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Chapter 2
InternetworkingConcepts Overview
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ObjectivesObjectives
On completion of this chapter, you will be ableto perform the following tasks:
Describe how data traffic is exchanged between
source and destination devices Identify the roles and functions of a hub, switch, and
router, and where they best fit in the network
Select the appropriate Cisco equipment for a given
set of network requirements
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Defining Componentsof the Network
Defining Componentsof the Network
Main OfficeBranch Office
HomeOffice
MobileUsers
Internet
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Floor 2
Floor 1
Server Farm
Defining the Componentsof a Network (cont.)
Defining the Componentsof a Network (cont.)
BranchOffice
Telecommuter
ISDN
Remote Campus
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Network Structure Defined byHierarchy
Network Structure Defined byHierarchy
DistributionLayer
Core Layer
AccessLayer
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Access Layer CharacteristicsAccess Layer Characteristics
End station entry point to the network
Access Layer
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Distribution LayerCharacteristics
Distribution LayerCharacteristics
Access LayerAggregation Point
Routes traffic Broadcast/Multicast
Domains
Media Translation Security
Possible point for remote access
Distribution Layer
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Core Layer CharacteristicsCore Layer Characteristics
Fast transport to enterprise services
No packet manipulation
Core Layer
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OSI Model OverviewOSI Model Overview
Application(Upper)Layers
Session
Presentation
Application
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OSI Model OverviewOSI Model Overview
Data FlowLayers
Transport Layer
Data Link
Network Layer
Physical
Application(Upper)Layers
Session
Presentation
Application
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Role of Application LayersRole of Application Layers
TelnetFTP
User Interface
EXAMPLES
Application
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TelnetFTP
ASCIIEBCDICJPEG
User Interface
How data is presentedSpecial processingsuch as encryption
EXAMPLES
Presentation
Application
Role of Application LayersRole of Application Layers
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TelnetFTP
ASCIIEBCDICJPEG
Keeping differentapplicationsdata separate
User Interface
How data is presentedSpecial processingsuch as encryption
Operating System/Application Access
Scheduling
EXAMPLES
Session
Presentation
Application
Role of Application LayersRole of Application Layers
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Keeping differentapplicationsdata separate
User Interface
How data is presentedSpecial processingsuch as encryption
TelnetFTP
ASCIIEBCDICJPEG
Operating System/Application Access
SchedulingTransport Layer
Data Link
Network Layer
Physical
EXAMPLES
Session
Presentation
Application
Role of Application LayersRole of Application Layers
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Role of Data Flow LayersRole of Data Flow Layers
EIA/TIA-232V.35
EXAMPLES
Physical
Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and
pin-out cables
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802.3 / 802.2HDLC
EIA/TIA-232V.35
EXAMPLES
Role of Data Flow LayersRole of Data Flow Layers
Data Link
Physical
Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction
Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and
pin-out cables
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802.3 / 802.2HDLC
EIA/TIA-232V.35
IPIPX
EXAMPLES
Role of Data Flow LayersRole of Data Flow Layers
Network
Data Link
Physical
Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction
Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and
pin-out cables
Provide logical addressing whichrouters use for path determination
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TCPUDPSPX
802.3 / 802.2HDLC
EIA/TIA-232V.35
IPIPX
EXAMPLES
Role of Data Flow LayersRole of Data Flow Layers
Transport
Data Link
Physical
Reliable or unreliable delivery Error correction before retransmit
Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction
Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and
pin-out cables
NetworkProvide logical addressing whichrouters use for path determination
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TCPUDPSPX
802.3 / 802.2HDLC
EIA/TIA-232V.35
IPIPX
Presentation
Application
SessionEXAMPLES
Role of Data Flow LayersRole of Data Flow Layers
Reliable or unreliable delivery Error correction before retransmit
Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction
Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and
pin-out cables
Transport
Data Link
Physical
NetworkProvide logical addressing whichrouters use for path determination
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Encapsulating DataEncapsulating Data
Transport
Data Link
Physical
Network
Upper Layer Data
Upper Layer DataTCP Header
DataIP Header
DataLLC Header
0101110101001000010
DataMAC Header
Presentation
Application
Session
Segment
Packet
Bits
Frame
PDU
FCS
FCS
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Upper Layer Data
De-encapsulating DataDe-encapsulating Data
LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data
MACH
eader
IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data
LLCHe
ader
TCP+ Upper Layer Data
IPHead
er
Upper Layer Data
TCPH
eader
0101110101001000010
Transport
Data Link
Physical
Network
Presentation
Application
Session
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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
OSI Model PDU Functional Responsibilities Examples
Written Exercise: OSI ModelWritten Exercise: OSI Model
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Physical Layer FunctionsPhysical Layer Functions
Defines
Media type
Connector type
Signaling type
Eth
erne
t
802.3
V.35
Physic
al
EIA/TIA
-232
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Physical Layer: Ethernet/802.3Physical Layer: Ethernet/802.3
Hub
Hosts
Host
10Base2Thin Ethernet
10Base5Thick Ethernet
10BaseTTwisted Pair
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Hubs Operate at Physical layerHubs Operate at Physical layer
A B C D
Physical
All devices in the same collision domain
All devices in the same broadcast domain
Devices share the same bandwidth
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Hubs: One Collision DomainHubs: One Collision Domain
More end stations means
more collisions CSMA/CD is used
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Data Link layer FunctionsData Link layer Functions
Defines
Physical source anddestination addresses
Higher layer protocol(Service Access Point)associated with frame
Network topology
Frame sequencing Flow control
Connection-orientedor connectionless
DataL
i nk
Physical
EIA/TIA-232v.35
Eth
erne
t
Fram
eR
elay
HDLC
802.2
802.3
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DataSource add FCSLengthDest add
Variable266 4
0000.0C xx.xxxx
Vendorassigned
IEEE assigned
MAC Layer - 802.3
Data Link Layer Functions (cont.)Data Link Layer Functions (cont.)
Preamble
Ethernet IIuses Typehere and
does not use802.2.
MAC Address
8# Bytes
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DataDest
SAP
Source
SAP
DataSource add FCSLengthDest add
Variable11
802.2 (SAP)
MAC Layer - 802.3
Data Link Layer Functions (cont.)Data Link Layer Functions (cont.)
Ctrl
1 or 2
3 2
Preamble
DataDest SAP
AASource SAP
AA
Variable11
802.2 (SNAP)
Ctrl
03
1 or 2
OR
OUIID
Type
# Bytes
# Bytes
S i h d B id OS it h d B id O t
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Each segment has its own collision domain
All segments are in the same broadcast domain
Data Link
Switches and Bridges Operateat Data Link Layer
Switches and Bridges Operateat Data Link Layer
OR1 2 3 1 24
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SwitchesSwitches
Each segment has itsown collision domain
Broadcasts areforwarded to allsegments
Memory
Switch
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Network Layer FunctionsNetwork Layer Functions
Defines logicalsource anddestination
addressesassociated with aspecific protocol
Defines pathsthrough network
Interconnectsmultiple data links
Networ k
IP, IPX
DataLi n
k
Physic
al
EIA/TIA-232v.35
Ethe
rne
t
Fram
eR
elay
HDLC
802.2
802.3
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DataSource
address
Destination
address
IP
Network Layer Functions (cont.)Network Layer Functions (cont.)
Header
172.15.1.1
NodeNetwork
LogicalAddress
Network Layer End Station Packet
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Network Layer Functions (cont.)Network Layer Functions (cont.)
1111111111111111 0000000000000000
1010110000010000 0111101011001100
BinaryMask
inaryddress
172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0
172 16 122 204
255
Address Mask
255 0 0
Network Host
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Routing Table
NET INT Metric
124
S0S0E0
100
1.0 4.0
1.3
E0
4.3
S0
2.2
E0
2.1
S0
4.1
4.2
1.1
1.2
Routing Table
NET INT Metric
124
E0S0S0
001
Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network Configuration required
Uses configured information to identify paths to networks
Network Layer Functions (cont.)Network Layer Functions (cont.)
