IntegratedIntegrated CropCrop
ProductionProduction
practicepractice
2525thth--2626thth OctoberOctober 20102010
TaxonomyTaxonomy
MonocotyledonopsidaMonocotyledonopsida
PoaceaePoaceae ((GramineaeGramineae))
DicotyledonopsidaDicotyledonopsida
PolygonaceaePolygonaceae
AmarantaceaeAmarantaceae
ChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceae
CompositaeCompositae
CruciferaeCruciferae ((BrassicaceaBrassicacea))
EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae
PapaveraceaePapaveraceae
CucurbitaceaeCucurbitaceae
LinaceaeLinaceae
CannabinaceaeCannabinaceae
FabaceaeFabaceae
GrainGrain cropscrops
Species:Species:
WheatWheat
RyeRye
OatsOats
BarleyBarley
TriticaleTriticale
MaizeMaize
RiceRice
SorghumSorghum
MilletMillet
BuckwheatBuckwheat
GrainGrain cropscrops: : flourflour cancan be made of be made of thethe graingrain
CategoriesCategories::
MonocotMonocot grainsgrains//
CerealsCereals
CerCer. . inin earear / / paniclepanicle
BreadBread--cerealscereals
CerealsCereals
barley
wheatrye
SeedSeed and and earear//spikeletspikelet
CerealsCereals
winter barley
wheat
rye
spring barley
oats
triticale
EurostatEurostat [ha][ha]
2007 2008 2009
Cereal 2765000 2908200 2875400
Wheat 1111300 1130200 1141800
Winter wheat 1092800 1112400 1119000
Spring wheat 10600 9400 9100
Durum wheat 7900 8500 13800
Rye 39800 43600 40500
Barley 321500 329600 321400
Winter barley 182700 200500 195800
Spring barley 138800 129000 125600
Oats 60000 61200 52100
Maize 1078800 1191800 1166600
Sorghum 4700 3900 4300
Triticale 130400 131200 124800
Other cereals 15900 13900 21100
Rice 2600 2500 2700
CerealsCereals inin thethe WorldWorld
1400 1400 millionmillion ha ha croplandcropland
680680--700 700 millionmillion ha ha cerealscereals
22002200--2300 2300 millionmillion t t yieldyield
700 700 millmill. t . t maizemaize, 600 , 600 millmill. t . t wheatwheat, 600 , 600 millmill. t . t ricerice
2300 2300 millionmillion t / 6500 t / 6500 millionmillion peoplepeople = 0,35 t/= 0,35 t/capcap. .
(350 kg)(350 kg)1 kg / 1 kg / dayday / / capcap. . cerealcereal consumptionconsumption
UsageUsage
1 kg 1 kg wheatwheat –– 800 g 800 g flourflour –– 1,4 kg 1,4 kg breadbread
ForFor 1 kg of 1 kg of meatmeat ((porkpork, , poultrypoultry) ) –– 33--4 kg 4 kg cerealcereal
WheatWheat
ProductionProduction cyclecycle of of wheatwheat
precropprecrop –– givengiven yearsyears cultureculture–– postcroppostcrop
ElementsElements of of technologytechnology::
Species and Species and subspeciessubspecies choosingchoosing
SoilSoil managementmanagement
NutrientNutrient managementmanagement
SowingSowing
PlantPlant protectionprotection//keepingkeeping
HarvestingHarvesting
Post Post harvestharvest
PlacePlace inin spacespace and and inin cropcrop rotationrotation
Climatic and soil demandClimatic and soil demand
Continental climate, Continental climate, --20 20 -- +40 +40 ooCC
Precipitation: min 300 mm, 500Precipitation: min 300 mm, 500--600 is optimal600 is optimal
Soil: almost every soil type in Hungary, but culture state is Soil: almost every soil type in Hungary, but culture state is important!important!
Precrop demandPrecrop demand
Good: Fabacea, rape, lentil, ect.Good: Fabacea, rape, lentil, ect.
