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Sacha Grodzinsk i
Chair, Engineers Withou t Bo rders UK
Introduction to
International Development
Pre-departure Course26th June 2011
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Overview:
1. Intro to development: What is development? Who is involved? History of Development Development Theories and Current Thinkers
BREAK
2. Complexity of Development: Key factors within Development Measuring Development
Thinking about Impact
3. Advice: Before you Go In the field On your return
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1. Intro to development?
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What is Development?
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What is Development?
There is no universal definition, but mostinclude:
Economic Growth
Social Change Quality of Life
Livelihoods
Personal Capabilities
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What is Development? Developed/Developing is too simplistic
Development is a process not a goal
Depends on the local
- Social
- Political
- Natural
- Financial
- Environmental
Development needs.
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InternationalDevelopmentvs.Relief
Non- Emergency aid
Longer-term approach
Sustainable solutions
Oxfams One
Programme Approach
Engineers Without Borders UK
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Who is involved?
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Who is involved?
GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS
Resource mobilisation
POWER
COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
Mechanism of exchange
INCENTIVES
VOLUNTARTY ORGANIZATIONSMobilise Social energy
VALUES
H. Cruickshank DevelopmentEngineering, Lecture 1 ESD MPhil, 2009
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Who is involved?
What is the role of the State?
Good Governance
Law and order
Stop Corruption
Provision of welfare:
Education
Health care
Security
Macroeconomic management
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Who is involved?
Are NGOs always GOOD?
Can take the role of the state
Accountable to whom? Compete for funds and beneficiaries
Influence wage structure
Can generate sympathy over empathy Work the poorest or those easiest to reach
(geographically and to meet indicators)
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Who is involved?
What is YOUR role as the foreign engineer?
Amplify the voice of the beneficiaries at every stage
Ensure Health and Safety Create opportunity for locals, not remove them
Ensure sustainability of projects
Monitor and evaluate real impact and feedback
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HistoryofDevelopment
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Kariba Dam, Zimbabwe
Engineers Without Borders UK
1960s and 70s
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Nomadic Turbine, Mongolian Steppe
Engineers Without Borders UK
1970s and 80s
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UN Conference, New York
Engineers Without Borders UK
1990s
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Modernisation Theory
Social Evolutions:
Simple
Complex Society Large infrastructure leads to development
Loss of culture and identity for efficiency
Concepts ofdevelopment
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Dependency Theory
Periphery Core
Poor Rich Resources: Natural; Cheap Labour;
Destination for Old Technology
Maintained: Economics; Politics; Banking andFinance; Education; and Culture
Resist Change: Trade and other Sanctions
Concepts ofdevelopment
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World Systems Theory
Lot only global, but local Core and
Periphery
Ask a number of questions:
WS Impact : nations, ethnic groups, social classes?
WS effect components?
Do the Periphery need to be underdeveloped?
What causes change in the WS?
What system could replace Capitalism?
Concepts ofdevelopment
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Jeffery Sachs End of Poverty
Neoliberal top down approach;
Focus on: More Aid; DebtForgiveness; Better Trade Terms;
and Access to Modern Technology.
Ending Corruption of Powerfulover Weak Ending Extreme Poverty
Current Thinkers
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William Easterly The White Mans Burden
2 Tragedies:
1. So many people suffer so much for lack of
inexpensive remedies
Current Thinkers
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William Easterly The White Mans Burden
Tragedies:
2. The West spent $2.3 trillion on foreign aid over thelast 50 yrs and still had not managed to get 12-cent
medicines to children to prevent half of all malaria
deaths. The West spent $2.3 trillion on and still had
not managed to get $4 nets to poor families. The
West spent $2.3 trillion and still had not managed to
get $3 to each new mother to prevent 5 million child
deaths.
Current Thinkers
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William Easterly The White Mans Burden
The West is not stingy, just ineffective.
Current Thinkers
Planners Searchers
Top Down Bottom Up
Know answer Do not know answer, but will
search to find it
Trail and Error
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Muhammad Yunas Banker to the Poor
Everyone is an Entrepreneur;
People want to succeed; Credit is a fundamental HR;
Empower Women;
Self Managed groups as part ofa wider Federation
Current Thinkers
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Amartya Sen Development as Freedom
Democracy as necessary for growth;
Expression of Capabilities; Ability to Choose How to Live.
Current Thinkers
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BREAK
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2. ComplexityofDevelopment
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Key factors withinDevelopment?
InequalityPro-poor
Dignity Universal Declaration of Human
Rights
All human beings are born free and equal indignity and rights
Partnership Removing dependencyculture; MDG 8; 2 way learning.
Participation Community Led Total
Sanitation
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Key factors withinDevelopment?
Appropriateness materials/ scale/
technical level/ culturally and socially
beneficial.
Sustainability Balance of: Social,
Environment and Economic Drivers.
Capacity Building.
Finance and Micro-finance
Migration and Remittance
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Whatis the role ofTechnology?
Not all New Technology is GOOD:
- Diverts funds from proven technology
- Have they been tested in their context
- Do they meet the needs or wants of the community
- Solutions should empower not dis-empower
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Howis itmeasured?
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Howis itmeasured?
Gross Domestic Income (GDI) orGrossDomestic Product (GDP)
Defined as the market value of all final goodsand services produced within a country in agiven period of time
Calculated as consumption + governmentspending + gross investment + (imports - exports)
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Howis itmeasured?Other indicators:
Health (Infant mortality rates, HIV infection rate, life
Expectancyetc)
Education (Primary education, literacy rateetc)
Employment
Ease of Doing Business
Corruption Index Budget Transparency
Poverty: Energy/Fuel, Foodetc
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Howis itmeasured? Human Development Index (HDI):
- Life expectancy - Literacy
- Educational - GDP per capita
Educational attainment
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Howis itmeasured? Does everyone developing equally?
Gini Coefficient:
G=A/(A+B)
A value of 0 represents absolute
equality, and a value of 100
absolute inequality.
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Howis itmeasured?Millennium Development Goals:
Signed Sept 2000
0.7% of GNI
End 2015, with reviews in 2005/2010
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Howis itmeasured?
Issues with targets:
Divert effort and money from other activities;
Only valid if you are measuring the right thing;
Who is accountable if targets are not met?
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Howis itmeasured?http://www.gapminder.org
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Thinking aboutImpact!
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ThinkingaboutImpact!
What is the difference between:
Digging a well Access to clean water and
improved health?
Disseminating improved
cook stoves
Improved livelihoods and
health?
Building a school Ensuring that children get an
education?
It is changing of mind-setfrom what we want to do,
to what we want to achieve
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3. Advice
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Advice: Before You Go
Communication: Learn a language | Learn to teach
Technical: Know the basics and be able to do it
Read more about development Think of the organisations you want to work with
http://www.oxfam.org/en/content/from-poverty-power-full-text
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Advice: In the field
Be safe and stay healthy mental + physically!
Know your role and responsibilities
Expect the unexpected
Write a diary or a blog Reflect!
Remember your motivations (Intl Dev. is Intl)
Ambassador for home country andorganisation, especially when socialising.
Make the most of it Enjoy!
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Advice: On your return
Prepare: Reverse culture shock!
Think: How will you continue on your
return?
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Re-cap:
1. Intro to development: What is development? Who is involved? History of Development Development Theories and Current Thinkers
BREAK
2. Complexity of Development: Key factors within Development Measuring Development
Thinking about Impact3. Advice:
Before you Go In the field On your return
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Sacha Grodzinsk i
Chair, Engineers Witho ut Borders UK
Thank you for listening
Questions ?