Contents
Preface ix-xii
Part I: Infrastructure Development: An Introduction
1. Infrastructure Development: An Introduction 1-281.1 Infrastructure and Economic Development
1.1.1 Infrastructural Bottlenecks1.2 Traditional Approach to Infrastructure1.3 Commercialisation of Infrastructure Services: The New Approach1.4 Allocation of Risks: The Key Problem
1.4.1 Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)1.4.2 Public-Private Partnership1.4.3 Value Guarantees
1.5 Infrastructure Finance: Nature and Options1.5.1 Role of Financial Institutions1.5.2 Debt Market1.5.3 External Sources
1.6 India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL)1.7 Recent Policy Announcements on Infrastructure
1.7.1 Infrastructure in Recent Union BudgetsA. Budget 2004-05B. Budget 2005-06C. Budget 2006-07D. Budget 2007-08
1.7.2 Approach Paper to Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) onInfrastructure
1.8 FDI in Infrastructure1.9 Conclusion
Part II: Economic Infrastructure
2. Energy Sector: Objectives and Policy Measures 29-602.1 Electric Power
2.1.1 Basic Facts2.1.2 Legal and Regulatory Framework
A. Electricity Act, 2003
xiv Infrastructure Development in India
B. Amendment to the Electricity Act, 2003C. Electricity Rules, 2005
2.1.3 Institutional Reforms2.1.4 Private Sector Participation in Power Sector
A. Privatisation of Delhi Vidyut Board2.1.5 FDI in the Power Sector2.1.6 Poor Performance of State Electricity Boards (SEBs)2.1.7 Scope for Commercialisation of Power Sector2.1.8 Accelerated Power Development Programme (APDP)2.1.9 Hydro Power Development2.1.10 Nuclear Power2.1.11 Captive Power Generation2.1.12 Tax Incentives to Power Sector2.1.13 Trading in Electricity2.1.14 Rural Electrification
A. Scheme for Rural Electricity Infrastructure andHousehold Electrification
B. Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Ydjana (RGGVY),April 2005
C. Progress of Implementation of RGGVY(till February 9, 2007)
2.1.15 New Tariff Policy of Central Electricity RegulatoryCommission (CERC) for 2004-09
2.1.16 National Electricity Policy: Main Features2.1.17 Partnership in Excellence2.1.18 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Electric Power2.1.19 Recent Initiatives in the Power Sector
A. Ultra-Mega Power Projects (UMPPs)B. Development of Merchant Power PlantsC. Power Transmission Network and National Grid
2.1.20 Conclusion2.2 Coal
2.2.1 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Coal2.2.2 Conclusion
2.3 Oil and Gas2.3.1 Recent Initiatives in Oil and Gas2.3.2 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Oil and Gas2.3.3 Conclusion
Contents xv
3. Transport Sector: Recent Initiatives and Outlook 61-923.1 Indian Railways
3.1.1 Introduction of Railways3.1.2 Importance of Railways3.1.3 Recent Initiatives for Development of Railways
A. National Rail Vikas YojanaB. Railway Safety Review CommitteeC. Participation of State GovernmentsD. Technological UpgradationE. Other Initiatives
3.1.4 Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007-12) on Railways3.1.5 Conclusion
3.2 Roads and Road Transport3.2.1 Introduction3.2.2 Deficiencies of Road Network3.2.3 Recent Initiatives and Future Plans in Road Network
DevelopmentA. National Highways Development ProjectB. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)C. Public-Private Partnership (PPP)D. Special Accelerated Road Development Programme
in the North Eastern Region (SARDP-NE)3.2.4 Current Issues in Road Network Development
A. Development StrategyB. Maintenance and Management of HighwaysC. Highway Improvements on User Pay BasisD. Quality and Adequacy of Main RoadsE. Corridor ManagementF. Institutional Arrangements
3.2.5 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Roads Network3.2.6 Conclusion
3.3 Ports3.3.1 Utility of Ports3.3.2 Capacity and Capacity Utilisation of Ports3.3.3 Problems Faced by Indian Ports
A. Specific Problems Faced by Oil and Gas SectorB. Other Bulk Traffic
3.3.4 Containerisation3.3.5 Recent Policy Initiatives and Outlook
xvi Infrastructure Development in India
A. Private Sector ParticipationB. Joint VenturesC. Manpower PlanningD. Development of Hinterland/Port ConnectivityE. Information Technology in PortsF. Environmental Clearance/Security/Safety Issues
3.3.6 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Ports3.3.7 Conclusion
