COALBROOKDALE BY NIGHT (1801)
COALBROOKDALE BY NIGHT (1801)
Coalbrookdale: an imimportant iron-producing centre. It had many
factories, furnaces and foundries.
The painter Philippe de Louthenboug was fascinated by the
industrial landscape and the ‘terrible’ forces produced by the new
forms of energy.
Like other painters he was interested in portraying the ‘sublime’
that which inspires both terror and delight.
In the late eighteenth century industrial themes were considered
a source of this kind of feeling.
by Philippe de Loutherbourgby Philippe de Loutherbourg
Massive social, economic, and technological change in the 18th century and 19th century Great Britain which changed the country from a rural and agricultural country into an urban and industrial one.
In the 19th Century it spread throughout Western Europe and North America, eventually impacting the rest of the world.
country rich in coal and ironcountry rich in coal and iron colonial expansion of the 17th century and colonial expansion of the 17th century and
consequent development of international tradeconsequent development of international trade industrial raw materials come from British industrial raw materials come from British
coloniescolonies British colonies provide markets for manufactured British colonies provide markets for manufactured
productsproducts England rich in rivers England rich in rivers many canals are built (transport of goods and many canals are built (transport of goods and
materials)materials) British merchant fleet most efficient in the world British merchant fleet most efficient in the world British merchant fleet covers all trading routesBritish merchant fleet covers all trading routes important inventionsimportant inventions
CAUSES OFCAUSES OF FIRST INDUSTRIAL FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONAGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONAGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONAGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
16th century to about 182016th century to about 1820
• before 18th century system essentially post-feudalbefore 18th century system essentially post-feudal
• some open fields enclosed into individually owned field some open fields enclosed into individually owned field
• smallest farmers cannot survive as independent farms smallest farmers cannot survive as independent farms
• villagers lose their land and grazing (pascolo) rightsvillagers lose their land and grazing (pascolo) rights
• Enclosure Act -1801 - Enclosure Act -1801 - Act of Parliament which encloses common land Act of Parliament which encloses common land
in the countryin the country
• new scientific approaches to farmingnew scientific approaches to farming
• increasing mechanization of farming increasing mechanization of farming
• lots of workers lose their jobslots of workers lose their jobs
• most workers forced to move to cities and find work in factories
The Enclosure Movement
The Enclosure Movement
“Enclosed” Lands Today
“Enclosed” Lands Today
1770 - 1830 Britain changes from an agricultural to 1770 - 1830 Britain changes from an agricultural to an industrial countryan industrial country
new inventions change the way goods are made. new inventions change the way goods are made. steam engine facilitates the growth of new steam engine facilitates the growth of new
industriesindustries new coal mines are opened (coal is the new power new coal mines are opened (coal is the new power
source)source) roads and canals are built to transport coal and roads and canals are built to transport coal and
other heavy goods all over the countryother heavy goods all over the country methods of producing iron improvemethods of producing iron improve iron bridges and ships were builtiron bridges and ships were built steam locomotion is inventedsteam locomotion is invented
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Early CanalsEarly Canals
Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
ù More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.
ù More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.
ù Innovations make steel feasible.Innovations make steel feasible. ““Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”
(ghisa)(ghisa) ““Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer
steel (acciaio).steel (acciaio). Bessemer process [1856] – strong, Bessemer process [1856] – strong,
flexible steel.flexible steel.
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
18801880300 million tons
500, 000 miners
19141914250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”
British Pig Iron Production
British Pig Iron Production
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”
Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one
place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].
) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].
) Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
The Factory SystemThe Factory System
Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.
12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812
British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
machine that accelerated the speed of weaving
- spoletta volante
The Power LoomThe Power Loom
machine for weaving operated mechanically
- telaio meccanico
James Watt’s Steam Engine
James Watt’s Steam Engine
Steam TractorSteam Tractor
Steam ShipSteam Ship
An Early Steam Locomotive
An Early Steam Locomotive
Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives
The Impact of the Railroad
The Impact of the Railroad
“The Great Land Serpent”
“The Great Land Serpent”
Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851Crystal Palace
Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.utopia.
Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits
Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
17331733 – John Kay invents the flying shuttle
17651765 – WattWatt invents the steam engine
17701770 – Arkwright invents the water frame and the Factory Production starts
17851785 – Cartwright patents the first power loom
18801880 – Volta invents the voltaic pile
18251825 – the first public railroad is opened in England
18791879 - Edison invents the incandescent bulb
18941894 - Marconi pioneers wireless telegraphy
17331733 17651765 17701770 17851785 18001800 18251825 18791879 18941894
TIMELINETIMELINE
SIDE EFFECTS OF SIDE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• social conflicts and problems social conflicts and problems • many skilled men lose their jobsmany skilled men lose their jobs• demand for traditional craft declinesdemand for traditional craft declines• farms changefarms change• fewer jobs for farm workers fewer jobs for farm workers • wives weaving craft work replaced by wives weaving craft work replaced by
machines in millsmachines in mills• people from countryside forced to people from countryside forced to
leave home and move to industrial leave home and move to industrial townstowns
SOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGES
change from domestic to factory system of production
before Industrial Revolution : 10% of people live in cities, after 75% live in cities
two new social classes: middle class made of powerful and wealthy
merchants and manufacturers working class made of factory workers in
conditions of poverty (old social classes: aristocracy and farmers)
46% of workers are women, 15% children under the age of 13
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wages
under 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.
11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.
17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.
22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.
27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.
32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.
37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.
42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.
47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.
52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.
57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.
