INDEXINDEX

1- Introduction::.1- Introduction::. 2- Manchester::.2- Manchester::. 3- Wales::.3- Wales::. 4- Torquay::.4- Torquay::. 5- Belfast::.5- Belfast::. 6- Scotland::.6- Scotland::. 7- Thurso::.7- Thurso::. 8- Cambridge::.8- Cambridge::. 9- Aberdeen::.9- Aberdeen::. 10- Newcastle::.10- Newcastle::. 11- London::.11- London::.

IntroductionIntroduction

Politically, United Kingdom is divided in three Politically, United Kingdom is divided in three historical nations: England, Gales and Scotland. historical nations: England, Gales and Scotland.

The name of «United Kingdom» proceeds of the The name of «United Kingdom» proceeds of the Latin Britannia, used by romans to design a Latin Britannia, used by romans to design a province that corresponded roughly to the current province that corresponded roughly to the current England.England.

Is similar the use of the British term that use in Is similar the use of the British term that use in reference to the United Kingdom. In Spanish, the reference to the United Kingdom. In Spanish, the use of Britania limit to the name of the ancient use of Britania limit to the name of the ancient roman province.roman province.

Actually United Kingdom corresponds only with the Actually United Kingdom corresponds only with the biggest island.biggest island.

MánchesterMánchester

Mánchester Is a city and a metropolitan district of Mánchester Is a city and a metropolitan district of the metropolitan county of Big Mánchester, United the metropolitan county of Big Mánchester, United Kingdom. Mánchester, that obtained status of city Kingdom. Mánchester, that obtained status of city in 1853, has a population of 458.100 inhabitants in 1853, has a population of 458.100 inhabitants (mancunianos),and find to the centre of the (mancunianos),and find to the centre of the Urban Area of the Big Manchester, that with a Urban Area of the Big Manchester, that with a population of 2.240.230 inhabitants is the third population of 2.240.230 inhabitants is the third agglomeration urban bigger of the United agglomeration urban bigger of the United Kingdom. To his time, forms part of the second Kingdom. To his time, forms part of the second agglomeration urban of the United Kingdom and agglomeration urban of the United Kingdom and fourteenth of the European Union in terms of fourteenth of the European Union in terms of population. Mánchester Is an important artistic population. Mánchester Is an important artistic centre, financial, of means of communication and centre, financial, of means of communication and of upper education . In a survey of business of upper education . In a survey of business leaders British published in 2006, Mánchester leaders British published in 2006, Mánchester was considered like the best place in the United was considered like the best place in the United Kingdom to establish a business. A report Kingdom to establish a business. A report commissioned by the Association of Mánchester, commissioned by the Association of Mánchester, published in 2007, showed to Mánchester like the published in 2007, showed to Mánchester like the "city with faster economic growth". Is the third city "city with faster economic growth". Is the third city more visited in the United Kingdom by foreign more visited in the United Kingdom by foreign tourists. Historically the main part of the city was tourists. Historically the main part of the city was part of the county of Lancashire, with the zones part of the county of Lancashire, with the zones situated south of the river Mersey in the county of situated south of the river Mersey in the county of Cheshire. Mánchester Was the first city Cheshire. Mánchester Was the first city industrialized of the world and exerted a central industrialized of the world and exerted a central paper during the Industrial Revolution. It paper during the Industrial Revolution. It converted in the main international centre of the converted in the main international centre of the textile manufacture and of the cotton thread. textile manufacture and of the cotton thread.

GalesGales GalesGales Is a constituent country of the United Is a constituent country of the United

