Introduction to AutoCAD 2014 for Civil Engineering ApplicationsLearning to use AutoCAD for Civil Engineering Projects
Nighat Yasim
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Introduction to AutoCAD for Civil Engineering Applications i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING GRAPHICS .......................................... 1
1.1. OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. ENGINEERING PROBLEM ........................................................................................................... 2 1.3. TECHNICAL DRAWING .............................................................................................................. 2 1.4. DRAWING METHODS ................................................................................................................. 3 1.5. DRAWING STANDARDS ............................................................................................................. 4 1.6. SCALE ...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.6.1. Type of scale ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.6.1.1. Representative Fraction ................................................................................................................ 4 1.6.1.2. Equivalence relation ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.6.1.3. Converting RF to ER .................................................................................................................... 6 1.6.1.4. Graphical representation .............................................................................................................. 6
1.7. SCALE OF A DRAWING .............................................................................................................. 7 1.7.1. Full scale ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.7.2. Large scale .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.7.3. Small scale ............................................................................................................................... 8
1.8. COMPUTER AIDED GRAPHICS ................................................................................................... 8 1.8.1. AutoCAD 2014 ........................................................................................................................ 8 1.8.2. AutoCAD and drawing scale ................................................................................................... 8
2. GETTING STARTED WITH AUTOCAD 2014 ................................................. 11
2.1. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.2. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 12 2.3. TYPICAL WINDOW SCREEN ..................................................................................................... 12
2.3.1. Focus of the book................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.2. Initial setup ............................................................................................................................ 14
2.4. DRAWING AREA...................................................................................................................... 16 2.4.1. Model space ........................................................................................................................... 17 2.4.2. Layout .................................................................................................................................... 18 2.4.3. Hide Model/Layout tabs ........................................................................................................ 19 2.4.4. Display Model/Layout tab ..................................................................................................... 19
2.5. CURSOR AND POINTER ............................................................................................................ 20 2.5.1. Change the size of the intersecting lines ................................................................................ 20 2.5.2. Change the size of the aperture ............................................................................................. 21 2.5.3. Change the color of the cursor .............................................................................................. 21
2.6. WORLD COORDINATE SYSTEM (WCS) ................................................................................... 23 2.7. VIEWCUBE ............................................................................................................................. 23
2.7.1. ViewCube settings ................................................................................................................. 24 2.7.2. View switching ....................................................................................................................... 24
2.8. DRAWING DISPLAY FORMAT ................................................................................................... 26 2.9. SCROLL BARS ......................................................................................................................... 27 2.10. COMMAND LINE WINDOW ....................................................................................................... 28
2.10.1. Move the CLW .................................................................................................................. 28 2.10.2. Display/hide the CLW ....................................................................................................... 29 2.10.3. Resize the CLW ................................................................................................................. 30 2.10.4. Change the color of the CLW ........................................................................................... 30 2.10.5. Change the font of the CLW .............................................................................................. 32
2.11. STATUS BAR ........................................................................................................................... 33
ii Introduction to AutoCAD for Civil Engineering Applications
2.12. RIBBON .................................................................................................................................. 33
2.12.1. Move the ribbon ............................................................................................................... 34 2.12.2. Hide/Display the ribbon ................................................................................................... 35 2.12.3. Ribbon states .................................................................................................................... 38
2.13. RIBBON’S TAB ....................................................................................................................... 39 2.13.1. Display/Hide Tabs ........................................................................................................... 39 2.13.2. Tab relocation .................................................................................................................. 40 2.13.3. New tab ............................................................................................................................ 40
2.14. RIBBON’S PANEL ................................................................................................................... 45 2.14.1. Display/Hide panel .......................................................................................................... 45 2.14.2. Panel components ............................................................................................................ 47 2.14.3. Panel relocation ............................................................................................................... 49 2.14.4. Floating panel .................................................................................................................. 49 2.14.5. New panel......................................................................................................................... 50 2.14.6. Add the panel to a tab ...................................................................................................... 52 2.14.7. Add commands to a panel ................................................................................................ 53
2.15. WORKSPACE .......................................................................................................................... 57 2.15.1. Save a workspace ............................................................................................................. 57 2.15.2. Delete a workspace .......................................................................................................... 58 2.15.3. Rename a workspace ........................................................................................................ 60 2.15.4. Switch a workspace .......................................................................................................... 60
2.16. BASICS OF A DRAWING FILE ................................................................................................... 61
2.17. NEW DRAWING .............................................................................................................. 61 2.18. DRAWING’S NAME ................................................................................................................. 64 2.19. DRAWING UNITS .................................................................................................................... 64
2.19.1. Length .............................................................................................................................. 65 2.19.2. Angle ................................................................................................................................ 66 2.19.3. Insertion scale .................................................................................................................. 69 2.19.4. Convert measurements from ISO to ANSI (and vice versa) ............................................. 69
2.20. DRAWING LIMITS ................................................................................................................... 71
2.21. GRID ( ) AND SNAP ( ) COMMANDS ............................................................................... 72 2.21.1. Toggle the Grid and Snap in the model space .................................................................. 72 2.21.2. Toggle the Grid and Snap in the layout ........................................................................... 73 2.21.3. Grid properties ................................................................................................................. 73