3.4 Civil Aviation3.4.1 From Monopoly to Competition3.4.2 Recommendations of Naresh Chandra Committee3.4.3 Modernisation of Delhi and Mumbai Airports3.4.4 Greenfield Airports3.4.5 Non-metro Airports3.4.6 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Civil Aviation3.4.7 Conclusion
4. Telecommunications: The Great Leap 93-1104.1 Importance of Telecommunications4.2 Telecommunications in India4.3 New Telecom Policy (NTP), 19994.4 Bharat SancharNigam Limited (BSNL) and Mahanagar
Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL)4.5 Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)4.6 FDI in Telecommunications4.7 Telecommunication Services in Rural Areas4.8 Recent Policy Initiatives in Telecom Sector4.9 Agenda for Reforms4.10 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Telecom and
Connectivity4.11 Vision for the Future4.12 Modernisation of Postal Services4.13 Conclusion
5. Special Economic Zones (SEZs): Islands of IntegratedProduction Facilities 111-1265.1 Economics of SEZs
5.1.1 Meaning of SEZs5.1.2 Types of SEZs
Contents xvii
5.1.3 Configuration of a SEZ ,5.1.4 Advantages of SEZs ;
5.1.5 Pre-conditions for the Success of SEZs5.1.6 Possible Reasons for the Failure of a SEZ . .5.1.7 Role of the Government5.1.8 Role of the Private Sector "5.1.9 SEZs and SmalLEnterprises5.1.10 Global Experience
A. ChinaB. North KoreaC. Philippines
5.2 SEZs in India5.2.1 Experience with Export Processing Zones (EPZs) =
5.3 Main Features of the SEZ Policy in India5.4 Criteria for Approval5.5 Conversion of EPZs into SEZs , , . . •• . />
5.5.1 How are SEZs Different from EPZs? . " " .5.5.2 Will EPZ Conversion Help? . ., ., , , , \ .
5.6 Performance of SEZs in India5.7 Apprehensions and Concerns5.8 SEZs and National Security5.9 Lessons from China : . •:• <
5.9.1 Size of SEZ . • = . • • .5.9.2 Customs Regulations5.9.3 Incentives Package5.9.4 Labour Laws5.9.5 Involvement of State and Local Authorities5.9.6 DTA Sales5.9.7 Foreign Investment and Technology
5.10 Challenges/Task Ahead5.11 Conclusion
6. Urban and Rural Infrastructure , 127-1446.1 Urban Infrastructure .
6.6.6.6.6.
.1 Degree of Urbanisation in India
.2 Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, ] 992
.3 Features of Urban Infrastructure Services
.4 Urban Transport
.5 Safe Drinking Water
xviii Infrastructure Development in India
6.1.6 Solid Waste Management (SWM)6.6.6.6.6.6.
.7 Sanitation
.8 Urban Housing
.9 Financing of Urban Infrastructure
. 10 Cost Effectiveness
.11 Institutional Structure
. 12 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission6.1.13 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Urban
Infrastructure6.1.14 Conclusion
6.2 Rural Infrastructure6.2.1 Constitutional Provisions6.2.2 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)6.2.3 Rural Electrification6.2.4 Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY)6.2.5 Rural Water Supply6.2.6 Rural Sanitation6.2.7 Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF)6.2.8 Bharat Nirman Programme for Rural Infrastructure6.2.9 Conclusion
7. Tax Incentives for Infrastructure Development 145-1547.1 Economics of Tax Incentives
7.1.1 Forms of Tax IncentivesA. DeductionsB. Tax Credit
7.1.2 Rationale for Tax IncentivesA. IndividualsB. Business OrganisationsC. General Purpose Incentives
7.1.3 Problems Created by Tax Incentives7.1.4 Alternatives to Tax Incentives
7.2 Justification for Tax Incentives for Infrastructure Development7.3 Tax Incentives under Income Tax Act, 1961
Part III: Social Infrastructure
8. Human Development and Social Security 155-1788.1 Human Development Indicators
Contents xix
8.2 Millennium Development Goals: Deadline 20158.3 Social Security: Conceptual Framework
8.3.1 Meaning of Social Security8.3.2 Approaches to Social Security
8.4 Social Security in India's Constitution8.4.1 Directive Principles of State Policy8.4.2 Social Security: A Fundamental Right
8.5 Present Status of Social Security in India8.5.1 Ranking of Social Security Needs8.5.2 Social Security Legislations in India •
8.6 Major Programmes for Social DevelopmentLaunched in 2005-06
8.7 Disaster Management8.8 Roadmap for the Future •
9. Poverty and Poverty Alleviation Programmes , 179-1949.1 How is Poverty Line Drawn?9.2 Incidence of Poverty
