AAbacha, general Sani 253-254, 262-263Abiola, Moshood 252Abkhazia:

see national identity, nationalism academic freedom 22-23, 44, 55, 280-282,

294; lack of - 93, 106, 124 see also scientific research, state dependenceof

Achebe, Chinua 257, 262-264, 266-267, 273n. 78

Adeleke, Muyiwa 260Agedah, Horatio 258Ahmadov, Sharpudin B. 137Akhmatova, Anna 69Akiev, Kh. A. 135 n 22Akpan, N.U. 258-259Albert I, King of Belgium 189Alexander II, Tsar 125Alexander, Jeffrey 32 n. 13Alkin, Ilious 72Almond, Sidney 220Alubo, Ogoh 264-265Ambrose, Saint 213Anchabadze, Z. 94Anderson, Benedict 28Ankrah, Lt. General J.A. 251anthropology 17, 29, 218, 236, 240-242, 288Appleby, Joyce 171archaeology 17, 21, 28-31, 105-106, 115 ns.

68-69, 120, 286, 293Ardzinba, Vladislav 33 n. 30, 103, 106art 17, 182, 232

Asanebi, Ekumopere Richard 273 n 80assimilation, forced 43-44, 69, 78autonomy 15, 19, 22, 57, 77, 80, 97, 232-233,

249, 252, 256, 260, 265-268, 279, 281,287; cultural - 71-72, 83, 97; territorial - 71-72, 83

Ayandele, E.A. 256Azeglio, Massimo d’ 218Azikiwe, Nnamdi 258

BBakaric, Vladimir 150Bakradze, Davit 113 n. 20Banfield, Edward C. 225 n. 31Bangura, Jusuf 255Bashkiria:

see nationalismBaudhuin I, King of Belgium 196Bauman, Zygmunt 15Baysungur 126-127Belgium:

see national identity, nationalismBennett, Odunsi 263Berdzenishvili, N.A. 94Beria, Lavrenti 91-92, 95, 107-108Bernstein, Richard J. 147Bevilacqua, Piero 217Beybulat (Taimiev) 121, 135 n. 26Beyen, Marnix 195Biafra:

see nationalismBicanic, Rudolf 149-151Billig, Michael 201Blom, J.C.H. 199

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Bocca, Giorgio 216Borginon, Hendrik 190Boro, Isaac 250, 253, 269 n. 4Bosnjak, Branko 156Bossi, Umberto 207, 214, 223 n. 5Bouchard, Lucien 174Bourdieu, Pierre 15Bozic, Ivan 143Braeckeleer, Ferdinand de 182Brubaker, Rogers 13, 34 n. 42, 78Buchanan, Allen 259, 273 n. 79Bukharin, Nikolai 82Buzan, Barry 32 n. 6

CCafagna, Luciano 216Canada :

see Quebec, national identity, nationalismCartier, George-Etienne 161, 175 n. 5Catherine II, ‘the Great’, Tsar 78, 121, 123,

128Catholicism 142, 162-165, 168, 172-173,

180, 185-186, 191, 194, 214Cavour, Camillo Benso count of 219Chechnya:

loyalty to the Soviet Union 118, 130see also national identity, nationalism

Ch’en 232Ch’en Fang-ming 236, 238Ch’en Shui-pian 235, 246 n. 15Chervonnaya, Svetlana 114 n. 58Chiang Ching-kuo 235Chiang Kai-shek 232-233, 235China:

see nationalism colonialism 19, 44, 52-53, 55-56, 69-70, 78-

79, 83-84, 93, 97, 111, 118-119, 121-129,161, 227, 249, 276; internal - 13, 26, 34 n.48, 209, 223 n. 5

communism 69-70, 72, 117, 141-147, 209, 229,231-232, 238, 275-277 see also stalinism

Conscience, Hendrik 181-183Courville, Serge 170-171Croatia:

see nationalism

DDaels, Frans 190

David-West, Tam 255, 262Debeuckelaere, Adiel 190Decoster, Charles 183Dedijer, Vladimir 143Degrelle, Léon 194Denikin, general Anton I. 122Diodorus 89Djilas, Milovan 143, 156 n. 19Donzelli, Carmine 217Dosfel, Lodewijk 191Dudaev, Jokhar 122-124, 127-128, 137 n. 44,