2.21.3.1. Grid style ................................................................................................................................... 74 2.21.3.2. Grid spacing ............................................................................................................................... 75 2.21.3.3. Grid behavior ............................................................................................................................. 76 2.21.3.4. Grid color ................................................................................................................................... 76
2.21.4. Snap properties ................................................................................................................ 76 2.21.4.1. Snap spacing .............................................................................................................................. 76 2.21.4.2. Polar spacing .............................................................................................................................. 77 2.21.4.3. Snap type ................................................................................................................................... 77
2.22. SAVE A FILE ........................................................................................................................... 78
2.22.1. Save As .................................................................................................................... 78
2.22.2. Save ......................................................................................................................... 79
2.23. OPEN A PRE-EXISTING FILE ............................................................................................ 80 2.24. CLOSE A FILE ......................................................................................................................... 81
2.25. PLOT ............................................................................................................................. 83 2.26. EXIT AUTOCAD .................................................................................................................... 94
Introduction to AutoCAD for Civil Engineering Applications iii
3. BASICS OF 2-DIMENSIONAL DRAWINGS ..................................................... 95
3.1. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................ 95 3.2. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 96
3.3. DYNAMIC INPUT .............................................................................................................. 96 3.3.1. Toggle dynamic input ............................................................................................................ 96 3.3.2. Components of a dynamic input ............................................................................................ 97
3.3.2.1. Pointer input ............................................................................................................................... 97 3.3.2.2. Dimension input ......................................................................................................................... 98 3.3.2.3. Dynamic prompts ....................................................................................................................... 99
3.3.3. Drafting tooltip appearance ................................................................................................ 100 3.4. INPUT DATA .......................................................................................................................... 101
3.4.1.1. Tab key .................................................................................................................................... 102 3.4.1.2. Comma key .............................................................................................................................. 102 3.4.1.3. Less than key ............................................................................................................................ 103 3.4.1.4. Remove typing errors from the dynamic input tooltips ............................................................ 103
3.5. REFERENCE SYSTEM ............................................................................................................. 103 3.5.1. Cartesian coordinates ......................................................................................................... 103 3.5.2. Polar coordinates ................................................................................................................ 104 3.5.3. AutoCAD and the coordinate systems ................................................................................. 105
3.5.3.1. Absolute Cartesian coordinates ................................................................................................ 105 3.5.3.2. Relative Cartesian coordinates ................................................................................................. 106 3.5.3.3. Absolute Polar coordinates ....................................................................................................... 107 3.5.3.4. Relative Polar coordinates ........................................................................................................ 107
3.6. POINT ........................................................................................................................... 108 3.6.1. Change style and size of a point .......................................................................................... 109
3.6.1.1. Style ......................................................................................................................................... 110 3.6.1.2. Point size .................................................................................................................................. 110
3.7. LINE ............................................................................................................................. 110 3.7.1. Points selection .................................................................................................................... 110 3.7.2. Snap points .......................................................................................................................... 112 3.7.3. Cartesian coordinates ......................................................................................................... 113 3.7.4. Polar coordinates ................................................................................................................ 114
3.7.5. Orthogonal lines .......................................................................................................... 115
3.8. CIRCLE ........................................................................................................................ 117
3.9. POLYGON ..................................................................................................................... 124
3.10. POLYLINE .................................................................................................................... 128
3.11. ELLIPSE ........................................................................................................................ 133
3.12. ELLIPTICAL ARC .......................................................................................................... 138
3.13. CIRCULAR ARC ............................................................................................................ 138
3.14. RECTANGLE ................................................................................................................. 139 3.15. OBJECT APPEARANCE .......................................................................................................... 144
3.15.1. Color Control ................................................................................................................. 144 3.15.1.1. Change color of an object before it is drawn ............................................................................ 144 3.15.1.2. Change color of an object after it is drawn ............................................................................... 146
3.15.2. Lineweight Control ......................................................................................................... 146 3.15.2.1. Change thickness of an line before it is drawn ......................................................................... 146 3.15.2.2. Change thickness of a line after it is drawn .............................................................................. 147
3.15.3. Linetype Control ............................................................................................................. 147 3.15.3.1. Load a linetype ......................................................................................................................... 148 3.15.3.2. Current linetype ........................................................................................................................ 150 3.15.3.3. Change linetype before an object is drawn ............................................................................... 150
iv Introduction to AutoCAD for Civil Engineering Applications
3.15.3.4. Change linetype after an object is drawn ................................................................................. 150 3.15.3.5. Linetype scale .......................................................................................................................... 151
3.16. TEXT ........................................................................................................................... 153 3.16.1. Create multiline text ....................................................................................................... 153 3.16.2. Text Editor ..................................................................................................................... 154
3.16.2.1. Style ......................................................................................................................................... 155 3.16.2.2. Formatting ................................................................................................................................ 155
3.16.2.2.1. Background mask ............................................................................................................... 156 3.16.2.2.2. Stacked characters .............................................................................................................. 157
3.16.2.3. Paragraph ................................................................................................................................. 158 3.16.2.3.1. Justification ........................................................................................................................ 158 3.16.2.3.2. List ..................................................................................................................................... 159 3.16.2.3.3. Line spacing ....................................................................................................................... 160 3.16.2.3.4. Paragraph dialog box .......................................................................................................... 160
