INFLAMMATION
Process by which the body utilizes WBCs and chemicals to provide immediate protection from infection and foreign substances
Nonspecific immune response
Can rid body of harmful organisms
Tissue damage may result from chronic inflammation
INFLAMMATION
WHAT DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION?
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?
WHAT CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?
WHAT MEDICATIONS ARE USED TO TREAT INFLAMMATION?
TYPES OF CELLS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION
• NEUTROPHILS• SEGS, BANDS AND LEFT SHIFT
• MACROPHAGES
• EOSINOPHILS
• BASOPHILS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
• Key process of inflammation
• Cellular process of engulfing solid particles such as bacteria and cell debris and removing them
• Rids the body of debris after tissue injury
• Neutrophils and macrophages
PHAGOCYTOSIS—SEVEN STEPS
• EXPOSURE AND INVASION• ATTRACTION• ADHERENCE• RECOGNITION• CELLULAR INGESTION• PHAGOSOME FORMATION• DEGRADATION
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SEQUENCE
• Stage I- Vascular (change in blood vessel)• Phase I rapid blood vessel constriction • Phase II hyperemia, edema
• Stage II- Cellular Exudate increase in circulating neutrophils, formation of pus
• Stage III- Tissue Repair and Replacement
Clicker Question
• Which of the following is not a local manifestation of inflammation
• A.) Swelling• B.) Pain• C.) Redness• D.) Leukocytosis
Clicker Question
• The inflammatory response:• A.) Prevents blood from entering injured tissue• B.) Elevates body temperature to prevent spread
of infection• C.) Prevents formation of abscesses• D.) Minimizes injury and promotes healing
Scientific Knowledge Base
• Fight or flight response to a stressor• Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system• Medulla Oblongata• Reticular Formation• Pituitary Gland
Response to Stress
• Physiological Responses- LAS, GAS• Local Adaptation Syndrome-1.) Reflex Pain
Response 2.)Inflammatory Response• General Adaptation Response- 1.)Alarm Reaction
(Flight or Fight) 2.) Resistance Stage 3.) Exhaustion Phase
GAS Activation
• Alarm Stage- Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, activates SNS
• Resistance Stage- actions of adrenal hormones• Exhaustion Stage- occurs if stress continues and
adaptation is not successful
Clicker Question
• What characterizes the alarm stage?• A.) Increased lymphocytes• B.) Increased SNS activation• C.) Increased PNS activation• D.) Increased eosinophils
Understanding Stress Response
• Psychological response- Coping Mechanism, Ego-Defense Mechanism
• Situational Factors• Developmental/Maturational Factors• Intellectual Factors• Emotional, Behavioral Issues• Family Factors• Lifestyle Factors• Sociocultural, Spiritual Factors
Assessing Stress
• Physiological Indicators• Stress Situations• Psychological Indicators• Developmental Indicators• Emotional Behavioral Indicators• Intellectual Indicators• Family Indicators
Implementation• Stress Management• Time Management• Medications• Alternative Therapies• Regular Exercise• Good Nutrition and Diet• Rest• Support Systems• Crisis Intervention