138 n. 62, 138 n. 64Dudley, Billy 259Dukor, Maduabuchi 263, 266-267Durkheim, Emile 26Durocher, René 168-169Dyck, Anthony van 182Dzidzaria, G. 94

Eeconomics 17, 26, 48, 75, 147-155, 236, 287Ekmevic, Milorad 143Elias, Hendrik 192Enaharo, Anthony 261, 273 n. 68Engels, Friedrich 134 n. 11Essen, Leo Van der 193, 195ethnography 42, 120, 236, 240-242Europe 15, 19, 25-27, 38, 46, 48, 69, 82-83,

85 n. 1, 107, 119, 160, 169, 182, 184-186,198, 207, 209-211, 214, 218, 220-222,234, 255, 261, 275-276, 278, 281-282,289, 292

exact sciences 14, 27

FFamin, César 89-90, 112 ns. 6, 14fascism 143, 190, 194, 216Fawcett, Clare 30federalism 18-20, 69, 72-74, 77-78, 81, 83,

91-92, 95-97, 100-103, 117, 143-144,148-154, 159-162, 165-166, 173, 179,198-202, 208-210, 268, 277-278 ; confederation 18, 100, 103, 124, 148-150,208, 159, 161

Flanderssee national identity, nationalism

Forsyth, Frederick 258-259Frederick Barbarossa 213

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Frederick II, Emperor 217Frégault, Guy 164

GGadeev, Vaha Iu. 136 n. 39Gaillet, Louis 182Gallerano, Nicola 25Gamsakhurdia, Zviad 96, 98-99, 106, 108-109Gapurov, Shahruddin A. 136 n. 39Garde, Paul 141Garibaldi, Giuseppe 219Garneau, François-Xavier 163-164, 168, 170Geiregat, Pieter 182Gelashvili, Naira 109-110Gellner, Ernest 28Genghis Khan 83, 85 n. 1genocide 128-132geography 89Georgia

see national identity, nationalism Gerber, Jürgen 108Geyl, Pieter 192-193, 195Ghazi, Muhammad 122Gingras, Yves 171Godunov, Boris 69Gorbachev, Mikhail 73, 96-97, 118, 131, 133

n. 5Gorenburg, Dmitry 76Gotovac, Vlado 143Gowon, general Yakubu 258Gramsci, Antonio 212, 225 n. 44Gribaudi, Gabriella 217-218Grlic, Danko 156 n. 14Gross, Mirjana 143Groulx, abbé Lionel 163-164, 169-170, 172-173Gumilev, Lev 69

HHamzat Bek 122Hechter, Michael 34 n. 48, 209Henze, Paul B. 109Herbst, Jeffrey 264Herder, Johann Gottfried 181Herodotus 89, 105, 111 n. 2Hewitt, George 109, 113 n. 21history (historiography) 7-9, 11, 17, 25-29, 38,

42-59, 62-65, 70-71, 75-76, 79-85, 89-90,93-94, 102-110, 118-133, 141-144, 159-

160, 162-164, 167-174, 179-182, 185,189, 191-195, 198-202, 213-214, 216-219, 236-238, 260, 276-278, 281, 285-288, 291-293

Hobsbawm, Eric 27-28, 244Hodnett, Grey 101Hoffman, Adonis 254Horowitz, Donald 259Horvat, Branko 157, ns 23-24Hosking, Geoffrey 29Hroch, Miroslav 15, 33 n. 23, 186, 204 n. 19,

282Hrushevs’kyi, Mykola 44, 46, 59Hsieh Hsüeh-hung 238humanities 14, 16-17, 27, 37-38, 45-47, 62,

106, 148-149, 260human sciences see humanitiesHunt, Lynn 171Hutchinson, John 15Hutsali, Sjaykh Najm al-Din 122

Iindependence 18-20, 22, 40, 45, 52-53, 59-60,

70, 73-77, 99-100, 117-118, 123, 163,166, 221, 236, 249-253, 276-279, 283-284, 290-291