3.16.2.4. Insert ........................................................................................................................................ 161 3.16.2.4.1. Column ............................................................................................................................... 161 3.16.2.4.2. Symbol ............................................................................................................................... 162
3.16.2.5. Spell check ............................................................................................................................... 162 3.16.2.6. Tools ........................................................................................................................................ 164 3.16.2.7. Options ..................................................................................................................................... 164 3.16.2.8. Close ........................................................................................................................................ 164
3.16.3. Annotate tab and Text panel .......................................................................................... 165 3.16.4. Express Tools tab and Text panel .................................................................................. 165
3.16.4.1.1. Arc Aligned ........................................................................................................................ 166 3.16.4.1.2. Enclose in object ................................................................................................................ 168
3.17. HATCH ........................................................................................................................ 169 3.17.1. Hatch editor ................................................................................................................... 170
3.17.1.1.1. Boundaries ......................................................................................................................... 170 3.17.1.1.2. Pattern ................................................................................................................................ 170 3.17.1.1.3. Properties ........................................................................................................................... 171 3.17.1.1.4. Options ............................................................................................................................... 173 3.17.1.1.5. Close .................................................................................................................................. 173
3.17.2. Hatch an area ................................................................................................................ 174
3.18. TABLE ......................................................................................................................... 176 3.18.1. Insert Table dialog box .................................................................................................. 177 3.18.2. Table resize .................................................................................................................... 178 3.18.3. Modify table’s shape ...................................................................................................... 180 3.18.4. The cursor movement ..................................................................................................... 182 3.18.5. Insert a multiline text in a cell ........................................................................................ 182 3.18.6. The data type .................................................................................................................. 183 3.18.7. Populate the table .......................................................................................................... 184 3.18.8. Modify the contents of a table ........................................................................................ 185
3.18.8.1. Table Style dialog box .................................................................................................... 185 3.18.8.2. Table update using the property sheet ...................................................................................... 191
4. BASICS OF 2-DIMENSIONAL EDITING ........................................................ 195
4.1. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 195 4.2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 196 4.3. GRIPS ................................................................................................................................... 196
4.3.1. Grips toggle ........................................................................................................................ 196 4.3.2. Change the size and color of the grips ................................................................................ 196
4.4. OBJECT SELECTION .............................................................................................................. 198 4.4.1. Method #1 ........................................................................................................................... 198 4.4.2. Method #2 ........................................................................................................................... 198 4.4.3. Method #3 ........................................................................................................................... 199
Introduction to AutoCAD for Civil Engineering Applications v
4.5. OBJECT DE-SELECTION ......................................................................................................... 199 4.6. ZOOM CAPABILITIES ............................................................................................................. 199
4.6.1. Zoom window ............................................................................................................. 200
4.6.2. Zoom scale .................................................................................................................. 201
4.6.3. Zoom center ................................................................................................................ 202
4.6.4. Zoom object ................................................................................................................ 202
4.6.5. Zoom in ....................................................................................................................... 202
4.6.6. Zoom out ..................................................................................................................... 202
4.6.7. Zoom all ...................................................................................................................... 203 4.6.8. Zoom-wheel ......................................................................................................................... 203
4.7. DRAW ORDER .............................................................................................................. 203
4.7.1. Bring to front .............................................................................................................. 203
4.7.2. Send to back ................................................................................................................ 204
4.8. OBJECT SNAP ................................................................................................................ 205 4.8.1. Toggle Object Snap ............................................................................................................. 205 4.8.2. Change the size and color of the object snap cursor box .................................................... 206 4.8.3. Object Snap commands ....................................................................................................... 206
4.8.3.1. Endpoint ........................................................................................................................... 207
4.8.3.2. Midpoint ........................................................................................................................... 207
4.8.3.3. Midpoint ........................................................................................................................... 208
4.8.3.4. Intersection ....................................................................................................................... 208
4.8.3.5. Extension ......................................................................................................................... 209
4.8.3.6. Apparent Intersection ....................................................................................................... 209
4.8.3.7. Center ............................................................................................................................... 210
4.8.3.8. Quadrant ........................................................................................................................... 211
4.8.3.9. Tangent .......................................................................................................................... 211
4.8.3.10. Perpendicular ................................................................................................................... 212 4.9. INTRODUCTION OF THE EDITING COMMANDS ........................................................................ 213 4.10. CANCEL ................................................................................................................................ 214
4.11. ERASE .......................................................................................................................... 214 4.11.1. Erase one object ............................................................................................................. 214
4.11.1.1. Using Delete key ...................................................................................................................... 214 4.11.1.2. Using Erase tool ....................................................................................................................... 215
4.11.2. Erase multiple object simultaneously ............................................................................. 215
4.12. UNDO ............................................................................................................................ 215 4.12.1. Undo one command ........................................................................................................ 215 4.12.2. Undo several commands ................................................................................................. 216