9.2.1 Estimates of Dandekar and Rath9.2.2 Estimates of Planning Commission
9.3 Causes of Poverty .9.4 Major Poverty Alleviation and Employment Generation
Programmes9.4.1 Jawahar Rozgar Yojna9.4.2 Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY)9.4.3 Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)9.4.4 Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)9.4.5 Rural Housing Schemes9.4.6 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)9.4.7 Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP), Desert
Development Programme (DDP) and IntegratedWastelands Development Programme (IWDP)
9.4.8 Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)9.4.9 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)9.4.10 Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY)
9.5 Union Budget 2005-06: Assault on Poverty and Unemployment9.6 Conclusion
10. Health and Family Welfare 195-21010.1 Health
xx Infrastructure Development in India
10.1.1 Incidence of Major Diseases10.1.2 National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)10.1.3 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Health
10.2 Family Welfare10.2.1 Family Welfare in the National Population
Policy (2000)10.2.2 Family Welfare in the Tenth Five Year Plan
10.3 Nutrition Support10.3.1 National Nutrition Mission
10.4 Conclusion
11. Education and Training 211-21911.1 Education as Critical Input11.2 Elementary Education: Select Programmes
11.2.1 District Primary Education Programme11.2.2 National Programme of Nutritional Support to
Primary Education11.2.3 Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana11.2.4 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)11.2.5 National Programme for Education of Girls at
Elementary Level (NPEGEL)11.2.6 Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and
Innovative Education (EGS&AIE)11.2.7 Mid-Day Meal Scheme11.2.8 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)11.2.9 Prarambhik Shiksha Kosh (PSK)
11.3 Secondary and Higher Education11.4 Technical Education11.5 Adult Education11.6 Education and Health in the Eleventh Five Year
Plan (2007-12)
12. Labour Force and Employment Policy 220-24312.1 Work Force Participation Rates12.2 Occupational Structure12.3 Nature and Extent of Unemployment in India
12.3.1 Urban Unemployment12.3.2 Rural Unemployment12.3.3 Estimates of Unemployment
Contents xxi
12.4 Causes of Unemployment12.4.1 Labour Force Pressure12.4.2 Slow Growth of the Economy12.4.3 Capital-intensive Technology12.4.4 Defective Education System
12.5 Government Policy to Tackle Unemployment12.6 Second National Commission on Labour, 200212.7 Results of 55th Round of NSSO Survey on Employment and
Unemployment, 1999-200012.8 Results of 60th Round of NSSO Survey on Employment and
Unemployment, January-June 200412.9 Special Group on Targeting Ten Million Employment
Opportunities Per Year during the Tenth Plan12.9.1 Employment in the Organised Sector12.9.2 Labour Laws12.9.3 Cluster Development
12.10 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)12.11 Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)12.12 Sampooma Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)12.13 National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP)12.14 Employment Policy in Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007)12.15 Sectoral Policies for Employment Generation
12.15.1 Agriculture12.15.2 Agro-processing Industries12.15.3 Small-scale Industries12.15.4 Construction12.15.5 Travel and Tourism12.15.6 Employment Generation in Social Sectors
12.16 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005:Main Provisions
12.17 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Employment12.18 Future Employment Scenario
13. Labour Welfare: Legal Framework and Initiatives 244-26513.1 Need for Social Security13.2 Constitution and the Directive Principles of State Policy13.3 Legislations Pertaining to Labour13.4 Labour Related Organisations/Activities/Schemes13.5 Employees State Insurance (ESI) Scheme
xxii Infrastructure Development in India
13.6 Employees Provident Fund (EPF)13.7 Payment of Gratuity13.8 Employees Pension Scheme .13.9 Retrenchment Compensation
13.9.1 National Renewal Fund13.10 Unemployment Allowance13.11 Labour Welfare Funds13.12 Insurance Scheme for Cultivators13.13 Insurance Scheme for Agricultural Workers13.14 Tax Concessions for Labour Welfare