Industrial Staffordshire
Industrial Staffordshire
Problems of PollutionProblems of Pollution
The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858
The New Industrial City
The New Industrial City
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Worker Housing in Manchester
Worker Housing in Manchester
Factory Workers at Home
Factory Workers at Home
Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today
The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian
Nightmare!
The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian
Nightmare!
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”Private Charities:
The “Lady Bountifuls”
LIFE IN CITIESLIFE IN CITIES
terrible working conditions in factories terrible working conditions in factories factories dirty and noisyfactories dirty and noisy people work up to 16 hours a daypeople work up to 16 hours a day low wages low wages many die of disease and starvation many die of disease and starvation factory owners employ women and children and pay them factory owners employ women and children and pay them
very littlevery little young children work for long hours in factories and even in young children work for long hours in factories and even in
minesmines during 19th century industrial towns grow and living during 19th century industrial towns grow and living
conditions become worseconditions become worse towns not prepared to receive so many peopletowns not prepared to receive so many people people forced to live in slums in houses built quickly and people forced to live in slums in houses built quickly and
cheaply without sanitationcheaply without sanitation people live in unhealthy conditions plagued by disease, people live in unhealthy conditions plagued by disease,
poverty and overcrowdingpoverty and overcrowding in some towns average age at which workers die is twentyin some towns average age at which workers die is twenty
The Luddites: 1811-1816
The Luddites: 1811-1816
Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle
The LudditesThe Luddites
The Neo-Luddites Today
The Neo-Luddites Today
BritishBritishSoldiers Soldiers Fire on Fire on BritishBritish
Workers:Workers:
Let us die Let us die like men, like men,
and not be and not be sold like sold like slaves!slaves!
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
The Chartists
The Chartists
KeyKey
ChartistChartistsettlementssettlements
Centres of Centres of ChartismChartism
Area of plug Area of plug riots, 1842riots, 1842
The “Peoples’ Charter”
The “Peoples’ Charter”V Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..
V Radical campaign for Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform Parliamentary reform ((These reformsThese reforms allowed the middle classes to share power with the upper allowed the middle classes to share power with the upper classes.classes. Some historians argue that this transfer of power achieved in England what the French Revolution achieved in
France )) Votes for all men.Votes for all men. Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Abolition of the requirement that
Members of Parliament [MPs] be Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.property owners.
Payment for Members of Payment for Members of Parliament.Parliament.
Annual general elections.Annual general elections. The secret ballot. The secret ballot.
The ChartistsThe Chartists
A physical force—A physical force—Chartists arming for Chartists arming for the fight.the fight.
A female ChartistA female Chartist
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
(The Corn Laws (The Corn Laws were import tariffs designed were import tariffs designed to support domestic British corn pricesto support domestic British corn prices . . their their abolishment marked the beginnings of free trade.)abolishment marked the beginnings of free trade.)
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
(The Corn Laws (The Corn Laws were import tariffs designed were import tariffs designed to support domestic British corn pricesto support domestic British corn prices . . their their abolishment marked the beginnings of free trade.)abolishment marked the beginnings of free trade.)4 Expand employment.Expand employment.
4 Lower the price of bread.Lower the price of bread.4 Make British agriculture more Make British agriculture more
efficient and productive.efficient and productive.4 Expose trade and agriculture to Expose trade and agriculture to
foreign competition.foreign competition.4 Promote international peace through Promote international peace through
trade contact.trade contact.
Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus
Population growth willPopulation growth willoutpace (outpace (sorpassare) ) the food supply.the food supply.
War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.
The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.
Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.
David RicardoDavid Ricardo
““Iron Law of Wages.”Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildren.children.
More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.depresses wages.
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill The goal of society is The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest good for the greatest number.the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetyintervention to provide some social safetynet.net.
Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham
The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own People as a society would operate and own thethemeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].
Government Response
Government Responsek Abolition of slavery in the Abolition of slavery in the
coloniescoloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].Britain].
k Sadler CommissionSadler Commission to look intoto look intoworking conditionsworking conditions
Factory ActFactory Act [1833] – child labor.[1833] – child labor.
k New Poor LawNew Poor Law [1834] – indoor [1834] – indoor relief.relief.
Poor houses.Poor houses.
k Reform BillReform Bill [1832] – broadens [1832] – broadens thethevote for the cities.vote for the cities.
British Reform Bill of 1832
British Reform Bill of 1832
British Reform BillsBritish Reform Bills
By 1850: Zones of
Industrializationon the European
Continent
By 1850: Zones of
Industrializationon the European
Continentù Northeast France.Northeast France.ù Belgium.Belgium.ù The Netherlands.The Netherlands.ù Western German states.Western German states.ù Northern ItalyNorthern Italyù East Germany East Germany Saxony Saxony
Industrialization By 1850
Industrialization By 1850
Railroads on the Continent
Railroads on the Continent
Share in World Manufacturing
Output: 1750-1900
Share in World Manufacturing
Output: 1750-1900
Bibliographic Sources
Bibliographic Sources
) ““Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Mt. Holyoke College. Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwahttp://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.htmlrt/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html
) ““The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htmeight/primary.htm
) http://www.open2.net/industrialrevolution/http://www.open2.net/industrialrevolution/
• http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/Luddites/The%20Luddites.htm
• http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/IndustrialRevolution/
• http://www.pptpalooza.net/
• When did the Industrial Revolution start?When did the Industrial Revolution start?• Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in
England?England?• What were the causes of the Industrial What were the causes of the Industrial
Revolution?Revolution?• What changed with the Industrial What changed with the Industrial
Revolution?Revolution?• What were the negative consequences of What were the negative consequences of
the Industrial Revolution?the Industrial Revolution?