4.13. REDO ............................................................................................................................ 216 4.13.1. Redo one command ......................................................................................................... 216 4.13.2. Redo several commands.................................................................................................. 216
4.14. OOPS .................................................................................................................................... 216
4.15. COPY ........................................................................................................................... 217 4.16. ARRAY ................................................................................................................................. 219
vi Introduction to AutoCAD for Civil Engineering Applications
4.16.1. Rectangular Array ................................................................................................. 219 4.16.1.1. Rectangular array’s grip points ................................................................................................ 223
4.16.2. Polar array ............................................................................................................ 224 4.16.2.1. Fill angle .................................................................................................................................. 228 4.16.2.2. Angle between ......................................................................................................................... 228 4.16.2.3. Polar array and grip points ....................................................................................................... 229
4.16.3. Path array ............................................................................................................. 229 4.16.4. Path array and grip points ............................................................................................. 233 4.16.5. Edit array ....................................................................................................................... 234
4.17. MIRROR ...................................................................................................................... 234
4.18. OFFSET ........................................................................................................................ 236
4.19. MOVE .......................................................................................................................... 239 4.19.1. Move in xy-plane ............................................................................................................ 239 4.19.2. Move in z-direction ........................................................................................................ 240
4.20. ROTATE ....................................................................................................................... 241
4.21. SCALE ......................................................................................................................... 242
4.22. STRETCH ..................................................................................................................... 243
4.23. BREAK ........................................................................................................................ 246
4.24. BREAK AT A POINT ...................................................................................................... 247
4.25. EXPLODE ..................................................................................................................... 248
4.26. JOIN ............................................................................................................................ 249 4.26.1.1. Lines ........................................................................................................................................ 250 4.26.1.2. Circular arc .............................................................................................................................. 251 4.26.1.3. Polyline .................................................................................................................................... 252 4.26.1.4. Spline ....................................................................................................................................... 252 4.26.1.5. Combination of objects ............................................................................................................ 252
4.27. FILLET ......................................................................................................................... 253
4.28. CHAMFER .................................................................................................................... 256
4.29. TRIM ........................................................................................................................... 259 4.29.1. What to do if an object cannot be trimmed .................................................................... 261
4.30. EXTEND ...................................................................................................................... 261
4.31. POLYLINE EDIT ............................................................................................................ 264 4.32. GRIPS AND OBJECT EDITING ................................................................................................. 269
4.32.1. Select a point .................................................................................................................. 269 4.32.2. Stretch/shrink ................................................................................................................. 269 4.32.3. Move ............................................................................................................................... 270 4.32.4. Erase .............................................................................................................................. 270 4.32.5. Rotate ............................................................................................................................. 270 4.32.6. Scale ............................................................................................................................... 271
4.33. THE PROPERTIES SHEET AND OBJECT EDITING .............................................................. 272
5. LAYERS ................................................................................................................ 275
5.1. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 275 5.2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 276
Introduction to AutoCAD for Civil Engineering Applications vii
5.3. LAYER IN AUTOCAD ........................................................................................................... 277
5.4. LAYER COMMAND ........................................................................................................ 278 5.5. LAYER PROPERTIES MANAGER ............................................................................................ 279
5.5.1. Characteristics of a layer .................................................................................................... 279
5.5.2. Create a new layer ....................................................................................................... 283
5.5.3. Delete an existing layer ................................................................................................ 283
5.5.4. Make a layer a current layer ...................................................................................... 284 5.6. DRAWING AND LAYERS ........................................................................................................ 284 5.7. MOVE OBJECTS FROM ONE LAYER TO ANOTHER LAYER ........................................................ 284 5.8. THE DEFPOINTS LAYER ......................................................................................................... 285 5.9. UPDATE LAYER PROPERTIES ................................................................................................. 286 5.10. FREQUENT PROBLEMS WITH THE LAYERS ............................................................................. 286 5.11. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE ...................................................................................................... 287
6. BLOCKS ................................................................................................................ 291
6.1. OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 291 6.2. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 292 6.3. BASIC BLOCK ....................................................................................................................... 292
6.3.1. Create a basic block ................................................................................................... 293 6.3.2. Block definition dialog box .................................................................................................. 293
6.4. WBLOCK .............................................................................................................................. 296 6.4.1. Create a Wblock .................................................................................................................. 296 6.4.2. Write block dialog box ......................................................................................................... 296
6.5. BLOCK WITH ATTRIBUTES ............................................................................................ 297 6.5.1. The initial setup ................................................................................................................... 298 6.5.2. Attribute definition dialog box ............................................................................................. 299 6.5.3. Create attributes .................................................................................................................. 300 6.5.4. Create block with attributes ................................................................................................ 302 6.5.5. Convert to Wblock ............................................................................................................... 302
6.6. BLOCK WITH TEXT BOXES .................................................................................................... 303
6.7. BASIC BLOCK INSERTION ............................................................................................. 303 6.7.1. Insert dialog box .................................................................................................................. 304 6.7.2. Insert a block with default values ........................................................................................ 305 6.7.3. Change the scale of the block at the insertion ..................................................................... 306 6.7.4. Rotate the block at the insertion .......................................................................................... 307 6.7.5. Insert a Wblock .................................................................................................................... 308 6.7.6. Insert a block with attributes ............................................................................................... 308 6.7.7. Insert a block with text boxes .............................................................................................. 308