Indjic, Triva 147Ingoroqva, Pavle 93-94, 98, 102, 195, 113 ns

20-21Ingushetia:

see nationalism intellectuals; definition of - 17-18, 255-256; -

and social criticism 146-147, 262-268,279, 284; - critical of nationalism 98-99,141, 145-147, 257-269, 277, 283; moralresponsibility of - 8, 14-16, 26-29, 31, 90,217, 289-294; nationalist involvement of –7-9, 15-16, 38-48, 54-66, 70-85, 90-91,93-94, 97-99, 102-110, 118-133, 141-145, 147-155, 181-183, 186-188, 192-193, 230, 234-244, 256-260, 276-284;objectivity of - 7-8, 14-15, 256

Ireland:see national identity, nationalism

Iskander, Fazil 99Iskhaki, Gayaz 80-82, 87 n. 24Islam 70-73, 76, 78-84, 109, 120-129, 131,

134 n. 14, 135 n. 27

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Isnenghi, Mario 219Israilov, Hasan 122Ivan IV, ‘the Terrible’, Tsar 78, 121

JJacob, Margaret 171Joseph II, Emperor 180Juste, Theodore 182

KKadiev, Aslanbek 138 n. 55Kanazir, Dusan 148Kangra, Milan 146, 156 n. 14Karaman, Igor 143Karamzin, Nikolai M. 66 n. 8, 69Kardelj, Edvard 143, 146, 150, 156 n. 12Karimullin, Abrar 85 n. 1Kartlos 89Kesteloot, Chantal 206 n. 54Khabutdinov, Aidar 78Khakimov, Rafael 70Khasbulatov, A.T. 135 n. 22Khizriev, Hajji 134 n. 20Khozhaev, Dolkhan A.-A. 134 n. 15Khudyakov, Mikhail 86 n. 3Kitovani, Tengiz 99Kohl, Philip 30, 115 n. 72Kossmann, Ernst H. 199Kostava, Merab 96Krushchev, Nikita 93, 130-131, 133 n 5Kuharic, cardinal Franjo 144Kunta Hajji 127-128

LLaboka, Nestor 91Laboka, Stanislav 115 n. 79Lamberts, Emiel 199Latkovic, Radovan 149late nations 23-24, 84-85, 281-282law 11, 17, 42, 48-49, 75; international - 9,

236, 238-240, 287Lee Ao 237Lee Hsiao-feng 236Lee Teng-hui 244, 245 n. 13Lehning, Percy 13Lenin, Vladimir 72Leopold III, King of Belgium 194, 196Lermontov, Mikhail J. 137 n. 53

Lesage, Jean 165-166Létourneau, Jocelyn 170-171Lévesque, René 166Liao, Thomas 234, 241-242liberalism 180, 185, 291; neo- 210, 212, 222Lichtervelde, Louis de 194Lien Tsan 245 n. 13Ligachev, Yegor 91Lincoln, Abraham 258linguistics 54, 141Linteau, Paul-André 167-170Lin Yang-kung 245 n. 13literature 17, 38, 48-49, 54, 172, 182-183, 231Loginov, Viktor 115 n. 69Lordkipanidze, Mariam 102, 115 n. 71

MMacan, Trpimir 143Macdonald, John A. 161, 175 n. 5Madunaga, Eddy 268Maksimovic, Ivan 147Maksudi, Sadri 71Malek, Anouar Abdel 34 n. 42Mamardashvili, Merab 98Mannheim, Karl 14Manojlovic, Gavro 142-143Mansur, Imam (Ushuma) 123-127, 135 n. 25,

136 ns 36, 39, 137 n. 44Marjani, Shigabutdin 71Markovic, Mikailo 146-147Marr, Nikolai Y. 105Marx, Karl 145-146Maskhadov, Aslan 123, 125, 127, 138 n 58Maurras, Charles 190Mazepa 59Mazzini, Giuseppe 219Mbadiwe, Kingsley 258Megill, Allen 176 n. 30Mestrovic, Mate 149methodology of scientific research; empiricist

11-13, 16; ethnogenesis 104-106, 115 n. 72, 286, 293; feminist - 173-174; Marxist - 145-147; Marxist-Leninist - 17,46-56, 64, 79-80, 118-120, 143; normative -: 11-13, 16, 24, 39, 50, 63, 65,118, 145; relativist - 31

Micunovic, Dragoljub 147Miglio, Gianfranco 208

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Mihailovic, Kosta 153-154Mikeladze, Teimuraz 106Milosauljevic, Oliveira 157 n. 29Milosevic, Slobodan 142, 144, 147, 156 n. 10,

