Attitudes of Specific Referents Toward the Behavior
Initial Attitude of i Toward the Behavior
Behavior Attitude of i Toward the Behavior
Social Choice Based on Fixed Positions:
Asch
Milgram
Special Case Design Conditions
Here, all persons may be uncertain, open to interpersonal influence,
and in detailed communication with each other.
Asch is dealing with a special case of an influence network.
For example, he is not dealing with the following situation:
as opposed to mutual influence
Mutual Influences in
Triads and Tetrads
Milgram also deals with a special case:
Neither Asch nor Milgram deal with complex influence networks such as:
Now let’s dig into the Asch Experiment
Asch
Reverse Asch
(Minority Influence)
Asch Variation (One Dissenter)
Asch Variation
(Multiple Dissenters)
Independence and yielding are not psychologically
homogenous states, i.e., they can be the result of different
psychological conditions:
•Independence (confidence, sullen, doubt ridden)
•Yielding (modified perception, must be wrong, not wrong)
Independence and yielding in this circumstance is a binary
choice.
Effect of Nonunanimous Majorities
•The presence of one other person who responded
correctly (did not yield) markedly eroded the power the
majority faction, i.e., the yielding rate dropped from 33%
to 5.5-10.4%.
•The later withdrawal of the initial dissenter restored the
power of the majority faction.
•The appearance of a dissenter, after some period of
time, erodes the subsequent power of the majority
faction.
•The existence of compromise dissenter does not
significantly reduce the rate of yielding.
Asch Variation (One Dissenter)
Size of the Majority Faction
•The yielding effect appears in full force with a majority
of 3 persons.
•Larger majorities of 4, 8, and 16 did not produce
effects greater than the majority of 3 persons.
So, it’s not the number per se but the threshold triggering
of a state of yielding.
Asch
Reverse Asch (Minority Influence)
Negligible under the circumstances
Now let’s dig into the Milgram experiment
Milgram’s
Experiment
Confederate Trainee
Confederate Scientist
Getting Wired
The Shock Machine
The Naïve Subject
The Naïve Subject Refusing to Comply
Variations Percentage of Obedient Subjects
Remote 65%
Voice-Feedback 63%
Proximity 40%
Touch-Proximity 30%
Variations Percentage of Obedient Subjects
Women 65%
Poor Office 48%
Heart Problem 40%
Variations Percentage of Obedient Subjects
Absent Scientist 21%
Nonscientist 20%
Conflicting Scientists 0%
Variations Percentage of Obedient Subjects
Two Peers Rebel 10%
Peer Shocker 93%