International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 06 | June 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2049
Innovative Approach towards Solid Waste Management on Agonda
Beach in Goa
Shriraj N. Naik1, Mr. Amar A. Katkar2
1PG student, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology’s College of Engineering, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
2Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology’s College of Engineering, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract - The main aim of this study is to tackle the
problem of solid waste management at Agonda beach, Goa.
A questionnaire survey was carried out to collect respective
information about Solid waste such as generation rate,
composition, mode of present disposal practice etc. It was
found that the restaurants on an average are generating
20kg of waste daily, which is around 84.53% of the total
solid waste generated. Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL)
composting technique was adopted to treat the organic
waste. A prototype model was prepared and studies on
volume reduction and BSFL life cycle were carried out. The
cost economic study of the solid waste was carried out and
chemical testing of the end product i.e., the compost was
carried out.
1. INTRODUCTION Goa is one of the famous tourist destinations in India. Huge
number of tourists visit Goa during the peak tourism
season i.e., from October to May. Most of these tourists are
attracted towards the coastal areas. Some of the famous
beaches in Goa like Baga, Agonda, Colva, Benaulim etc
come under Panchayat. In Goa majority stress regarding
Solid waste is given in municipal areas and the areas
which come under the panchayat are generally neglected.
Areas under the panchayat, mostly the coastal regions lack
proper disposal methods and transportation systems are
also absent.
Fig 1: Open dumping of waste at Colva beach entrance
Solid wastes are posing serious problems as the available
technologies are not adequate for their safe disposal [3].
Proper segregation, collection, recovery and systematic
disposal are very rarely followed in India, particularly in
rural areas [4]. This leads to open dumping of waste which
cause nuisance in the coastal areas. To tackle these
problems Decentralized waste management techniques
should be adopted. Many Decentralized techniques such as
Bio methanation, Vermicomposting and composting are
available in the market. For the present study we have
adopted Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) composting
technique.
Currently it is one of the latest and innovative technique
present in the market. We can yield multiple benefits from
this technique; As it decomposes waste at rapid rate also it
produces the compost and the larvae can be used as
animal feed [8]. In the present study scientific study has
been done on a prototype model. Studies such as organic
waste reduction rate and life cycle analysis of BSFL has
been done. The cost economic study related to BSFL
composting unit has been carried out during this study.
Furthermore, the compost which we got from the unit was
chemically tested for parameters like Nitrogen,
Phosphorous, potassium (NPK), Organic carbon and C:N
ratio.
1.1 Study Area
Agonda beach is one of the famous beaches in Asia and it is
also facing problems related to Solid waste disposal
therefore Agonda beach was selected as the study area.
Agonda is located in Canacona in South Goa, India. The
beach also serves as nesting ground for Olive ridley sea
turtles in the month of September. It is one of the famous
beaches in Goa which comes under panchayat region.
Proper transportation and treatment of waste is not
carried out in this region. Around 50 Restaurants/ Shacks
are located on its coast. With this many number of
restaurants, the need for a proper treatment facility is a
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 06 | June 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2050
must. Also, there are resorts and residential buildings in
the vicinity adding to the need of proper treatment facility.
Fig 2: Agonda Beach
2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Data collection:
Proper quantification and characterization are essential
for successful solid waste management [4]. A
Questionnaire was prepared for collecting data like
composition and quantification of Solid waste. The
composition was done and the waste was categorized into
following categories; Food waste, Paper waste, Plastic
waste, Glass waste and metal waste [9]. Paper, glass and
metal waste are stored separately and are recycled. Two
types of questionnaire were prepared, one for the
restaurants and resorts and the other for the households.
The first survey was conducted in 20 restaurants and
resorts on Agonda beach. The household survey was
conducted in 20 houses which are in the near vicinity.
The data from the questionnaire survey led to a conclusion
that the majority of the waste generated in the area under
study is food waste. Each Restaurant/shack/resort
generated 20kg/day of vegetable leftovers, cooked food
waste. This data helped us in calculating the capacity of
the BSFL composting unit. Along with the data properties
of waste like pH and density were found out while
conducting the survey. The average pH value of the food
waste was found to be 7.5 and the density of the food
waste was found to be 453.46 kg/m3. Data regarding the
current collection and disposal practices was also
collected from the local panchayat authorities. In the
present study an attempt is made to suggest best disposal
practice for the people of Agonda.
Fig 3: Questionnaire for Restaurants and resorts
Table 1: Composition of solid waste from Restaurants and Resorts
Waste type Total Weight
Food Waste 326.1(84.53%) kg/day
Paper Waste 36(9.33%) kg/week
Plastic Waste 20(5.18%) kg/week
Glass Waste 2.2(0.57%) kg/week
Metal Waste 1.45(0.37%) kg/week
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
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Fig 4: Questionnaire for Households
Table 2: Composition of solid waste from Households
Waste type Total Weight
Food Waste 31.69(82.33%) kg/day
Paper Waste 3(7.79%) kg/week
Plastic Waste 3.8(9.8%) kg/week
Glass Waste _
Metal Waste _
2.2 Model preparation:
A prototype model of size 40 X 35 X 60 cm was prepared
for the present study. A GI metal sheet was used for the
fabrication of the prototype model. The model was
provided with a vent pipe to prevent anaerobic conditions
inside the unit. A valve at the bottom was provided for
collection of leachate. An outlet is provided for the larvae
to crawl out of the unit when they attain the pupal stage.