281Minin, Kuzma 78Moore, Margaret 13Morgenthau, Hans 22-23Muhammad of Mayortum, Skaykh 121myths 8, 24, 29-31; 60, 65, 288-294;

language - 106-107; - of backwardness 210-211, 220-222; - of benevolent paternalism52, 81, 119, 290; - of exceptionalism 162-163; - of homeland 28, 31, 93, 102, 104-106, 120, 286; - of national continuity 44,51-52, 57, 59, 81, 93, 104-106, 181-182,213-214, 289-290; - of national strength81-82, 120-129, 163, 168-170, 189, 210,213-217, 220-222, 276, 286-287, 290-291; - of origins 24, 30, 39, 51-52, 89, 93,102, 104-106, 110, 120, 214, 241, 286-287, 289-290, 293; - of solidarity 24, 26,29-31, 43-44, 51, 59, 93, 123; - of victim-ization 31, 44, 57, 59, 69-70, 81, 110, 120-122, 128-133, 162-164, 173-174, 182,189, 211, 213, 276-277; populist - 40, 44,55, 126, 290;

NNaamen, Ben 260Nadir Shah 121Napoleon 180Nasyri, Kayum 71national identity 9, 15, 117; civic - 47, 169-

170, 212-215, 241-244, 279, 284-285,291; collective memory and - 25, 30, 42,51, 58, 69, 117, 129-132, 276, 286-287;culture and - 44, 106, 160-161; ethnic - 47,169, 212-214, 222, 240-243, 278; lan-guage in - 40, 53, 55, 71, 76, 93, 95-96, 98,104, 106, 160-161, 169, 173, 181-183,186-187, 213-214; - in Abkhazia 93; - inBelgium 9, 179-185, 187-191, 194-195,201-202; - in Chechnya 8, 117-133; - inFlanders 183-187, 189-202; - in Georgia93, 95, 106, 110; - in Ireland 15; - in Italy207, 218-220; - in Padania 207, 212-216,224 n. 22; - in Quebec 159-160, 162-164,

166-173; - in Taiwan 9, 230-232; - inTatarstan 69-85; - in Ukraine 39-41, 43-47, 54-66, 276, - in Wallonia 188-189,194, 197-198, 200, 202; oblivion and - 25,121, 286

national minorities 26, 94, 96, 98, 101-102,111, 169, 186, 188, 250, 252, 265-268 seealso rights of minorities

nationalism:Abkhaz 90-111; Bashkir - 72, 81, 86 n. 7;Belgian - 180-184, 188-191, 194; Biafran -249, 251-252, 254-261, 264; Chechen -117-133; Chinese - 233-234, 237-238;Croat - 142-145, 149-155; Flemish - 9,179, 184, 186-194, 196-202; Georgian -90-111; Great-netherlandic 192-193, 195;Ingush - 133 n. 3; Irish - 15; Padaniannationalism 207-215, 217-218, 221-222;Pan-African - 261; Pan-Turkic - 83; Quebec -9, 159-160, 166-167, 173-174; Russian - 82;Serb - 141-142, 144, 147-155; Taiwanese -227-228, 230-244; Tatar - 69-85; theory of -13, 15, 289; Ukrainian - 38, 43-45, 54, 57,61-62; Walloon - 179, 187-188, 194, 197-198, 201-202; Yoruba - 254

nation-building discourse 24; affirmation ofmodernity in - 81-83, 85, 160, 166-174;discriminatory redistribution in - 75, 147-155, 210-212, 221, 263-265, 287; ethnicaccomodation in - 70-71, 76-77, 83-84,142, 185, 189, 277, 284-285; historicalnarrative and - 26-28, 40, 42-44, 47, 54-57, 61, 80-84, 93, 97-98, 118-133, 162-164, 167-170, 173-174, 179-182, 185,187, 189, 191-195, 198-202, 250-255,260, 276-278, 285-287; - and scientificdiscourse 8, 13-14, 27-29, 38-47, 61, 90-91, 93-94, 102-107

Nicholas I, Tsar 128Nigeria:

see Biafra, nationalismNnoli, Okwudiba 265-266Noah 89Novick, Peter 172, 176 n. 30Nureyev, Rudolf 69