13.14.1 Income Tax Concessions13.14.2 Wealth Tax Concessions13.14.3 Excise Duty Concessions
13.15 Conclusion
14. Women Workers: Legislations and Empowerment 266-28714.1 Provisions Regarding Working Conditions for Women14.2 Women Welfare: Constitutional Rights14.3 Categorisation of Laws Pertaining to Women14.4 Equal Remuneration Act, 197614.5 Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
14.5.1 Working of the Act .14.5.2 Marriage: A Bar to Employment
14.6 Factories Act, 194814.6.1 Background14.6.2 Night Work14.6.3 Maximum Permissible Weight of Load14.6.4 Creche Facilities14.6.5 Unhealthy Employment14.6.6 Welfare Facilities
14.7 Mines Act, 1952 . . . . . .14.7.1 Enforcement Aspects
14.8 Plantation Labour Act, 195114.9 Beedi and Cigar WorkerS:(Conditions of Employment)
Act, 196614.10 Employees State Insurance Act, 194814.11 Enforceability of the Acts14.12 Recommendations of National Commission on
Self-employed Women Regarding Enforcement of
Contents xxiii
Labour Laws14.13 Empowerment of Women
14.13.1 Ninth and Tenth Plans on Women Empowerment14.13.2 Task Force on Women and Children14.13.3 Women Welfare Programmes14.13.4 Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)14.13.5 Family Counselling Centres14.13.6 Short Stay Homes14.13.7 Swa-shakti Project14.13.8 Protection from Domestic Violence Act, 2006
15. Empowerment of Socially Disadvantaged Groups 288-30015.1 Scheduled Castes15.2 Scheduled Tribes15.3 Other Backward Classes (OBC)15.4 Minorities15.5 Physically/Mentally Challenged
15.5.1 Leprosy Patients15.5.2 Mentally Retarded
15.6 Social Deviants15.7 Older Persons15.8 Other Disadvantaged Groups
15.8.1 Beggars15.8.2 Scavengers15.8.3 Street Children
15.9 Right to Maintenance15.10 Conclusion
Part IV: Economic and Social Infrastructure in India'sFive Year Plans: Edited Extracts
First Five Year Plan: 1951-56 301-333Energy
Electric PowerCoal
TransportRailwaysRoads and Road Transport
xxiv Infrastructure Development in India
ShippingCivil Aviation:
CommunicationsDevelopment Plans
Urban Development and HousingHousing PolicyRural Housing
Health and Family WelfarePrioritiesFamily Planning
Education and TrainingPre-School EducationPrimary EducationBasic EducationSecondary EducationUniversity Education
Second Five Year Plan: 1956-61 f 334-358Energy
Electric PowerCoal
TransportRailwaysRoads and Road TransportShippingCivil Aviation
CommunicationsPosts and TelegraphsLocal Telephone ServiceTrunk Telephone ServiceTelegraph ServiceExpansion of Postal FacilitiesOther ProgrammesIndian Telephone IndustriesOverseas Communications Service
Urban Development and HousingRural Housing
Health and Family WelfareHospital Services
Contents xxv
Family PlanningEducation and Training
Elementary EducationSecondary EducationUniversity Education
Third Five Year Plan: 1961-66 359-383Energy
Electric Power• Coal
OilTransport
RailwaysRoadsInland Water TransportShippingPorts and HarboursCivil Aviation
CommunicationsPosts and TelegraphsTelephone Services*Telegraph ServicesPostal ServicesOther Schemes
Housing and Urban and Rural PlanningHousing BoardsSlum Clearance and Improvement
Health and Family WelfarePrimary Health Units, Hospitals and DispensariesFamily Planning
Education and TrainingPre-School EducationElementary EducationSecondary EducationUniversity EducationTechnical Education
Fourth Five Year Plan: 1969-74 384-404Energy
xxvi Infrastructure Development in India
Electric PowerCoalOil
TransportTrends in Rail and Road TrafficRailwaysRoadsRoad TransportPortsShippingInland Water TransportFarakka BarrageCivil Air TransportTourism
CommunicationsBroadcasting
Urban Development and HousingVillage HousingWater Supply and Sanitation
Health and Family WelfareFamily Planning
Education and TrainingApproachPre-school EducationElementary EducationSecondary EducationHigher Education
Fifth Five Year Plan: 1974-79 405-415Energy
Electric PowerCoal
TransportRailwaysRoadsRoad TransportMajor PortsMinor PortsShipping
Contents xxvii
Inland Water TransportLight HousesAir-IndiaIndian AirlinesInternational Airports Authority of IndiaCivil Aviation DepartmentTourism
CommunicationsPostal ServicesTelecommunicationsOverseas Communication ServicesTelevision
Urban Development, Housing and Water SupplyUrban DevelopmentHousingRural Water Supply and SanitationUrban Water Supply and Sanitation
