INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY – ANATOMICAL TERMS / PLANES / &

MOVEMENTSLECTURE

BYDR. ANSARI, CHAIR- PERSON

Wednesday, May 3, 2023

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Learning outcomes

• The students are able to define and demonstrate the anatomical position of the body.

• They are able to demonstrate the usage of anatomical terminology to relate the structures and planes of the body.

• Able to demonstrate the movements of the limbs and body.

• Able to classify the branches of anatomy.

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DEFINITION OF ANATOMY

• It is the study of the structure of the human body. It is the science that deals with the structure and function of the human body.

• It is learnt by cutting/dissecting the parts of the body. ana = apart/ to cut up…Greek: the latin ‘to cut up’ give us dissect.

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ANATOMICAL POSITION

• It is an anatomical reference position.• Body is erect standing position,• Feet slightly separated,• Arms hanging relaxed at the sides,• Palms of hands facing forward.

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ANATOMICAL PLANES OF THE BODY

• These are the imaginary planes that divides the body in to different parts.

• These planes are either vertically running/cutting the body or horizontally.

• These planes are FRONTAL/CORONAL,MEDIAN/ MID SAGITTAL,/HORIZONTAL & PARASAGITTAL.

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FRONTAL/CORONAL PLANE

• It separates the body into anterior and posterior parts.

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MEDIAN/MIDSAGITTAL PLANE

• It separates the body into right and left parts.

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PARA-SAGITTAL PLANE• It is a plane running/cutting

the body parallel to the median plane.

• Examples of para-sagittal planes are mid-clavicular planes.

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HORIZONTAL SECTION

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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

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TERMS OF RELATION OR POSITION

• Superior=Closer to the head.• Inferior=closer to the feet.• Posterior/dorsal= closer to the posterior

surface of the body.• Anterior/ventral=closer to the anterior surface

of the body.

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• Medial= lying closer to the midline.• Lateral=lying further away from the midline• Proximal= closer to the origin of a structure.• Distal=further away from the origin of a

structure.

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• Superficial=on the surface of the body.• Deep=inside the body/away from the body

surface.• Contralateral=on the other side/opposite side.• Ipsilateral=on the same side.

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• External=being outside.• Internal=being inside.• Supine=face/palm up when lying on back.• Prone=face/palm down when lying on the

anterior surface of body.• Cephalic=towards the head.• Caudal=towards the tail/feet.

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PRONE POSITION

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SUPINE POSITION

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TERMS OF MOVEMENTS

Abduction=it is a movement of any part away from the midline in the coronal plane.

Adduction=it is a movement of any part returning to the midline in the coronal plane.

Flexion= moving any thing in the sagittal plane.Extension =straightening it again.

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ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION

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• Lateral flexion= is bending in the coronal plane.• Rotation=it occurs around a vertical axis, or the main

axis of the limb.• Pronation=it is a movement at radio ulnar joints,

after pronation thumb lies medially.• Supination=it also occurs at ru/joints, thumb lies

laterally in anatomical position.

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• Opposition=this movement takes place between thumb and medial four fingers, thumb touches all the tips of medial four fingers.

• Circumduction=it is a combination of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and rotation.

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OPPOSITION MOVEMENT

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• Protraction=moving forward along a surface.• Retraction=moving backward along a surface.• Elevation=raising a structure.• Depression=lowering a structure.

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SCAPULAR MOVEMENTS

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RETRACTION OF SCAPULA

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Subdivisions of anatomy

• Embryology=Examines development of adult structure from fertilized ovum.

• Cytology=Deals with the structure of individual cells.

• Histology=Deals with the microscopic study of tissues of the body.

• Neuroanatomy=Deals with the study of nervous system.

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BRANCHES OF ANATOMY

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NEUROANATOMY

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Subdivisions of anatomy

• Gross anatomy = Deals with those structures that can be seen without a microscope.

• Surface anatomy= The internal organs /structures are projected on the body surface areas.

• Applied/clinical anatomy=The knowledge of anatomy is used to understand the clinical cases/conditions.

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GROSS ANATOMY

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SURFACE ANATOMY

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THANK YOU

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References

• Clinically Oriented Anatomy-6th Edition-Keith Moore (pages 4-11).

• http://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/body/terminology.html

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminology

• http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/gross-anatomy-of-the-human-brain-major-anatomical-structures-and-terminology.html#lesson

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