OObasanjo, Olusegun 253

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objectivity: see intellectualsOdunsi, Benneth Ade 273 n. 78Ogboman, Paul 265Ogoni movement 249, 253, 259-267Ojukwu-Odumegwu, colonal Emeka 251,

254, 258-259, 261, 264, 274 n. 95Okigbo, Christopher 257Olukoya, Sam 262Omotunde, Dele 262, 265, 271 n. 38Orthodox Christianity 142Osaghae, Eghosae 266-267Otta, Nelson 257-258Ouellet, Fernand, 164Overing, Joanna 29

PPadania:

see national identity, nationalism Pagliarini, Giancarlo 224 n. 17Paichardze, Giorgi 99Pearson, Lester 166Pejovic, Danilo 145, 156 n. 14P’eng Ming-min 234, 242, 245 n. 12, 247 n. 35Peter I (the Great), Tsar 121Petrovic, Gajo 145, 156 n. 14Pesic-Golubovic, Zagorka 147philology 17, 38, 48-49philosophy 11, 17, 48-49, 141, 145-147Picard, Edmond 188Pierlot, Hubert 194Pirenne, Henri 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 284Platonov, Sergei 86 n. 2Pliny 89Pogodin, M. 66 n. 8Pokrovski, Mikhail N. 105political science 11, 17, 61, 75, 78, 209-210,

236, 254, 285Popov, Nebosja 147Potyomkin, Grigorij A. 128Pozharsky, Dmitri 78Premdas, Ralph R. 13, 227Putin, Vladimir 74, 78Putnam, Robert D. 209-210, 216-217

QQuebec :

see national identity, nationalism

RRanger, Terence 28Raviot, Jean-Robert 77Reisner, Oliver 104Renan, Ernest 226 n. 47, 242Ricard, François 172Rich, Evelyn 264right(s) 12, 76, 84; collective - 55, 60, 64;

human - 57, 73, 148-149, 254, 261; - ofminorities 265-268, 288; - to territory 55,94-100, 235-240; violation of human -100, 111, 132

Robert, Jean-Claude 168-171Romano, Ruggiero 220Roosbroeck, Robrecht van 193Rubens, Peter Paul 182 Rusconi, Gian Enrico 226 n. 50Russia:

see nationalism

SSafiullin, Fandas 77Sakharov, Andrei 103Samarasinghe, S.W.R. de A. 33 n. 31Saro-Wiwa, Kenule 253, 259-260, 269 n. 4,

272 n. 55, 274 n. 95Saroyan, Mark 101Scepic, Dragovan 143Schatzki, Theodore R. 107, 115 n. 78Schneider, Jane 218Schöpflin, George 29Schwarz, Walter 259scientific institutions 15-16, 20-23, 27, 37-66,

70, 94-96, 98, 101-103, 106-107, 109-110, 132, 141-155, 163-164, 167, 193,197-200, 202, 254-255, 280, 282; - ofpopular education 37-38, 41-42, 45-47

scientific research; bureaucratic type of - 23-24,64; critical assessment of - 14, 28-29, 47,49-50, 54, 56, 62-63, 102, 105, 115 n. 72,153-155, 215-218; ethnocentricity of - 43-44, 47-50, 54, 62, 64, 83-84, 102, 105-106, 276, 280-281; instrumentalization of- 8, 16, 21-25, 28, 38-39, 42, 50, 64, 109,142, 202, 275, 279-280, 294; lack of pro-fessionalism of - 61-62, 280; interdiscipli-nary - 13-14; objectivity of - 8, 12, 14-16,26, 31, 50, 105-107, 170-172, 275, 289-

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294; politically concerned - 22-24; post-modernism in - 14, 171, 201; - in latenations 23-24, state dependence of - 15-16,23-25, 41, 46-66, 79-80, 93, 280-282,292; stereotypes in - 83-84, 216-218, 220-222, 278, 292; value-free - 12, 50, 170-172, 281, 293

Scott, Joan 174secession 7-9, 11, 22-24, 29, 52, 60, 75, 87 n.