6.8. COMBINE BLOCKS ................................................................................................................ 309 6.9. MODIFY BLOCK .................................................................................................................... 309
6.10. DESIGN CENTER ........................................................................................................... 309 6.10.1. Insert a block (known dimension) ................................................................................... 311 6.10.2. Insert a block (unknown dimension) ............................................................................... 312
7. LAYOUTS AND TEMPLATE FILES ............................................................... 315
7.1. OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 315 7.2. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 316 7.3. LAYOUT ............................................................................................................................... 316
7.3.1. Paper background and shadow ........................................................................................... 317
viii Introduction to AutoCAD for Civil Engineering Applications
7.3.2. Printable area ..................................................................................................................... 317 7.3.3. Viewport .............................................................................................................................. 320
7.3.3.1. Viewport scaling ...................................................................................................................... 321 7.3.3.2. Rescale a viewport ................................................................................................................... 322 7.3.3.3. Lock the scale of a viewport .................................................................................................... 323
7.4. ADD AN ENTRY IN THE SCALE LIST ...................................................................................... 323 7.5. LAYOUT MANIPULATION ..................................................................................................... 325
7.5.1. Delete a layout .................................................................................................................... 325 7.5.2. Move a layout ..................................................................................................................... 326 7.5.3. Copy a layout ...................................................................................................................... 327 7.5.4. Rename a layout ................................................................................................................. 328 7.5.5. Insert a layout ..................................................................................................................... 328
7.5.5.1. Default layout .......................................................................................................................... 328 7.5.5.2. Layout from template ............................................................................................................... 328
7.5.6. Grid and Snap commands ................................................................................................... 329 7.6. LAYERS FREEZING AND LAYOUTS ........................................................................................ 329 7.7. OBJECT APPEARANCE AND LAYOUTS ................................................................................... 332 7.8. TEMPLATE FILE .................................................................................................................... 333
7.8.1. Landscape template for ISO units ....................................................................................... 334 7.8.2. Portrait template for ISO units ........................................................................................... 338 7.8.3. Template for ANSI units ...................................................................................................... 340
7.9. MODIFY ATTRIBUTE OF A BLOCK IN A TEMPLATE FILE ......................................................... 340 7.10. PAGE SETUP FROM LAYOUTS................................................................................................ 341 7.11. PLOT FROM LAYOUTS .......................................................................................................... 343 7.12. LAYOUT PLOTTING PROBLEMS ............................................................................................. 344
8. DIMENSIONING TECHNIQUES ...................................................................... 347
8.1. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 347 8.2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 348 8.3. DIMENSIONING IN GENERAL ................................................................................................ 349 8.4. TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 349 8.5. IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER ...................................................................................... 351
8.6. DIMENSION STYLES ..................................................................................................... 352 8.7. MODIFY DIMENSION STYLE .................................................................................................. 353
8.7.1. Lines .................................................................................................................................... 353 8.7.2. Symbols and Arrows ........................................................................................................... 354 8.7.3. Text ..................................................................................................................................... 355 8.7.4. Fit........................................................................................................................................ 356 8.7.5. Primary Units ..................................................................................................................... 356 8.7.6. Alternate Units .................................................................................................................... 356 8.7.7. Tolerance ............................................................................................................................ 357
8.8. MODIFY DIMENSION STYLE .................................................................................................. 357 8.8.1. Modify dimension style using the dialog box ...................................................................... 357 8.8.2. Modify dimension style using the property sheet ................................................................ 357
8.9. LINEAR DIMENSIONS ................................................................................................... 358
8.10. ALIGNED DIMENSIONS ................................................................................................. 360
8.11. ANGULAR DIMENSIONS ............................................................................................... 361
8.12. DIMENSIONING RADII .................................................................................................. 362
8.13. DIMENSIONING CIRCLES .............................................................................................. 363
8.14. CENTER MARK ............................................................................................................ 364 8.15. LEADER LINES ..................................................................................................................... 365
Introduction to AutoCAD for Civil Engineering Applications ix
8.16. TYPES OF DIMENSIONS ......................................................................................................... 367
8.16.1. Continue dimension ............................................................................................... 367
8.16.2. Baseline dimensions ............................................................................................... 368
8.16.3. Ordinate dimensions .............................................................................................. 369 8.16.4. Coordinate dimensions ................................................................................................... 371 8.16.5. Combined dimensions ..................................................................................................... 371 8.16.6. Dimensioning fillets and rounds ..................................................................................... 371
8.17. CENTERLINE AND LINE OF SYMMETRY ................................................................................. 372 8.18. TOLERANCE ......................................................................................................................... 373
9. LAND SURVEY .................................................................................................... 375
9.1. OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 375 9.2. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 376 9.3. LOCATION ............................................................................................................................ 376
9.3.1. Longitudes ........................................................................................................................... 376 9.3.2. Latitudes .............................................................................................................................. 376 9.3.3. Location on a map ............................................................................................................... 377
9.4. ANGULAR MEASUREMENT .................................................................................................... 377 9.4.1. Units of measurement .......................................................................................................... 378 9.4.2. Direction .............................................................................................................................. 378
9.4.2.1. Azimuth ................................................................................................................................... 378 9.4.2.2. Bearing ..................................................................................................................................... 378 9.4.2.3. Relationship between azimuth and bearing .............................................................................. 378