OR O h
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Routers: Operate at theNetwork Layer
Routers: Operate at theNetwork Layer
Broadcast control
Multicast control
Optimal pathdetermination
Traffic management
Logical addressing
Connects to WANservices
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Using Routers to ProvideRemote Access
Using Routers to ProvideRemote Access
Internet
Telecommuter
Branch Office
Modem or ISDN TA
Mobile User
Main Office
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Transport Layer FunctionsTransport Layer Functions
Distinguishes betweenupper layer applications
Establishes end-to-end
connectivity betweenapplications
Defines flow control
Provides reliable orunreliable services fordata transfer
Networ
k
IPXIP
Trans
port
SPXTCP UDP
R li bl T t LR li bl T t L
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Reliable Transport LayerFunctions
Reliable Transport LayerFunctions
Synchronize
Acknowledge, Synchronize
Acknowledge
Data Transfer
(Send Segments)
Sender Receiver
Connection EstablishedConnection EstablishedConnection EstablishedConnection Established
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Network Device DomainsNetwork Device Domains
Hub Bridge Switch Router
Collision Domains:
1 4 4 4
Broadcast Domains:
1 1 1 4
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Choosing a Cisco ProductChoosing a Cisco Product
DistributionLayer
Core Layer
AccessLayer
SP d S l i
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Product SelectionConsiderations
Product SelectionConsiderations
Provides functionality and features you need today
Capacity and performance
Easy installation and centralized management
Provides network resiliency
Investment protection in existing infrastructure
Migration path for change and growth
Seamless access for mobile users andbranch offices
P d t S l tiP d t S l ti
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First select WANtechnology solutionsbased on the following:
Availability of service
Bandwidth requirement
Cost
Second, choose productsthat support selected WANsolutions
Product SelectionConsiderations (cont.)
Product SelectionConsiderations (cont.)
Costp
er
Month
Usage
Leased Line, T1
Modem/ISDN
Frame Relay
0
Prod ct SelectionProduct Selection
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Product SelectionConsiderations (cont.)
Product SelectionConsiderations (cont.)
1544
128
64
56
19.2
9.6
4.8
Determine applications that you want to run
ISDN,ISDN,Frame RelayFrame Relay
Old ModemOld Modem Telnet
New ModemNew Modem
Web Browsing
Voice
Video, Multimedia
E-Mail, File Transfer
Leased Line,Leased Line,Frame Relay,Frame Relay,XDSLXDSL
kbps
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Selection Issues:
Need for 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps on media
Port density
Need for management console
Easy Operations
Cisco 1500Micro Hub
CiscoFastHub300
Cisco 1528Micro Hub 10/100
CiscoFastHub400
CiscoFastHub200
CiscoFastHub100
Cisco Hub ProductsCisco Hub Products
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Selection Issues:
Need for 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, or 1000 Mbps onmedia
Need for trunking and inter-switch links
Workgroup segmentation (VLANs)
Port density needs
Different user interfaces
Desktop/WorkgroupSolutions
WiringCloset/Backbone
Solutions
Cisco 1548 MicroSwitch 10/100
Catalyst3000 series
Catalyst 2900series XL
Catalyst1900/2820 series
Catalyst2900 series
Catalyst
5000 series
Catalyst8500 series
Catalyst Switch ProductsCatalyst Switch Products
D N t D l t O fl T tD N t D l t O fl T t
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Do Not DeleteOverflow Texton Notes Page
Do Not DeleteOverflow Texton Notes Page
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Selection Issues:
Scale of the routing features needed
Port density/variety requirements
Capacity and performance Common user interface
Cisco700/800Series
Cisco1600/1700
Series
Cisco2500
Series
Cisco3600Series
AS
5000Series
Small Office Solutions
Branch Office Solutions
Central Site Solutions
Cisco
12000 GSRSeries
Cisco4000
Series
Cisco7000
Series
Home Office Solutions
Cisco2600Series
Cisco Router ProductsCisco Router Products
D N t D l t O fl T tD N t D l t O fl T t
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Do Not DeleteOverflow Texton Notes Page
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Visual ObjectiveVisual Objective
Use the product selection tool to
select Cisco Equipment
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