Should be early harvested and not high water consumerShould be early harvested and not high water consumer
Monoculture: max 2 years (Rhodamsted)Monoculture: max 2 years (Rhodamsted)
ProductionProduction cyclecycle of of wheatwheat
precropprecrop –– givengiven yearsyears cultureculture–– postcroppostcrop
ElementsElements of of technologytechnology::
Species and Species and subspeciessubspecies choosingchoosing
SoilSoil managementmanagement
NutrientNutrient managementmanagement
SowingSowing
PlantPlant protectionprotection//keepingkeeping
HarvestingHarvesting
Post Post harvestharvest
GenealogyGenealogy
diploiddiploid tetraploidtetraploid hexaploidhexaploid(alakor)(alakor) ((tönketönke)) (tönköly)(tönköly)nn--77 nn--1414 nn--2121
Wild Wild wheatwheat T. T. boeticumboeticum T. T. dicoccoidesdicoccoides
T.T. aegilopsaegilops T. T. timopheevitimopheevi
CultCult.,., T.monococcumT.monococcum T. T. dicoccumdicoccum T. T. aestivumaestivum sspssp
withwith glumeglume speltaspelta
T. T. aestivumaestivum sspssp
vavilovivavilovi
awnlessawnless T. durumT. durum T. T. aestivumaestivum sspssp
wheatwheat T. T. turgidumturgidum vulgarevulgare
T. T. turanicumturanicum T. T. aestivumaestivum sspsspT. T. polonicumpolonicum compactumcompactumT. T. carthlicumcarthlicum T. T. sphaerococcumsphaerococcum
MacKey nyománMacKey nyomán
ProductionProduction cyclecycle of of wheatwheat
precropprecrop –– givengiven yearsyears cultureculture–– postcroppostcrop
ElementsElements of of technologytechnology::
Species and Species and subspeciessubspecies choosingchoosing
SoilSoil managementmanagement
NutrientNutrient managementmanagement
SowingSowing
PlantPlant protectionprotection//keepingkeeping
HarvestingHarvesting
Post Post harvestharvest
ProductionProduction cyclecycle of of wheatwheat
precropprecrop –– givengiven yearsyears cultureculture–– postcroppostcrop
ElementsElements of of technologytechnology::
Species and Species and subspeciessubspecies choosingchoosing
SoilSoil managementmanagement
NutrientNutrient managementmanagement
SowingSowing
PlantPlant protectionprotection//keepingkeeping
HarvestingHarvesting
Post Post harvestharvest
NutrientNutrient management management forfor wheatwheat
PhosphorusPhosphorus and and potassiumpotassium shouldshould be be givengiven inin autumnautumn
1/4 1/4 oror 1/3 of N 1/3 of N beforebefore sowingsowing, , thethe less less inin springspring timetime inin oneone orortwotwo partsparts broadcastedbroadcasted byby topdressingtopdressing
Total Total demanddemand forfor 1 t 1 t yieldyield withwith sideside--productproduct::
NN 27 kg27 kg
PP22OO55 11 kg11 kg
KK22OO 18 kg18 kg
CaOCaO 6 kg6 kg
MgOMgO 2 kg2 kg
MicroelementsMicroelements
EffectEffect of N of N fertilisationfertilisation
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
N - 0 N - 60 N - 120 N - 180 N - 240 N - 300
t/h
a
kg/ha
Winter wheat N demand without irrigation(Bocz-Pepó-Pepó, 1983)
Mv-10
Baranjka
Jubilejnaja
N. Rana 2
ProductionProduction cyclecycle of of wheatwheat
precropprecrop –– givengiven yearsyears cultureculture–– postcroppostcrop
ElementsElements of of technologytechnology::
Species and Species and subspeciessubspecies choosingchoosing
SoilSoil managementmanagement
NutrientNutrient managementmanagement
SowingSowing
PlantPlant protectionprotection//keepingkeeping
HarvestingHarvesting
Post Post harvestharvest
SowingSowing of of wheatwheat
OptimalOptimal numbernumber of of germsgerms 44--5 5 millionmillion / ha/ ha
Less Less –– betterbetter qualityquality
More More –– higherhigher quantityquantity
ExtremityExtremity: 2,8: 2,8--7,5 7,5 millionmillion / ha/ ha
DepthDepth: 3: 3--5 cm5 cm
RowsRows: 10: 10--15 cm15 cm
Time: Time: OctoberOctober
ProductionProduction cyclecycle of of wheatwheat
precropprecrop –– givengiven yearsyears cultureculture–– postcroppostcrop
ElementsElements of of technologytechnology::
Species and Species and subspeciessubspecies choosingchoosing
SoilSoil managementmanagement
NutrientNutrient managementmanagement
SowingSowing
PlantPlant protectionprotection//keepingkeeping
HarvestingHarvesting
Post Post harvestharvest
ProtectionProtection
AbioticAbiotic harmsharms::
FrozeningFrozening (3 (3 typestypes))
WaterWater balancebalance problemsproblems
Weeds:Weeds: Not so big problam as wheat has a Not so big problam as wheat has a
high density on fieldhigh density on field
Perennial weeds, if annuals appeares Perennial weeds, if annuals appeares that means management problemsthat means management problems
Bromus spp., PapaBromus spp., Papavver rhoes, er rhoes, Veronica spp, Galium aparine, Veronica spp, Galium aparine, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Apera Tripleurospermum inodorum, Apera spicaspica--ventiventi
Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensisarvensis
PestsPests:: ZabrusZabrus tenebrioidestenebrioides
OulemaOulema melanopusmelanopus
EurigasterEurigaster spsp
AnisopliaAnisoplia spsp..
