Intercollegiate SportsIntercollegiate Sports
Chapter 14Chapter 14
NCAA’s CreationNCAA’s Creation
1905 President Theodore Roosevelt 1905 President Theodore Roosevelt wanted to regulate footballwanted to regulate football
Prisoner’s Dilemma Prisoner’s Dilemma If all teams played by the rules, then any one If all teams played by the rules, then any one
school could benefit at the expense of its school could benefit at the expense of its rivals by breaking the rulesrivals by breaking the rules
NCAA’s Original PurposeNCAA’s Original Purpose
Reduce violenceReduce violence Standardize playStandardize play Became a rules enforcerBecame a rules enforcer
Concerned with ethicsConcerned with ethics
Organizational OverviewOrganizational Overview
Voluntary organization Voluntary organization Over 1,150 member schoolsOver 1,150 member schools
Pay duesPay dues Maintain ethical and academic standingsMaintain ethical and academic standings Comply by the rulesComply by the rules
Controls all major revenue-producing collegiate Controls all major revenue-producing collegiate eventsevents
Most of the revenues are from conducting Most of the revenues are from conducting championshipschampionships
Not-for-profit organizationNot-for-profit organization
ConferenceConference
Groups of schools that compete to Groups of schools that compete to determine a conference champion in each determine a conference champion in each sportsport
Revenue sharing within conferencesRevenue sharing within conferences
DivisionsDivisions
Size of financial baseSize of financial base Number & type of sports offeredNumber & type of sports offered Focus of the programFocus of the program Existence of athletic grants-in-aidExistence of athletic grants-in-aid
Division IDivision I
Must offer football & men’s basketballMust offer football & men’s basketball Provide full grants-in-aid based on athletic Provide full grants-in-aid based on athletic
abilityability Highly competitive, focus is on national Highly competitive, focus is on national
prominenceprominence Financed through: student fees, gate Financed through: student fees, gate
receipts, TV revenues & licensing receipts, TV revenues & licensing revenuesrevenues
Division IIDivision II
Offer grants-in-aid based on athletic abilityOffer grants-in-aid based on athletic ability Goal of the program is regional Goal of the program is regional
prominence prominence
Division IIIDivision III
Largest divisionLargest division Focus is on participationFocus is on participation No grants-in-aid for athletic abilityNo grants-in-aid for athletic ability Goal of the program is conference Goal of the program is conference
prominence prominence
Function of NCAAFunction of NCAA“Board of Directors”NCAA Council(46 members)President/Institutional Members
Steering Committees
Committee on Infractions
NCAA Executive Committee (14 members)
NCAA Membership(1,150+)Annual Meeting
Presidents Commission(Advisory Group)
Function of NCAAFunction of NCAA“Board of Directors”NCAA Council(46 members)President/Institutional Members
Steering Committees
Committee on Infractions
NCAA Executive Committee (14 members)
NCAA Membership(1,150+)Annual Meeting
Presidents Commission(Advisory Group)
Members vote on:Members vote on: PoliciesPolicies OfficersOfficers Committee Committee
assignmentsassignments
President’s President’s Commission:Commission: Advise the association Advise the association
on selected issueson selected issues
Function of NCAAFunction of NCAA“Board of Directors”NCAA Council(46 members)President/Institutional Members
Steering Committees
Committee on Infractions
NCAA Executive Committee (14 members)
NCAA Membership(1,150+)Annual Meeting
Presidents Commission(Advisory Group)
NCAA CouncilNCAA Council Board of DirectorsBoard of Directors Interpret the Interpret the
constitution and constitution and bylawsbylaws
Arbiter of last resort on Arbiter of last resort on enforcement actionsenforcement actions
Steering CommitteesSteering Committees Consider matters Consider matters
within each divisionwithin each division
Function of NCAAFunction of NCAA“Board of Directors”NCAA Council(46 members)President/Institutional Members
Steering Committees
Committee on Infractions
NCAA Executive Committee (14 members)