9.5. TRAVERSE ............................................................................................................................ 379 9.5.1. Open traverse ...................................................................................................................... 380 9.5.2. Closed traverse .................................................................................................................... 380
9.5.2.1. Connecting traverse .................................................................................................................. 380 9.5.2.2. Loop traverse ........................................................................................................................... 380
9.6. DRAWING A TRAVERSE USING AUTOCAD ............................................................................ 381 9.6.1. Traverse for the given azimuths ........................................................................................... 381 9.6.2. Traverse for the given bearings ........................................................................................... 383
9.7. ADD DIMENSIONS TO A TRAVERSE ........................................................................................ 384 9.7.1. Length .................................................................................................................................. 385 9.7.2. Add reference line to a traverse .......................................................................................... 385 9.7.3. Bearing angle ...................................................................................................................... 386 9.7.4. Azimuth angle ...................................................................................................................... 386
9.8. PARCEL ................................................................................................................................ 388 9.9. DEED OR LEGAL DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................. 388 9.10. LAND SURVEY ...................................................................................................................... 389 9.11. RECTANGULAR SYSTEM ....................................................................................................... 389
9.11.1. Reference lines ................................................................................................................ 389 9.11.2. Township and range ....................................................................................................... 390
9.12. METES AND BOUNDS ............................................................................................................ 392 9.12.1. Land description using meets and bounds ...................................................................... 393 9.12.2. AutoCAD and meets and bounds .................................................................................... 393
9.13. LOTS AND BLOCKS ............................................................................................................... 395 9.13.1. Terminology .................................................................................................................... 395 9.13.2. Lots and blocks ............................................................................................................... 395 9.13.3. AutoCAD and lot and block ............................................................................................ 396 9.13.4. Area of a lot .................................................................................................................... 401
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10. CONTOURS .......................................................................................................... 405
10.1. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 405 10.2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 406 10.3. CHARACTERISTICS OF A CONTOUR LINE ............................................................................... 407 10.4. TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 407 10.5. AUTOCAD AND CONTOUR MAP .......................................................................................... 411
10.5.1. Create Script file ............................................................................................................ 411 10.5.2. Create layers .................................................................................................................. 411 10.5.3. Change point style .......................................................................................................... 412 10.5.4. Read the script files ........................................................................................................ 412 10.5.5. Create the contour map .................................................................................................. 413 10.5.6. Curve fitting ................................................................................................................... 414 10.5.7. Add the labels to the index contours .............................................................................. 415
10.6. PROBLEM WITH POLYLINE’S JOIN COMMAND ...................................................................... 416 10.6.1. Simple join ..................................................................................................................... 416 10.6.2. Polyline join using fuzz distance .................................................................................... 416
11. DRAINAGE BASIN ............................................................................................. 419
11.1. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 419 11.2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 420 11.3. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE ........................................................................................................... 420 11.4. TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 421 11.5. WATERSHED OR DRAINAGE BASIN ...................................................................................... 422 11.6. WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS .......................................................................................... 422
11.6.1. Drainage area ................................................................................................................ 422 11.6.2. Watershed length ........................................................................................................... 423 11.6.3. Watershed slope ............................................................................................................. 423 11.6.4. Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................ 423
11.7. MAJOR STEPS IN A WATERSHED DELINEATION ..................................................................... 424 11.8. WATERSHED DELINEATION USING AUTOCAD ..................................................................... 424
12. FLOODPLAINS .................................................................................................... 433
12.1. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 433 12.2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 434 12.3. TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 434 12.4. MAJOR STEPS IN A FLOODPLAIN DELINEATION ..................................................................... 437 12.5. FLOODPLAIN DELINEATION USING AUTOCAD ..................................................................... 438
13. ROAD DESIGN .................................................................................................... 451
13.1. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 451 13.2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 452 13.3. PLAN AND PROFILE .............................................................................................................. 452
13.3.1. Plan ................................................................................................................................ 453 13.3.2. Profile ............................................................................................................................ 453
13.4. DRAW ROAD PLAN USING AUTOCAD .................................................................................. 453 13.5. PLOT THE PROFILE USING AUTOCAD .................................................................................. 456 13.6. CROSS-SECTION ................................................................................................................... 461 13.7. DRAW CROSS-SECTION USING AUTOCAD ........................................................................... 462
Introduction to AutoCAD for Civil Engineering Applications xi
14. EARTHWORK ..................................................................................................... 469
14.1. OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 469 14.2. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 470 14.3. EARTHWORK ........................................................................................................................ 470
14.3.1. Cut .................................................................................................................................. 470 14.3.2. Fill .................................................................................................................................. 470 14.3.3. Location of a road .......................................................................................................... 470
14.4. SLOPE ................................................................................................................................... 470 14.5. ANGLE OF REPOSE ................................................................................................................ 471 14.6. PLAN AND EXISTING PROFILE OF A ROAD .............................................................................. 471 14.7. PROPOSED PROFILE OF A ROAD ............................................................................................. 476 14.8. DELINEATE THE EARTHWORK USING AUTOCAD .................................................................. 476
15. FLOOR PLAN ...................................................................................................... 483
15.1. OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 483 15.2. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 484 15.3. FLOOR PLAN ......................................................................................................................... 486 15.4. WINDOWS ............................................................................................................................ 487