DipteraDiptera spsp..
DiseasesDiseases::
TilletisTilletis, , UstilagoUstilago
PucciniaPuccinia sppspp..
FusariumFusarium sppspp..
BlumeriaBlumeria graminisgraminis
SeptoriaSeptoria triticitritici
ProductionProduction cyclecycle of of wheatwheat
precropprecrop –– givengiven yearsyears cultureculture–– postcroppostcrop
ElementsElements of of technologytechnology::
Species and Species and subspeciessubspecies choosingchoosing
SoilSoil managementmanagement
NutrientNutrient managementmanagement
SowingSowing
PlantPlant protectionprotection//keepingkeeping
HarvestingHarvesting
Post Post harvestharvest
HarvestingHarvesting
HarvestingHarvesting
UnderUnder 20% of 20% of humidityhumidity
InIn oneone stepstep withwith combinecombine
Post Post harvestharvest
DependingDepending onon thethe aimaim of of useuse
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
VI.1. VI.3. VII.2. VIII.1.
nedvesség %
MilkMilk ripenripen
WaxWax ripenripen
FullFull ripeningripening
AreasAreas
QualityQuality parametersparameters
hlhl--wightwight
ThousandThousand kernel kernel weightweight
VitrousenessVitrouseness
ZelenyZeleny--indexindex
HagbergHagberg fallingfalling numbernumber
AlveographAlveograph (W)(W)
FarinographFarinograph
StarchStarch and and glutengluten
Carbohidrate (65-
68%) and other
components
Protein (13-16%)Gluten protein(28-
40%)
FallingFalling numbernumber
Refering to Refering to
enzyme activityenzyme activity
The appearance of The appearance of
active life active life
proceduresprocedures
FarinographFarinograph
The The structurestructure of of farinogramfarinogram
AA
BB CC
EETTDD
AA DoughDough consistenceconsistence
BB DurationDuration of of doughdough formationformation
CC DurabilityDurability of of doughdough
DD ElasticityElasticity of of doughdough
EE DeclineDecline of of doughdough consistenceconsistence
TT FarinographicFarinographic areaarea cmcm22AfterAfter RagasitsRagasits 19981998
The The farinogramfarinogram ofof
goodgood badbad
qualityquality wheatwheat
The The glutengluten contentcontent
1999
2001
EffectEffect of of splitsplit N N treatmenttreatment onon wheatwheat
qualityquality
33,6
64,3
35,6
71,6
41,6
82,2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 1x 2x
sikér % farinográfos érték
VitrousenessVitrouseness
The measurement of hlThe measurement of hl--weightweight
BarleyBarley
Spring Spring barleybarley, , winterwinter barleybarley
2 2 rowsrows, 6 (4) , 6 (4) rowsrows
DistinctionDistinction fromfrom wheatwheat::
SowingSowing timetime
HarvestingHarvesting timetime
AimAim of of useuse
RyeRye
DistinctionDistinction fromfrom wheatwheat
MorphologicalMorphological
TechnologicalTechnological ((sowingsowing, ,
harvestingharvesting))
AimAim of of useuse
TriticaleTriticale –– ryerye x x wheatwheat
hybridhybrid
Oats
One of the oldest cereals –used from the neolit
More inportance worldwidely than in Hungary
Feeding horse and rabbit
Oat-flakes – human consumption
SummarySummary of of cerealscereals
Area (ha)Area (ha) YieldYield UseUseSowing Sowing
timetimeHarvesting timeHarvesting time
WheatWheat 1-1.2 million 3.5-5.5 t/ha Bread, forage 1-20 of Oct.End of June –
middle of July
Winter Winter
barleybarley200 000 3.5-4 t/ha Forage
20 Sept-
5 Oct
Second part of
June
Spring Spring
barleybarley150 000 3-3.5 t/ha beer 1-20 Mars End of June
OatsOats 60-65 000 2-2.5 t/ha Forage25 Feb-
15 MarsMiddle of July
RyeRye 50 000 2-2.5 t/ha Forage, bread 20-30 Sept. Middle of July
CroppingCropping timetime
greengreen::
sowingsowing
redred::
harvestingharvesting
lightgreenlightgreen::
CroppingCroppingtimetime
ForFor potatopotato::
k: k: earlyearly
t: t: forfor storingstoring
Winter wheat
Winter barley
Spring barley
Rye
Oats
Triticale
Maize
Sunflower
Rape
Pea
Soya
Potato
Sugar beet
Alfalfa
Red clover
TestTest
QuestionsQuestions::
--ListList atat leastleast 5 5 cerealscereals!!