NCAA Membership(1,150+)Annual Meeting
Presidents Commission(Advisory Group)
Executive CommitteeExecutive Committee Headed by the NCAA Headed by the NCAA
PresidentPresident 14 members14 members Handle financial Handle financial
mattersmatters Oversee Oversee
championshipschampionships
Function of NCAAFunction of NCAA“Board of Directors”NCAA Council(46 members)President/Institutional Members
Steering Committees
Committee on Infractions
NCAA Executive Committee (14 members)
NCAA Membership(1,150+)Annual Meeting
Presidents Commission(Advisory Group)
Infractions CommitteeInfractions Committee 6 members6 members Investigate possible Investigate possible
violationsviolations Determine penalties Determine penalties
Investigation ProcessInvestigation Process
Allegations are made by Allegations are made by another school or another school or evidence that strongly evidence that strongly suggest problemssuggest problems
Investigative staff Investigative staff searches for evidence searches for evidence and takes depositions and takes depositions
If investigation turns up If investigation turns up questionable practices, a questionable practices, a more detailed more detailed investigation followsinvestigation follows
Institution is notified Institution is notified Infraction committee Infraction committee
reviews evidence, reviews evidence, questions questions institutions/players, and institutions/players, and issues findings or issues findings or sanctionssanctions
Institutions may make an Institutions may make an appeal to NCAA Councilappeal to NCAA Council
Critical AspectsCritical Aspects
NCAA staff is not large enough to monitor NCAA staff is not large enough to monitor member schoolsmember schools
NCAA acts on information given by NCAA acts on information given by coaches and competitor schoolscoaches and competitor schools
NCAA may start an investigation on NCAA may start an investigation on probabilistic evidenceprobabilistic evidence
NCAA ManualNCAA Manual
RecruitingRecruiting Eligibility Eligibility EnforcementEnforcement
RecruitingRecruiting
““A member of an institutional athletic staff A member of an institutional athletic staff or a representative of its athletic interest or a representative of its athletic interest shall not recruit a prospect except as shall not recruit a prospect except as permitted by this association”permitted by this association” NCAA BylawNCAA Bylaw
Recruiting (cont.)Recruiting (cont.)
Contact with prospective athletesContact with prospective athletes Publicity of potential recruitsPublicity of potential recruits Personnel who may scoutPersonnel who may scout TryoutsTryouts Transportation for visitationTransportation for visitation Number of contacts with a recruitNumber of contacts with a recruit Behavior at sport camps/clinicsBehavior at sport camps/clinics
New Rules for D-INew Rules for D-I
Must use commercial aircraft & not upgrade from Must use commercial aircraft & not upgrade from coach to first-class coach to first-class
Recruits and host sign agreements not to Recruits and host sign agreements not to engage in inappropriate activities during visitsengage in inappropriate activities during visits
Colleges cannot use “special vehicles” for Colleges cannot use “special vehicles” for recruitsrecruits Modified with TVs, special decorModified with TVs, special decor
Recruits must stay in standard hotel rooms and Recruits must stay in standard hotel rooms and receive standard mealsreceive standard meals
New Rules (cont.)New Rules (cont.)
No personalized jerseys or simulating game-No personalized jerseys or simulating game-day experiencesday experiences Announcing a player’s name or showing a Announcing a player’s name or showing a
fake highlight film on the stadium or arena fake highlight film on the stadium or arena scoreboard.scoreboard.
Host to recruits must also host non-athletesHost to recruits must also host non-athletes Coaches, administrators, recruits, and host Coaches, administrators, recruits, and host
are subject to the NCAA’s unethical conduct are subject to the NCAA’s unethical conduct rules if recruits drink, use drugs, or otherwise rules if recruits drink, use drugs, or otherwise behave inappropriately during visits.behave inappropriately during visits.