Health and Family WelfareCentral SectorState SectorFamily Welfare Planning Programmes
Education and TrainingElementary EducationSecondary EducationUniversity EducationNon-Formal EducationOther ProgrammesTechnical EducationCultural Programmes20-Point-Socio-Economic Programmes
Sixth Five Year Plan: 1980-85 416-450Energy
Electric PowerCoal
TransportRailwaysRoadsRoad Transport
xxviii Infrastructure Development in India
Inland Water TransportMajor PortsCivil Aviation
CommunicationsPostal SystemTelecommunications
Housing, Urban Development and Water SupplyRural HousingUrban Housing
Health and Family WelfareFamily Planning
Education and TrainingEarly Childhood EducationElementary EducationAdult EducationSecondary Education^Higher EducationTechnical Education
Seventh Five Year Plan: 1985-90 (Volume I) 451-455Energy
Electric PowerCoalCrude Oil
TransportCommunicationsHousing and Urban DevelopmentHealth and Family Welfare
Water Supply and SanitationEducation and Training
Seventh Five Year Plan: 1985-90 (Volume II) 456-477Energy
Electric PowerTransport
RailwaysRoadsUpgradation and RehabilitationMissing Links and Structures
Contents xxix
Modernisation of TechnologyPreservation of EnvironmentMaintenance of AssetsInstitutional ImprovementsAugmentation of ResourcesNational HighwaysState Highways and Major District RoadsRural RoadsRoad TransportShippingCivil Aviation
CommunicationsUrban Development and Housing
Rural HousingHealth and Family Welfare
Family WelfareEducation and Training
Eighth Five Year Plan: 1992-97 (Volume I) 478-484Energy
Electric PowerCoalCrude Oil
TransportCommunicationsUrban Development and HousingHealth and Family WelfareLiteracy and Education
Eighth Five Year Plan: 1992-97 (Volume II) 485-512Energy
Electric PowerTransport
RailwaysRoadsRoad TransportShippingCivil Aviation
Communications
xxx Infrastructure Development in India
PostsTelecommunications
Urban Development and HousingHealth and Family Welfare
Family Welfare ProgrammeEducation and Training
Strategies
Ninth Five Year Plan: 1997-2002 (Volume I) 513-523Energy
Electric PowerCoalPetroleum Sector
TransportRailwaysRoadsPorts
CommunicationsTelecommunication
Ninth Five Year Plan: 1997-2002 (Volume II) 524-547Energy
Electric PowerTransport
RailwaysRoadsPortsCivil Aviation
CommunicationsTelecommunicationsNew Policy for Internet Service Providers (ISPs)Policy Framework
Urban Development and HousingMajor Sectoral Objectives of the Ninth Plan
Health and Family WelfareFamily Welfare
Education and TrainingAdult EducationSecondary Education
Contents xxxi
University and Higher Education
Tenth Five Year Plan: 2002-07 (Volume I) 548-551Energy
Electric PowerTransportCommunications
Tenth Five Year Plan: 2002-07 (Volume II) 552-574Energy
Electric PowerTransport
RailwaysRoadsRoad TransportPortsCorporatisation of Major PortsPrivate Sector ParticipationJoint VenturesDevelopment of Gateway PortsTariff Policy and Regulatory AuthorityManpower PlanningDevelopment of Hinterland/Port ConnectivityInformation Technology in PortsCivil Aviation
CommunicationsPostsTelecommunications
Urban Development and HousingMajor Issues in Urbanisation for the Tenth PlanUrban GovernanceHousing
Health and Family WelfareEducation and Training
Tenth Five Year Plan: 2002-07 (Volume III) 575-580EnergyTransport
Railways
xxxii Infrastructure Development in India
RoadsRoad Density
CommunicationsPostal SectorSpread of Post Offices in StatesPopulation under One Post Office
Health and Family WelfareInfant Mortality RateLife Expectancy at Birth
Education and TrainingLiteracy Levels in StatesGender Disparities in Literacy Rates
Eleventh Five Year Plan: 2007-12 581-586(Approach Paper Released in November 2006)Infrastructure Development
Public Private PartnershipsEnergy
Energy Initiatives during Eleventh PlanTransport
RailwaysRoads
Part V: Appendices
Appendix 1: Economic Reforms in India: An Overview 587*606
Appendix 2: Ten Point Agenda Declared by Minister of
Communications and Information Technology on 24.05.2006 607-608
Appendix 3: Cellular Mobile Telephone Service 609-610
Appendix 4: Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) 611
Appendix 5: Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) 612-614
Select Bibliography 615-620
Index 621-634