Kingdom.1 Situate west of the island of Kingdom.1 Situate west of the island of United Kingdom, where limits to the East with United Kingdom, where limits to the East with England and to the occident with the Atlantic England and to the occident with the Atlantic Ocean and the Sea of Ireland. Has a total Ocean and the Sea of Ireland. Has a total population of three million people and is a population of three million people and is a bilingual country, which official tongues are bilingual country, which official tongues are the galés and the English.the galés and the English. Is one of the celtics Is one of the celtics nations and possesses a cultural identity nations and possesses a cultural identity proper that conformed after the withdrawal of proper that conformed after the withdrawal of the roman of United Kingdom.the roman of United Kingdom. 2The defeat of 2The defeat of Llewelyn by Eduardo I in the century XIII Llewelyn by Eduardo I in the century XIII concluded the conquest anglonormanda of Gales concluded the conquest anglonormanda of Gales and meant the beginning of centuries of English and meant the beginning of centuries of English occupation. The country was incorporated to occupation. The country was incorporated to England by means of the Statute of Rhuddlan of England by means of the Statute of Rhuddlan of 1284 and later by the Acta of Union of 1536 1284 and later by the Acta of Union of 1536 Creating the legal entity today known like England Creating the legal entity today known like England and Gales. In the century XIX developed a local and Gales. In the century XIX developed a local politics. In 1955 Cardiff was chosen capital and in politics. In 1955 Cardiff was chosen capital and in 1999 created the National Assembly of Gales, 1999 created the National Assembly of Gales, which attends internal subjects. The which attends internal subjects. The boss of boss of government is the Main Minister,.government is the Main Minister,.

The capital and city bigger is Cardiff (in galés: The capital and city bigger is Cardiff (in galés: Caerdydd), with 320.000 inhabitants. During a Caerdydd), with 320.000 inhabitants. During a time was the main world-wide port of coal3 and, time was the main world-wide port of coal3 and, during some years before the First World-wide during some years before the First World-wide War, had a more intense traffic that London or War, had a more intense traffic that London or Liverpool.Liverpool.

TorquayTorquay

TorquayTorquay , City in the coast south of England, , City in the coast south of England, belonging to the county of Devon and that extend belonging to the county of Devon and that extend along the coast of Torbay. In the century XIX was along the coast of Torbay. In the century XIX was known like the Rivera English by his saludable known like the Rivera English by his saludable climate.climate.

Between the varied origins of his name, the most Between the varied origins of his name, the most accepted is the word torr or tower, of the ancient accepted is the word torr or tower, of the ancient English and that designates to the small English and that designates to the small mountains of the southwest of England. It is mountains of the southwest of England. It is present in several toponyms of Devon and of present in several toponyms of Devon and of Cornualles.Cornualles.

Between the varied origins of his name, the most Between the varied origins of his name, the most accepted is the word torr or tower, of the ancient accepted is the word torr or tower, of the ancient English and that designates to the small English and that designates to the small mountains of the southwest of England. It is mountains of the southwest of England. It is present in several toponyms of Devon and of present in several toponyms of Devon and of Cornualles.Cornualles.

The first building of highlight in Torquay was the The first building of highlight in Torquay was the Tower Abbey, a monastery founded in 1196. The Tower Abbey, a monastery founded in 1196. The favourable climate of Torquay attracts to a lot of favourable climate of Torquay attracts to a lot of visitors, especially to convalescents that wish to visitors, especially to convalescents that wish to recover and that in his main part comes of the recover and that in his main part comes of the cold north regions. The population of Torquay cold north regions. The population of Torquay grew to rhythm speeded happening of 838 grew to rhythm speeded happening of 838 inhabitants in 1801 to 11.474 in 1851.inhabitants in 1801 to 11.474 in 1851.