University RepresentativeUniversity Representative
““An individual who is known (or should An individual who is known (or should have been known) by members at the have been known) by members at the institution to have promoted or financially institution to have promoted or financially contributed to athletics at the university, or contributed to athletics at the university, or has been asked to recruit or assist a has been asked to recruit or assist a prospective student athlete”prospective student athlete” NCAA BylawNCAA Bylaw
University RepresentativeUniversity Representative
Once an individual is identified as a rep, Once an individual is identified as a rep, the person retains that identity indefinitelythe person retains that identity indefinitely
University Representative University Representative
No arrangement of employment of No arrangement of employment of relativesrelatives
No gifts of clothing or equipmentNo gifts of clothing or equipment Cannot co-sign loansCannot co-sign loans No gifts of cash or merchandiseNo gifts of cash or merchandise Cannot grant free or reduced rate housingCannot grant free or reduced rate housing
EligibilityEligibility
““The student athlete shall complete his/her The student athlete shall complete his/her season of participation within 5 calendar season of participation within 5 calendar years from beginning of the semester the years from beginning of the semester the student is first registered”student is first registered”
Must also complete 12 semester hours of Must also complete 12 semester hours of academic course workacademic course work
Freshman EligibilityFreshman Eligibility
Sliding GPA scale & test scoresSliding GPA scale & test scores Must pass 14 core H.S. coursesMust pass 14 core H.S. courses
College EligibilityCollege Eligibility
New standards require:New standards require: Pass 40% of degree courses before 3rd yearPass 40% of degree courses before 3rd year Pass 60% of degree courses before 4th yearPass 60% of degree courses before 4th year Pass 80% of degree courses before 5th yearPass 80% of degree courses before 5th year
EnforcementEnforcement
Administrators & coaches must provide full Administrators & coaches must provide full & complete disclosure & complete disclosure
Burden of proof is on the accused Burden of proof is on the accused 4-year statute of limitation on allegations4-year statute of limitation on allegations
College Recruiting ViolationsCollege Recruiting Violations
The bottom line in Division I is winningThe bottom line in Division I is winning Make $$$Make $$$ Attractive to TV & MediaAttractive to TV & Media Increases school’s notorietyIncreases school’s notoriety Help coaches keep their jobsHelp coaches keep their jobs Attract higher quality athletesAttract higher quality athletes
NCAA Structure FlawsNCAA Structure Flaws
Focus on outputs rather than inputsFocus on outputs rather than inputs Break-even teams that attract quality athletes Break-even teams that attract quality athletes
and produce winning records will cause rivals and produce winning records will cause rivals to infer illegal practicesto infer illegal practices
Rivals will initiate an investigationRivals will initiate an investigation Rules work in favor of programs with long Rules work in favor of programs with long
histories of winning/losinghistories of winning/losing
NCAA Athletic ServicesNCAA Athletic Services
Education/Training: Advance Degree, 2/3 Education/Training: Advance Degree, 2/3 have law degreehave law degree
Assist member institutions with Assist member institutions with interpretations of rules & regulationsinterpretations of rules & regulations
Investigate/enforce compliance Investigate/enforce compliance procedures with member institutions procedures with member institutions
Athletic DirectorAthletic Director
Focus is provide student-athletes with Focus is provide student-athletes with facilities & opportunities to compete at the facilities & opportunities to compete at the highest level of their abilityhighest level of their ability
Raise money from alumniRaise money from alumni Insure athletes are making satisfactory Insure athletes are making satisfactory
academic progressacademic progress Keep the program within NCAA Keep the program within NCAA
regulationsregulations
Associate/Assistant Athletic Associate/Assistant Athletic DirectorDirector
Oversee specifics for:Oversee specifics for: Marketing Marketing Sports Information/Public Relations Sports Information/Public Relations University RelationsUniversity Relations Operations/Facilities Operations/Facilities Fund RaisingFund Raising
Booster Club CoordinatorBooster Club Coordinator
Boosters: Groups of alumni who support Boosters: Groups of alumni who support the athletic department financiallythe athletic department financially
Coordinator work with alumni on a day-to-Coordinator work with alumni on a day-to-day basis for fundraisingday basis for fundraising
Makes sure that everyone knows and Makes sure that everyone knows and follows the rulesfollows the rules
Enforcement/ComplianceEnforcement/Compliance
Make sure the athletic department is Make sure the athletic department is operating within the rules of the NCAA, the operating within the rules of the NCAA, the conference & collegeconference & college
Equipment ManagerEquipment Manager
Responsible for buying, maintaining & Responsible for buying, maintaining & keeping track of all the equipment used by keeping track of all the equipment used by the athletesthe athletes
Sports Information Director (SID)Sports Information Director (SID)
Must be an expert in media relations, Must be an expert in media relations, publishing & personnel managementpublishing & personnel management
Arrange interviewsArrange interviews Responsible for printed materialsResponsible for printed materials
Senior Woman AdministratorSenior Woman Administrator
Top executive female administratorTop executive female administrator Often just a titleOften just a title
TicketsTickets
Backbone for Division I athletic Backbone for Division I athletic departmentdepartment
Coordinate ticket plansCoordinate ticket plans