Interpersonal Metafunction

Section 2Mohd Muttaqin Bin Awang Senik 1029509

Muhammad Nazrin Arramadan Bin Mohamad Nabori 1028721

Muhammad Asyraf Bin Md. Nor 1021835Muhammad Nazif Aimaan Bin Othman

• From this chapter we will:-Explore how the clause is structured to enable us to express interpersonal meaning.-Establish a relationship between the semantic organization of interaction and grammatical differences in the mood structures of clauses.

-Identify the functional constituents and their configurations in clauses of different Mood types-Look at the role of modality (modalization and modulation) in interaction

Interpersonal Meaning and The Structure of Dialogue

• Through engaging in sustained dialogue, we can establish and develop the social roles we are playing with other people.

• Establishing social identities is done through talk.

• The general function of a dialogue is the means language gives us for expressing interpersonal meaning about roles and attitudes.

Cont’• Taking part in a dialogue means we are being

able : to negotiate the exchange of interpersonal meanings: to realize social relationships with other language users.

• Being able to describe the structure of clauses to enable dialogue should allow us to uncover and explain how interpersonal meanings are being realized in interactive texts.

Semantics of Interaction:Commodity Exchanged

• Halliday refers these four basic move types as speech functions.

• Then, there is also a choice between initiating and responding moves.

Speech role Information Goods and services

Giving

Demanding

Statement

Question

Offer

Command

Speech functions pair (initiations and responses)

Initiating speech function

Responding speech function

Offer

Command

Statement

Question

Supporting

Acceptance (may be non-verbal)Compliance (may be non-verbal)Acknowledgement

Answer

Confronting

Rejection

Refusal

Contradiction

Disclaimer

Speech functions and typical mood of clauseSpeech function Typical mood in clauseStatement Declarative MoodQuestion Interrogative MoodCommand Imperative MoodOffer Modulated interrogative MoodAnswer Elliptical declarative MoodAcknowledgement Elliptical declarative MoodAccept Minor clauseCompliance Minor clause

• Questions can also be expressed by modulated declaratives

• Statements can also be expressed by tagged declaratives

Summary of DialogueSpeech function Typical clause Mood Non-typical clause Mood

Command Imperative Modulated interrogative declarative

Offer Modulated interrogative Imperative declarative

Statement Declarative Tagged declarative

Question Interrogative Modulated interrogative

Exchanging Information: The Grammatical Structure of Propositions

• MOOD, RESIDUE and TAG- A MOOD element functions to carry the argument- A RESIDUE element can be left out or ellipsed.- A TAG is what you can put at the end of any declarative to turn it into a question.

Constituents of the MOOD

• MOOD = SUBJECT + FINITE• SUBJECT

-Definition: it realizes the thing by reference to which the proposition can be affirmed or denied.-Identification: can be achieved by the TAG test or changing the verb from singular to plural.

• FINITE-Definition: Halliday defines Finite in terms of its function in the clause to make the proposition definite, to anchor the proposition in a way that we can argue about it.-Identification: can be identify by TAG test also.

Finite Verbal Operator

• Temporal Finite Verbal Operators-reference to time (past, present and future)-polarity (negative and positive)

• Finite Modal Operators-reference to modality (e.g. : must, would)-polarity (negative and positive)

Constituents of The RESIDUE

• PREDICATOR – the lexical or content part of the verbal group.-e.g.

• Predicator’s functions:-adds time secondary tense-specifies aspects and phases-specifies the voice of the clause (passive and active)

• Tests to determine whether a particular verb + adverb/preposition is a phrasal verb or whether there is a Predicator followed by a separate circumstantial Adjunct:- Movability- Substitution- The adverbial component of a phrasal verb can be moved to the end of the clause.

• COMPLEMENT- A non-essential participant in the clause, somehow effected by the main argument of the proposition.-has the potential of being a SUBJECT but is not.

Type Sub-type Meanings Class of item Location in analysis

Experiential Circumstantial Time, manner, location, etc.

Prepositional phrase, adverb

In RESIDUE

Interpersonal (modal)

Mood Intensity, probability, usuality, presumption

Adverb In MOOD

Polarity Negative or positive

YES/NO (elliptical)

In MOOD

Comment Speaker’s assessment of whole message

Adverb, prepositional phrase

Not in MOOD or RESIDUE

Vocative Nominating next speaker

Name Not in MOOD or RESIDUE

Textual Conjunctive Logical linking of message

Conjunction Not in MOOD or RESIDUE

Continuity Message coming Minor clauseAdverbs (yeah/nah)

Not in mood or RESIDUE

Polar Interrogatives• The structure of the polar interrogative involves the

positioning of the FINITE before the SUBJECT.• For fused Finite/Predicator, we need to introduce a

Finite element (the “do” auxillary verb).• Verb to be clause structure:

- Finite + Subject + Complement• Verb to have clause structure:

- Finite + Subject + Predicator + Complement(“does” must go with “have”, and “has” must go with “got”)

WH- Interrogatives

• Need to recognize the presence of a WH element.

• WH-elements are conflated with:- Subject (who) - part of MOOD- Complement (what) - part of RESIDUE- Circumstantial Adjuncts (when) - part of RESIDUE

Exclamatives• Also require the presence of a WH element,

conflate with- Complement (what): part of RESIDUE- Attributive Complement (how): part of RESIDUE- Adjunct (circumstantial): part of RESIDUE

• The typical response to this is polarity of agreement or disagreement, involving ellipsis of all but the polarity Adjunct.

• Ellipsis may leave the Subject, a Mood Adjunct, and the Finite and replaced by a minor clause.

Modality: (1)Modalization

• Modalization involves the expressions of two kinds of meanings:- Probability - likelihood or probability- Usuality - frequency

• Can be present in the clause in three ways:- Through the choice of a finite modal operator- Through the use of Mood Adjuncts of probability, certainty, etc.- Through both together: a modal Finite and a Mood Adjunct.

Grammatical Metaphor: Metaphors of Modality

• LOW: I reckon, I guess• MEDIAN: I think, I suppose• HIGH: I’m sure

- All above are technically complete clauses with their own MOOD and RESIDUE.

• Use of modality does not make a clause looked certain but less certain actually.

Exchanging Goods and Services:The Grammar of Proposal

i. Demanding goods and services: the structure of imperatives.

• An imperative consisting of:> a MOOD element of Finite + Subject> a MOOD element of Finite only (no Subject)> a MOOD element of subject only (no Finite)> only a RESIDUE (no MOOD element at all)

ii. Giving good and services: the grammar of offer.

• Modulation expressed in the Finite: will or shall expresses a meaning of willingness.

• Modulation expressed in the Predicator: verb of liking or desiring where the Finite expresses a meaning of modalization (e.g. would)

• Modulation in a complex Predicator: involving a verb such as like, need followed by a second verb in infinitive form.

Modality: (2) Modulation

• The second dimension of modality, complementing modalization in propositions.

• First, modulation may be expressed in the Finite as a modulated verbal operator.

• Second, meanings of inclination may be expressed subjectively, by making the speaker’s inclination an adjectival element, which is then followed by an infinitive clause.

• Two situations where it is difficult to decide whether what is being exchanged is information or good and services are:- when you are talking to someone about the behaviour of a third person.- the second situation in which the distinction is not to clear-cut is when we use modulation to demand direction, advice or permission.