BelfastBelfast

BelfastBelfast Is the capital of north Ireland, in the United Is the capital of north Ireland, in the United Kingdom. It is the biggest city of north Ireland and of the Kingdom. It is the biggest city of north Ireland and of the province of Ulster, and the second bigger city in the Island province of Ulster, and the second bigger city in the Island of Ireland after Dublin. In the cense of 2001 the of Ireland after Dublin. In the cense of 2001 the population inside the limits of the city (the urban area of population inside the limits of the city (the urban area of Belfast) was of 276.459 inhabitants, whereas 579.554 Belfast) was of 276.459 inhabitants, whereas 579.554 people residing in the wide Metropolitan Zone of Belfast. people residing in the wide Metropolitan Zone of Belfast. This converted it in the 15º city bigger of the United This converted it in the 15º city bigger of the United Kingdom, and the 11º main conurbation of this country. Kingdom, and the 11º main conurbation of this country. The place in which finds the current Belfast has been The place in which finds the current Belfast has been always occupied from the Age of Bronze. The always occupied from the Age of Bronze. The archaeological place known like Giant’s Ring, located very archaeological place known like Giant’s Ring, located very near of the city has 5000 years of antiquated And still can near of the city has 5000 years of antiquated And still can observe rests of fortifications that date of the Age of Iron observe rests of fortifications that date of the Age of Iron in the Colinas that surround the city. Converted in an in the Colinas that surround the city. Converted in an asentament important in the century XVII when a big asentament important in the century XVII when a big number of colons English and Scottish established there number of colons English and Scottish established there in process of colonization of the Ulster, with the aim to in process of colonization of the Ulster, with the aim to eradicate to the Catholic population of Ulster. In 1641, the eradicate to the Catholic population of Ulster. In 1641, the Catholics rebellions, but were hard reprimands. Belfast Catholics rebellions, but were hard reprimands. Belfast Flowered like an important commercial centre and Flowered like an important commercial centre and industrial during the centuries XVIII and XIX and industrial during the centuries XVIII and XIX and converted in the most industrialized city of Ireland converted in the most industrialized city of Ireland surpassing even to Dublin thanks to his dockyards, His surpassing even to Dublin thanks to his dockyards, His textile industry and tobacco pouch between others. The textile industry and tobacco pouch between others. The dockyards of Harland and Wolff converted in the most dockyards of Harland and Wolff converted in the most important of the world, employing until to 35.000. important of the world, employing until to 35.000. Workers.1 In these dockyards built the tragically famous Workers.1 In these dockyards built the tragically famous RMS Titanic.RMS Titanic.

ScotlandScotland

Scotland is the more north of the four nations constituents of the United Scotland is the more north of the four nations constituents of the United Kingdom. Together with England and Gales, forms part of the island of Kingdom. Together with England and Gales, forms part of the island of United Kingdom, ranging a third of his total surface; besides features of more United Kingdom, ranging a third of his total surface; besides features of more of 790 islands. The Region of Scotland was an independent state until 1707, of 790 islands. The Region of Scotland was an independent state until 1707, date in which signed the Act of Union with England, to create the Region of date in which signed the Act of Union with England, to create the Region of United Kingdom. The union did not suppose alteration of the legal system United Kingdom. The union did not suppose alteration of the legal system proper of Scotland, that since has been distinct of the of Gales, England and proper of Scotland, that since has been distinct of the of Gales, England and north Ireland. north Ireland.

Ignore if Scotland was habited during the Palaeolithic, since the successive Ignore if Scotland was habited during the Palaeolithic, since the successive glaciations that covered his current territory have destroyed all the evidences glaciations that covered his current territory have destroyed all the evidences of human asentamients previous to the period Mesolithic. Believe that the of human asentamients previous to the period Mesolithic. Believe that the first groups of hunters-recolectors arrived does some 11.000 years, when the first groups of hunters-recolectors arrived does some 11.000 years, when the ices of the first glaciations began to recall to the north.ices of the first glaciations began to recall to the north.

The history written of Scotland begins with the Romanization of the centre-The history written of Scotland begins with the Romanization of the centre-south of United Kingdom (the current Gales and England, that formed the south of United Kingdom (the current Gales and England, that formed the province of Britannia). The roman called initially Caledonia To Scotland, by province of Britannia). The roman called initially Caledonia To Scotland, by the immense forest of Caledonians pines that extended of north to south the immense forest of Caledonians pines that extended of north to south and of this to west by all the country. The main village assented in that period and of this to west by all the country. The main village assented in that period in the Scottish region was the one of the picots, Like this called, apparently, in the Scottish region was the one of the picots, Like this called, apparently, by his habit to paint the body. The scoots, by his part, were a village of Irish by his habit to paint the body. The scoots, by his part, were a village of Irish origin, also known like derides, that established in the west of Scotland. origin, also known like derides, that established in the west of Scotland. During this period existed therefore two regions differentiates: The one of the During this period existed therefore two regions differentiates: The one of the west of Scotland, Scotland, and the east picots region, Alba.west of Scotland, Scotland, and the east picots region, Alba.