Few corrugated sheets are provided inside the unit for the
adult fly to lay eggs. The model was then painted with anti-
rust paint to prevent the rusting of the metal. The model
was placed at an elevated level to prevent the entry of
pests. Around the unit a water barrier was created to
prevent the entry of ants.
Fig 5: Design of Prototype model
Actual Volume of composting unit = 0.60 x 0.40 x 0.35
=0.084m3
Density of the Food waste is found to be 453.46 kg/m3
Therefore, the total capacity of unit = 0.084 x 453.46
Total capacity = 38 kg of waste
1kg of waste was added in the composting unit for a
period of 30 days
After the 30 days no waste was inside the unit.
The compost was kept inside the unit for a period of 20
days for maturation.
After 20 days the compost was removed from the unit and
kept for dewatering.
Fig6: Prototype model
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
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Fig7: Model placed on site
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
3.1 Life cycle study of BSFL:
Studies on the prototype model were done for a period of
40 days. At the initial stage of the study few black soldier
fly larvae 5-6 days old were introduced inside the
composting unit. Also, some larvae at their pupal stage
were brought and kept aside for hatching. The pupal stage
larvae were placed inside a net cage also termed as ‘love
cage’ so that after hatching the fly can reproduce faster
and lay eggs. Some corrugated sheets were kept inside the
cage for the fly to lay eggs. A female black soldier fly lays
around 500-600 eggs at a time.
For a period of 30 days 1kg of daily Food waste was
applied inside the composting unit. The eggs laid by the
black soldier fly took around 4 days to hatch. It took 15-16
days for the larvae to fully grow and go into prepupal
stage. Prepupal stage lasts for around a week. After this
stage they attain the pupal stage and crawl out of the
composting unit. Larvae at the pupal stage has a lifespan of
10-20 days before they hatch into a fly.
These larvae at the pupal stage can be sold as feedstuff for
animals and fishes. The adult fly has a lifespan of 5-6 days
within which it reproduces and lays eggs.
Fig 8: BSF while laying eggs
Fig 9: Eggs of BSF
Fig 10: Larvae after 6 days of feeding waste
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 06 | June 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Fig 11: Larvae after 12 days of feeding waste
Fig 12: Larvae at the prepupal stage (after 16 days of
feeding)
Fig 13: Larvae at the Pupal stage
3.2 Volume Reduction Calculation:
Actual Volume of composting unit = 0.60 x 0.40 x 0.35
=0.084m3
Density of the organic waste is found to be 453.46 kg/m3
Therefore, the total capacity of unit = 0.084 x 453.46
Total capacity = 38 kg of waste
1kg of waste was added in the composting unit for a period
of 30 days
Therefore, now the volume for 30kg capacity will be
0.0662m3
The volume after 30 days was found to be 0.036m3
Volume reduction = {(0.0662-0.036)/0.0662} X100
= 48.7%
From the survey we found that each restaurant/ shack/
resort on Agonda beach, Goa generated 20kg/day of food
waste. From the prototype model study, we found out that
we get a volume reduction of about 48.7%. therefore, for
each restaurant /shack /resort we can provide two units
each of 0.5m3 capacity. One running and one standby.
3.3 Cost Economic study of BSFL Composting unit:
From the present study it is found that after
feeding 1kg of waste daily for a period of 30 days
we get 8 kg of compost.
Therefore, for 20kg of daily waste generated by
the shacks/ restaurants, we will get 150kg of
compost per month.
Price of 1kg of compost = Rs 30
Therefore, price for 150kg compost = 150 X 30
= Rs 4,500 per month.
For the present study, after 30 days around 500-
600 larvae were harvested from the composting
unit.
Therefore, for a 0.5m3 unit with a 20kg feed daily
one will be able to harvest around 10,000 larvae
per month.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 06 | June 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2054
Price of larvae: 1 unit = Rs 2
Therefore, for 10,000 units = 10000 X 2 = Rs
20,000
Table 3: Total cost Estimation for Black Soldier Fly Larvae
Composting Unit
Sr no Particulars Amount (Rs)
Capital investment
1 Cost of BSFL composting
unit
10,460
O&M per month
1 Labour Salary 3000
2 Hand tools for labour 1900
3 Lump sum 2000
Total per month O&M 6900
Per Annual O&M 82,800
1 Total Annual Revenue 2,94,000
3.4 Testing of Compost
The compost obtained from the BSFL composting unit was
kept for maturation for a period of 15 days. After
maturation the compost was kept for dewatering for 6 days
and then dried for 2 days. Then it was sent for its chemical
testing. It was tested for parameters like NPK, organic
carbon and C:N ratio. All the parameters analyzed are
within the required limits which allows the use of the
compost as organic fertilizers according to The Fertilizer
Control Order 1985 (Amended 2006) Schedule IV, Part-D
Table 4: Parameter analysis of compost
4. CONCLUSIONS Black Soldier Fly thrive good in tropical conditions and
since Goa witness similar climate, BSFL composting
technique is best suited for Goa. From BSFL composting
we can obtain twin benefits and problems like foul smell
are absent. This technique also requires less O&M cost.
Hence it is the best suited wet waste disposal technique
for restaurants and resorts at Agonda beach Goa.
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Sr. No Parameter Results
1 Nitrogen 4.27 %
2 Phosphorous as P2O5 2.46 %
3 Potassium as K2O 3.36 %
4 C:N ratio 4.54:1
5 Organic carbon 19.40 %
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 06 | June 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2055
[9] M. Rafee Majid and Owee Boon Hwee, December 2007. “Sustainable solid waste management for island resorts: potential for perhentian island, terengganu.”
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