--WhatWhat areare optimaloptimal sowingsowing parametersparameters forfor wheatwheat??
Maize
Maize production in the world and in Hungary
One of the crops with the biggest area in Hungary – 1-1.3 million ha, and rising
That means the 1/3-1/4 of total cropping area
Used for:
Forage (grain, silage)
Industrial purposes (bioetanol!)
Human consumption
ha 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
World 138619753 139117201 138630474 143913593 147262766 147576740
Hungary 1192702 1258120 1205817 1144735 1190140 1196000
Botany of maize
Gramineae
Parents:
Unknown X teosinte
Monoecious, unisex flowers but bouth male and female on each plant
C4 photosynthesis
Short-day plant
Tropical origin
Subspecies:
Dent corn
Sweet maize (4-6 % of
free sugar)
Popcorn
Soft corn
Waxy corn
Flour corn
Pod corn
Morphology
•Very variable plant, lots of types,
first hybrids in 1930s
•In Hungary, grain producing dent
corn has the biggest importance
Ontogenesis
•In adequate conditions
(moisture, air, 10-12 Co) seed
begins to germinat
Vegetative part
•Root system
•Leafs (LAI - 3,5)
•Stam (40 % of total weight)
•Monocot plant
•Nodes and internodes
•One leaf/node
Generative part
Male part is a panicle
Fertilized by wind
Proterandria
Product
•Seeds are the product
- Basic food for monogastric animals (pig –
20-24%, poultry – 22-24%)
Harvesting, quality
Different harvestingmethods Whole ear
Grains (wet or dry)
CCM - corn cob mix
LKS - Liesch Kolben Schrot
Whole plant - silage
Seed
protein - 8-10% - few!
(-correlation with yield)
oil - 3-5 % - in germ
starch – 65-85% (25 % amiloze, 75% amilopectin)
free sugar 1,8 %
Hybrids
1. SC: (A x B) single cross
2. TC: (A x B) x C three-way cross
3. DC: (A x B)x(D x C) double cross
4. MC: …x (E x F) multi cross
SC has best performance but it has the most
expensive seed
Species and subspecies choosingSpecies and subspecies choosing
Big yield potential
FAO number
Stability of stem
High density toleration
Intensivity tolerance
Good manure reaction
Quality – depending on use
Ecological demands
- Short-day plant
- Temperature – optimal: 19-27 Co
- Water - 450-580 mm
- Good soil
- pH optimum: 6,6 – 7,5
- Ca in soil
- Irrigation
Precrops
May tolerate monoculture
+ : winter wheat, lucerne
medium: sunflower, tobacco
- : sugar beet, plants with high water demand
FAO number
Refering the lenght of breeding season and water
loosing
Has no dimension
9 groups (FAO 100-900), in Hungary 200-600
Higher FAO number means higher yield, but
500-600 hybrides can be used only in the
southern part of Hungary
Nutrient management
N 28 kg/t
P 11 kg/t
K 30 kg/t
Ca 8 kg/t
Mg 3 kg/t
P and K at the autumn time
N at spring
Organic manure has good effect
Sowing
By seed
Time – 10-30th April,
depending on soil temperature
Rows – 70-76 cm
Plant distance – density
toleration
Depht – 5-10 cm, soil moisture
FAO number
Aim of cropping (kernel/silo)
Cold-test
Protection
•Most important: weed control (mechanical,
chemical)
•Important weeds: Amaranthus,
Chenopodium, Ambrosia, Echinocloa,
Sorghum
•Triazin resistent weed varieties
•Pests:
•soil born, Helicoverpa, aphids,
Tanymecus, Ostrinia
•Diabrotica – new one, no more
monoculture
•Diseases:
•Not so important under our climate
•Ustilago, Fusatium, Sporiosorium,
MDMV
Harvesting, post harvest•Harvest time: from August to
November – depending on
FAO no
•Black layer
•Different harvesting methods
•Drying
•Optimal storage condition
Moisture content is at 14-
15%
Seed production
method SC TC DC
1st year A x B A x B A x B és C x D
2nd year AB x C AB x CD
product Seed for trading
FiberFiber cropscrops
FiberFiber cropscrops
In Hungary two of fiber crops can we used, but In Hungary two of fiber crops can we used, but
production of flax is more riskful because of production of flax is more riskful because of
it’s higher water demand. Hemp would be it’s higher water demand. Hemp would be
easier.easier.