ThursoThurso

ThursoThurso (from Old Norse, meaning 'Bull's water' and called (from Old Norse, meaning 'Bull's water' and called Inbhir TheòrsaInbhir Theòrsa in Scottish Gaelic) is a town and former in Scottish Gaelic) is a town and former burgh on the north coast of the Highland local government burgh on the north coast of the Highland local government area of Scotland. Historically, the town is one of two burghs area of Scotland. Historically, the town is one of two burghs within the county of Caithness. Thurso's history stretches within the county of Caithness. Thurso's history stretches back to at least the era of Norse Orcadian rule in Caithness, back to at least the era of Norse Orcadian rule in Caithness, which ended conclusively in 1266. The town was an which ended conclusively in 1266. The town was an important Norse port, and has a later history of trade with important Norse port, and has a later history of trade with ports throughout northern Europe until the 19th century. In ports throughout northern Europe until the 19th century. In 1330 Scotland’s standard unit of weight was brought in line 1330 Scotland’s standard unit of weight was brought in line with that of Thurso at the decree of King David II, a measure with that of Thurso at the decree of King David II, a measure of the town’s economic importance. Old St Peter's Kirk is of the town’s economic importance. Old St Peter's Kirk is said to date from said to date from circa.circa. 1220 and the time of Caithness 1220 and the time of Caithness Bishop Gilbert Murray, who died in 1245. Much of the town Bishop Gilbert Murray, who died in 1245. Much of the town is, however, a planned 19th-century development, and a is, however, a planned 19th-century development, and a major expansion occurred in the mid-20th century when the major expansion occurred in the mid-20th century when the Dounreay nuclear power plant was established at Dounreay, Dounreay nuclear power plant was established at Dounreay, 9 miles (14.5 km) to the west of the town. Within a period of 9 miles (14.5 km) to the west of the town. Within a period of about five years, Thurso's population expanded rapidly from about five years, Thurso's population expanded rapidly from around 2,500 to about 12,000 between 1955-58, as the around 2,500 to about 12,000 between 1955-58, as the nuclear plant attracted skilled migrants from all parts of the nuclear plant attracted skilled migrants from all parts of the United Kingdom, although it dropped back to around 9,000 United Kingdom, although it dropped back to around 9,000 by 1960 after a lot of the initial Dounreay construction crew by 1960 after a lot of the initial Dounreay construction crew left the area.left the area.

Thurso is also the name of the viscountcy held by the Thurso is also the name of the viscountcy held by the Sinclair family in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The Sinclair family in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The present Viscount Thurso is also the local MP.present Viscount Thurso is also the local MP.

CambridgeCambridge

CambridgeCambridge Is a university city English very ancient and the Is a university city English very ancient and the capital of the county of Cambridgeshire. Find roughly to 80 capital of the county of Cambridgeshire. Find roughly to 80 kilometres of London and surround it several villas and kilometres of London and surround it several villas and villages. His fame owes it to the University of Cambridge, the villages. His fame owes it to the University of Cambridge, the one who includes to the Laboratories Cavendish (designated one who includes to the Laboratories Cavendish (designated like this in honour to Henry Cavendish), the chorus of the like this in honour to Henry Cavendish), the chorus of the chapel of King's College and the Library of the University. chapel of King's College and the Library of the University. These two last buildings project concerning the rest of the These two last buildings project concerning the rest of the city. We know of the existence of human asentaments in the city. We know of the existence of human asentaments in the area from the period of the Roman Empire. The most ancient area from the period of the Roman Empire. The most ancient and inobjetable evidence of occupation of the place, a group and inobjetable evidence of occupation of the place, a group of arms of hunting, corresponds at the end of the Age of the of arms of hunting, corresponds at the end of the Age of the Bronze, around the year 1000 to. Of C. There is still more Bronze, around the year 1000 to. Of C. There is still more proofs that in the Age of the Iron, a German tribe (Belgics in proofs that in the Age of the Iron, a German tribe (Belgics in the text in English) assented in Castle Hill in the century I the text in English) assented in Castle Hill in the century I AC. The first considerable development of the area initiated AC. The first considerable development of the area initiated the year 40 d.C. Castle Hill Did of Cambridge a militarily the year 40 d.C. Castle Hill Did of Cambridge a militarily strategic point, due to the fact that from this place could strategic point, due to the fact that from this place could watch the river Cam. Also was the point of crossing of the watch the river Cam. Also was the point of crossing of the Devana Road, that connected Colchester, in Essex, with the Devana Road, that connected Colchester, in Essex, with the barracks in Lincoln, England, and to the north. The barracks in Lincoln, England, and to the north. The asentament followed being a regional centre, even 350 asentament followed being a regional centre, even 350 years after the roman occupation, around the year 400 To.C. years after the roman occupation, around the year 400 To.C. Still can see in the place the walls of edifications and the Still can see in the place the walls of edifications and the roman ways.roman ways.