23, 90, 117, 141, 249-254; alternatives for- 9, 256, 262-268; arguments against - 16,118-119, 150, 208, 237, 257-262; argu-ments in favour of - 8, 16, 26-29, 60, 75-76, 105, 118, 120-121, 123, 132, 207-210,221-222, 236-242, 251-252, 258-260,264; claims to - 94, 97, 149; constitutionalclauses concerning - 17, 73, 91; definitionof - 18-20, 33 n. 28, 279; right to - 18, 70,91, 227; theory of - 12-13, 16, 227

Séguin, Normand 170-171self-determination, national 20, 60; right to

18-20, 119, 148-149, 231, 242, 256, 259,261, 290-291

Serbia:see nationalism

Severen, Joris Van 190Shaimiev, Mintimer 74, 77Shamil 122-123, 125-127, 135 n. 29, 137 ns

44, 47, 138 ns 58, 60Sharaf, Galimjan 72Sharapov, Ya. 83Shevardnadze, Eduard 94, 99-100, 108-109 Shih Ming 241-242Sidak, Jaroslav 143Sirotkovic, Jakov 151-153Smith, Anthony 28-29Smith, Denis Mack 219Smith, Graham 107social knowledge 14, 21-25, 37-66; transfor-

mation of - 27, 62social sciences 7-9, 14-17, 20-21, 26-27, 37-

38, 45-49, 207-209, 211, 215, 221-222,285, 291-292

socialism 185sociology 17, 26, 28, 75-76, 146, 288Solomon, King 249, 269Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr 133

sovereignty 18-20, 73-77, 91, 96, 99, 103,119, 127, 159, 166, 173-174, 180, 227,237, 239, 276-279, 291

Soviet Union 8, 17-19, 23-29, 45-65, 69-85,90-99, 101-110, 117-133, 145, 151, 276-277, 280-283, 286, 289-290, 292;- identity 29, 51, 57, 117, 119see also Abkhazia, Bashkiria, Chechnya,Georgia, Ingushia, Russia, Tatarstan,Ukraine, national identity, nationalism

Soyinka, Wole 267Stalin, Joseph 91-94, 105, 107-108, 130stalinism 47-56, 107-108, 122-123Starovoitova, Galina 103state: break-up of - 11, 18; critique of - 75-76,

207-212, 219-222, 262-268, 279, 290-291; institutional inequality within - 70,72-77, 91-104, 108, 148-149, 265-277,277; -building 24, 61, 66; unitary - 148-150, 208

Stojanovic, Svetozar 147Strabo 89Strossmayer, Josip Juray 142Sturua 94Sultanbekov, Bulat 82Sultan-Galiev, Mirsaid 72, 80, 82Supek, Ivan 144-145Supek, Rudi 146, 156 n. 14

TTadic, Ljubomir 147Tafawa-Belewa, Sir Abubakar 258Tagirav, Indus 81Tagirov, Engel 87 n. 23Taiwan :

see national identity ; nationalism Talon, Jean 169T’ang Ching-sung 231Tarrow, Sidney 209, 219Tatarstan:

see national identity, nationalism Terlinden, Charles 194Thucydides 89Timur Leng 121Tito 141, 143-144, 146, 150, 155 n. 3Tollebeek, Jo 180Tudjman, Franjo 143-145, 156 n. 11, 157 n. 32

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UUkraine:

see national identity, nationalism Usman, Jusuf Bala 260Usmanov, Lema 134 n. 5Uzoechi, Innocent 273 n. 94Uzun Hajji 122

VVachagaev, Mayrbek 138 n. 58, 139 n. 69Validov, Akhmet Zaki 72Verba, Gabriel 220Vernadsky, Georgi 69Victor Emmanuel II, king of Italy 219Volkan, Vamik D. 140 n. 92Vranicki, Pedrag 156 n. 14

WWaever, Ole 32 n. 6Wallerstein, Immanuel 264Wallonia:

see national identity, nationalism

Wappers, Gustave 182Weiss, Linda 221Welch Jr., Claude E. 260Werveke, Hans Van 193Wilson, Andrew 29Wipper, Robert 86 n. 2

YYandarbiev, Zelimkhan 123Yeltsin, Boris 73-74Yermolov, Aleksei 121-122, 129, 137 n. 41Yugoslavia: 8, 19-20, 28, 141-155, 275, 277,

280-283, 287, 289-293see also Croatia, Serbia, national identity,nationalism

Yung-Cheng, Emperor of China 246 n. 20

ZZheng Chenggong (Koxinga) 229Zivotic, Miladin 147, 156 n. 10, 157 n. 23

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