15.4.1. Types of windows ............................................................................................................ 487 15.4.2. Window sizes ................................................................................................................... 488 15.4.3. Window selection ............................................................................................................ 488
15.5. DOORS.................................................................................................................................. 489 15.5.1. Types of Door ................................................................................................................. 489 15.5.2. Door sizes ....................................................................................................................... 490 15.5.3. Door selection ................................................................................................................. 491 15.5.4. Door appearance in floor plan ....................................................................................... 491
15.6. WALL ................................................................................................................................... 492 15.6.1. Exterior ........................................................................................................................... 492 15.6.2. Interior ............................................................................................................................ 492 15.6.3. Load bearing ................................................................................................................... 492 15.6.4. Non-load bearing ............................................................................................................ 492 15.6.5. Wall thickness ................................................................................................................. 492
15.7. STAIR ................................................................................................................................... 493 15.7.1. Terminology .................................................................................................................... 493 15.7.2. Important points to remember ........................................................................................ 494 15.7.3. Types of stairs ................................................................................................................. 494
15.8. BASICS OF FLOOR PLAN DESIGN ............................................................................................ 495 15.9. DESIGN TECHNIQUE .............................................................................................................. 497 15.10. AUTOCAD AND FLOOR PLAN ............................................................................................... 497
15.10.1. New file ........................................................................................................................... 497 15.10.2. The drawing units ........................................................................................................... 497 15.10.3. Load linetypes ................................................................................................................. 497 15.10.4. Orthogonal lines ............................................................................................................. 498 15.10.5. The floor plan ................................................................................................................. 498
15.11. DIMENSIONING AN ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING .................................................................... 516 15.11.1. Create Layers ................................................................................................................. 516 15.11.2. Set Dimension Style dialog box ...................................................................................... 517 15.11.3. Add dimensions to the floor plan .................................................................................... 517
16. ELEVATION ........................................................................................................ 527
16.1. OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 527 16.2. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 528
xii Introduction to AutoCAD for Civil Engineering Applications
16.3. ROOF ................................................................................................................................... 530 16.3.1. Terminology ................................................................................................................... 530 16.3.2. Types of roof .................................................................................................................. 530 16.3.3. Important points ............................................................................................................. 531
16.4. ROOF PLAN .......................................................................................................................... 531 16.5. AUTOCAD AND THE FRONT ELEVATION .............................................................................. 533 16.6. AUTOCAD AND THE RIGHT SIDE ELEVATION ....................................................................... 545
17. SITE PLAN ........................................................................................................... 555
17.1. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 555 17.2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 556 17.3. TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 556 17.4. COMPONENTS OF A SITE PLAN .............................................................................................. 556 17.5. AUTOCAD AND SITE PLAN .................................................................................................. 557
18. CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS ........................................................................ 571
18.1. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 571 18.2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 572 18.3. DRAWING FORMAT .............................................................................................................. 572 18.4. BLOCKS USED ...................................................................................................................... 572 18.5. FAMILY OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWING ................................................................................. 574
18.5.1. Cover sheet ..................................................................................................................... 574 18.5.2. General information ....................................................................................................... 575 18.5.3. Quantity sheet ................................................................................................................ 575 18.5.4. Survey or mapping ......................................................................................................... 575 18.5.5. Soil information ............................................................................................................. 575 18.5.6. Erosion control .............................................................................................................. 575 18.5.7. Landscape drawings ...................................................................................................... 575 18.5.8. Structural drawings........................................................................................................ 575 18.5.9. Fire protection drawings ............................................................................................... 575 18.5.10. Architectural drawings .................................................................................................. 576 18.5.11. Plumbing drawings ........................................................................................................ 576 18.5.12. Mechanical drawings ..................................................................................................... 576 18.5.13. Electrical drawings ........................................................................................................ 576 18.5.14. Telecommunication drawings ........................................................................................ 576 18.5.15. Plan and profile drawings .............................................................................................. 576
19. AUTOCAD 2014 – CLASSICS INTERFACE ................................................... 577
19.1. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 577 19.2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 578 19.3. TYPICAL WINDOW SCREEN ................................................................................................... 578
19.3.1. Switch to AutoCAD Classic ............................................................................................ 579 19.3.2. Initial setup .................................................................................................................... 580
19.4. DRAWING AREA ................................................................................................................... 581 19.4.1. Model space ................................................................................................................... 582 19.4.2. Layout ............................................................................................................................ 582
19.5. CURSOR AND POINTER ......................................................................................................... 583 19.6. VIEWCUBE .......................................................................................................................... 583 19.7. SCROLL BARS ...................................................................................................................... 584 19.8. PULL DOWN MENUS ............................................................................................................. 585 19.9. COMMAND LINE BOX ........................................................................................................... 586 19.10. TOOLBARS ........................................................................................................................... 586
Introduction to AutoCAD for Civil Engineering Applications xiii
19.10.1. Add a new toolbar to the workspace ............................................................................... 587 19.10.1.1. Method #1 ................................................................................................................................ 587 19.10.1.2. Method #2 ................................................................................................................................ 587
