/dL
Females 11.5- 15 g/dL
Cytometric Classification :
1. Normochromic , normocytic anemia
Anemia of chronic diseaseHemolytic anemiasAnemia of acute hemorrhageAplastic anemias
2. Hypochromic , microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency anemiaThalassemias
3. Macrocytic anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiencyFolate deficiency
• Iron deficiency anemia
a condition in which the body lacks enough R.B.C. to transport oxygen to body tissues
Most common form of anemia
Causes
> Physiological Post natal growth spurtAdolescent growth spurtMenstruation Pregnancy
> Iron loss due to bleedingHook worm InfestationsHemorrhagePeptic ulcersErosions from anti-inflammatory drugs
> Inadequate diet
> Malabsorption Inflammatory bowel diseaseHelicobacter pylori gastritis
Symptoms:
Fatigue, dyspnoea, palpitations
Dizziness, headache, syncope
Irritability, lack of concentration
Anorexia, bowel disturbances
Angina, intermittent claudication
Signs:
Pallor of skin, palm, mucous membrane,
nail beds & palpebral conjunctiva
Tachycardia, wide pulse pressure
Oedema
Hyperdynamic precordium
Ejection systolic murmur
Clinical features of IDA
Angular stomatitis
Glossitis
Brittle finger nails
Platonychia
Koilonychia
Pica
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Iron deficiency anemia
Glossitis
Koilonychia
Post-cricoid web (results in dysphagia)
To confirm Iron deficiency anemia
Blood investigations:
1) Haemoglobin
2) Mean Corpuscular Volume(MCV)
below 80 fL (80-100 fL)
3) Peripheral smear- Microcytosis
Hypochromia
4) Reticulocyte count- Normal (0.5 -1.5 %)
Plasma Iron
(50-170 μg/dL Female)
(65- 176μg/dL Male )
TIBC (Total iron binding capacity)
(240- 450 μg/dL)
Plasma transferrin saturation (<10% )
(20-50%)
To determine cause of anemia
> Stool – For occult blood & hook worm infestation
> Sigmoidoscopy & colonoscopy
> Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
> Barium meal swallow & barium enema
> Urine – for schistosomiasis