Breeding fiber crops in tropical, subtropical Breeding fiber crops in tropical, subtropical
areas is most commun. Other species: cotton, areas is most commun. Other species: cotton,
kenaf, rami, yukka, jute, musa, Abutilonkenaf, rami, yukka, jute, musa, Abutilon
HempHemp (Cannabis (Cannabis sativasativa))
PhloemPhloem fiberfiber
RougherRougher thanthan flaxflax
UseUse forfor roperope, , sacksack, ,
pulppulp--textilstextils
SideSide--productproduct –– artificialartificial
woodwood forfor furnituresfurnitures
THC THC contentcontent
OriginOrigin
FromFrom middlemiddle--AsiaAsia
CannabinaceaeCannabinaceae familyfamily, Cannabis genus, Cannabis genus
YieldYield: 7,5: 7,5--9 t/ha, 9 t/ha, fiberfiber contentcontent: 23: 23--24%24%
MorphologyMorphology
The The rootsroots of of malemale cannabis cannabis areare weakerweaker
The The stamstam becomesbecomes more and more more and more woodywoody
ReacheReache thethe 100100--300 cm of 300 cm of highhigh and 3and 3--9 mm of 9 mm of diameterdiameter
The The longlong and and thinthin stemstem is is usefuluseful
Male Male hemphemp produceproduce betterbetter qualityquality
TipicalTipical leafsleafs
DividedDivided sexualitysexuality
TKW: TKW: 1717--25 g 25 g
ClimateClimate and and soilsoil demanddemand
Total Total heatheat demanddemand: : 18001800--2000 2000 ooCC
NeedNeed muchmuch heatheat
WaterWater demanddemand: 550 mm : 550 mm ((JuneJune and and JulyJuly is is
importantimportant!)!)
GratefulGrateful forfor goodgood soilsoil ((e.ge.g.: .: chernozemchernozem))
PrecropPrecrop: : monoculturemonoculture oror cerealscereals
NutritionNutrition managementmanagement
HighHigh nutritionnutrition demanddemand
N: N: forfor drymatterdrymatter
K: K: forfor qualityquality of of fiberfiber cellscells
P: P: strongnessstrongness and and flexibilityflexibility
N 15 kg/t , K 8 kg/t, P 4 kg/t.N 15 kg/t , K 8 kg/t, P 4 kg/t.
N N inin twotwo partpart
KK22SOSO4 4 is is betterbetter (Cl!)(Cl!)
SoilSoil management, management, sowingsowing
Need deep soilsNeed deep soils
Sowing time: end of march, beginning of aprilSowing time: end of march, beginning of april
Depht: 3Depht: 3--4 cm4 cm
Small row distanceSmall row distance
Density: 4 Density: 4 –– 4,5 million germs/ha4,5 million germs/ha
ProtectionProtection
No weedsNo weeds
Pests: Psylloides, Grapholita, OstriniaPests: Psylloides, Grapholita, Ostrinia
Diseases: Pythium, Sclerotinia, BotrytisDiseases: Pythium, Sclerotinia, Botrytis
Techniques: seed treatement, canopy treatementTechniques: seed treatement, canopy treatement
Desiccation Desiccation
HarvestingHarvesting
Male Male hemphemp is is readyready 2020--25 25 daysdays earlierearlier
Time of Time of harvestingharvesting: : beginningbeginning ofof augustaugust
DesiccationDesiccation
SpecialSpecial harvesterharvester
CutCut thethe hemphemp
BindBind a a sheafsheaf
LetLet itit drydry ((toto 1212--14 % of 14 % of moisturemoisture) ) inin a a heapheap
MakeMake balesbales
TestTest
Questions:Questions:
--what the FAO number is?what the FAO number is?
ThankThank youyou forfor youryour
attentionattention!!
Köszönöm a figyelmet!Köszönöm a figyelmet!