19.10.2. Move a toolbar ................................................................................................................ 588 19.10.3. Reshape a toolbar ........................................................................................................... 588 19.10.4. Remove a toolbar from the workspace ............................................................................ 589
19.11. WORKSPACE......................................................................................................................... 589 19.11.1. Save a workspace ............................................................................................................ 589 19.11.2. Delete a workspace ......................................................................................................... 590 19.11.3. Rename a workspace ...................................................................................................... 591 19.11.4. Switch a workspace ......................................................................................................... 592
19.12. FILE MANIPULATION ............................................................................................................. 593
19.12.1. New drawing file .................................................................................................... 593 19.12.2. Save a file ........................................................................................................................ 593
19.12.2.1. Save As ........................................................................................................................... 593
19.12.2.2. Save ................................................................................................................................ 593
19.12.3. Open a pre-existing file .......................................................................................... 593 19.12.4. Close a file ...................................................................................................................... 594 19.12.5. Drawing units ................................................................................................................. 594 19.12.6. Drawing limits ................................................................................................................ 594 19.12.7. Grid and Snap ................................................................................................................. 594
19.12.8. Plot .......................................................................................................................... 595 19.13. EXIT AUTOCAD ................................................................................................................... 595 19.14. BASICS OF 2-DIMENSIONAL DRAWINGS ............................................................................... 595
19.14.1. The draw commands ....................................................................................................... 596 19.14.2. Object appearance .......................................................................................................... 597
19.14.2.1. Color Control ........................................................................................................................... 597 19.14.2.2. Linetype Control ...................................................................................................................... 598 19.14.2.3. Lineweight Control .................................................................................................................. 598
19.15. BASICS OF 2-DIMENSIONAL EDITING ................................................................................... 598 19.15.1. Grips ............................................................................................................................... 598 19.15.2. Zoom capabilities ............................................................................................................ 599 19.15.3. Draw order ..................................................................................................................... 599
19.15.4. Object Snap ............................................................................................................. 599 19.15.5. The edit commands ......................................................................................................... 599
19.16. LAYERS ................................................................................................................................ 601 19.17. BLOCKS ................................................................................................................................ 601 19.18. ADD AN ENTRY IN THE SCALE LIST ....................................................................................... 602 19.19. DIMENSIONING TECHNIQUES ................................................................................................ 603 19.20. DRAWING UNITS ................................................................................................................... 604 19.21. AREA COMMAND .................................................................................................................. 604
20. SUGGESTED IN-CLASS ACTIVITIES ............................................................ 605
20.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 605 20.2. DOWNLOAD AUTOCAD 2014 .............................................................................................. 606 20.3. CUSTOMIZE A WORKSPACE .................................................................................................. 607 20.4. GRID AND SNAP CAPABILITIES ............................................................................................. 609 20.5. ERASE, LINE, POLYLINE AND POLYLINE EDIT ...................................................................... 611 20.6. POINT, CIRCLE, POLYGON, OFFSET, MOVE, TRIM, EXTEND, AND ZOOM .............................. 613 20.7. LINETYPE, LINEWEIGHT, MIRROR, COPY, AND SCALE ......................................................... 617 20.8. ARRAY, TEXT, HATCH, ELLIPSE, QLEADER, AND DRAW ORDER .......................................... 621 20.9. LAYERS ................................................................................................................................ 625
xiv Introduction to AutoCAD for Civil Engineering Applications
20.10. MAKE & INSERT BLOCK, LAYOUTS, AND TEMPLATE FILES ................................................. 628 20.11. DIMENSION .......................................................................................................................... 630 20.12. AZIMUTHS, BEARING, AND CLOSED TRAVERS ..................................................................... 631 20.13. RSS, LOTS AND BLOCKS ..................................................................................................... 633 20.14. ROTATE, TEXT, BACKGROUND MASK, & TABLE COMMAND AND CONTOUR MAP ............... 635 20.15. DRAINAGE BASIN DELINEATION ......................................................................................... 637 20.16. FLOODPLAIN DELINEATION ................................................................................................. 638 20.17. ROAD DESIGN: PLAN AND PROFILE ..................................................................................... 639 20.18. ROAD DESIGN: CROSS-SECTION .......................................................................................... 640 20.19. ROAD DESIGN: EARTHWORK ............................................................................................... 641 20.20. FLOOR PLAN ........................................................................................................................ 642 20.21. FLOOR PLAN (CONT) ............................................................................................................ 643 20.22. FLOOR PLAN (CONT) ............................................................................................................ 644 20.23. DIMENSIONS (ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING) ......................................................................... 645 20.24. ROOF PLAN .......................................................................................................................... 646 20.25. ELEVATION .......................................................................................................................... 647 20.26. SITE PLAN ........................................................................................................................... 648
21. HOMEWORK DRAWINGS ............................................................................... 649
21.1. GRID-1 (UNITS: INCHES)...................................................................................................... 649 21.2. GRID -2 (UNITS: MILLIMETERS) .......................................................................................... 650 21.3. LIGHT SIGNAL (UNITS: INCHES) .......................................................................................... 651 21.4. PLATE WITH HOLES (UNITS: INCHES) ................................................................................... 652 21.5. PIER (UNITS: MILLIMETERS)................................................................................................ 652 21.6. PIPE CUTTER (UNITS: MILLIMETERS) .................................................................................. 653 21.7. CIRCLE-TTR (UNITS: MILLIMETERS) .................................................................................. 653 21.8. BARN (UNITS: INCHES) ........................................................................................................ 654 21.9. GEOMETRICAL DESIGN IN LAYOUT (UNITS: INCHES) .......................................................... 655 21.10. RECTANGULAR ARRAY (UNITS: INCHES)............................................................................. 655 21.11. POLAR ARRAY (UNITS: INCHES) .......................................................................................... 656 21.12. SPIRAL OF ARCHIMEDES (UNITS: MILLIMETERS) ................................................................. 657 21.13. ELEVATOR SYSTEM (UNITS: MILLIMETERS) ........................................................................ 659 21.14. FERRIS WHEEL (UNITS: MILLIMETERS) ................................................................................ 664
22. BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 667
23. INDEX .................................................................................................................... 671