AberdeenAberdeen AberdeenAberdeen, Known like "The City of , Known like "The City of

Granite", is the third city in tamaño of Granite", is the third city in tamaño of Scotland, with a population of roughly Scotland, with a population of roughly 210.000 inhabitants. It constitutes an 210.000 inhabitants. It constitutes an important commercial centre and is important commercial centre and is besides the main maritime port of the besides the main maritime port of the northeast of Scotland and to the suburbs northeast of Scotland and to the suburbs of the city finds situated the airport. They of the city finds situated the airport. They have described asentaments in the area of have described asentaments in the area of Aberdeen from at least the 6.000 before Aberdeen from at least the 6.000 before Christ.The first reference that have is the Christ.The first reference that have is the itinerary of the incursion done by Severe in itinerary of the incursion done by Severe in the north of Scotland in the century III, in the north of Scotland in the century III, in which Aberdeen receives the name of which Aberdeen receives the name of Devana, this is City in the Rivera of the Devana, this is City in the Rivera of the Deva (or Dee). Although the place will not Deva (or Dee). Although the place will not purchase importance until 1179 when purchase importance until 1179 when Guillermo the Lion concedes him a furrow, Guillermo the Lion concedes him a furrow, confirmed subsequently by David I.confirmed subsequently by David I.In 1336 In 1336 Eduardo III of England burns the city, Eduardo III of England burns the city, but quickly was reconstructed and but quickly was reconstructed and broadened with the name of New broadened with the name of New Aberdeen. The municipal files are the Aberdeen. The municipal files are the most ancient of Scotland, dating of most ancient of Scotland, dating of 1398.1398.

NewcastleNewcastle

Newcastle upon TyneNewcastle upon Tyne, That often designate , That often designate simply Newcastle, is a city of the county of Tyne simply Newcastle, is a city of the county of Tyne and Wear in a region known historically like and Wear in a region known historically like Northumbria and at present called the Norwest of Northumbria and at present called the Norwest of England. Situated in the bank of the River Tyne England. Situated in the bank of the River Tyne and with some 259.000 inhabitants censed in the and with some 259.000 inhabitants censed in the 2001, Newcastle is the main city of the Norwest of 2001, Newcastle is the main city of the Norwest of England.England.

The history of the city began in the year 120, The history of the city began in the year 120, when the Roman built a bridge through the River when the Roman built a bridge through the River Tyne and also built a fortress to save the bridge. Tyne and also built a fortress to save the bridge. Romans called the place, Pons Aelius.Romans called the place, Pons Aelius.

The New Castle (New Castle in English) that gave The New Castle (New Castle in English) that gave name to the city, was built by the Normanton in name to the city, was built by the Normanton in 1080 on the solar of the Roman fortress. 1080 on the solar of the Roman fortress.

During the Half Age the city surfed of a lot of During the Half Age the city surfed of a lot of attacks of the Scottish armies, and therefore the attacks of the Scottish armies, and therefore the citizens built walls that surrounded the city. In the citizens built walls that surrounded the city. In the century XIX they knocked down many of the walls century XIX they knocked down many of the walls and now only some vestiges remain.and now only some vestiges remain.

LondonLondon

LondonLondon (pronounced /ˈlʌndən/) is the capital of England and the (pronounced /ˈlʌndən/) is the capital of England and the United Kingdom.a A major settlement for two millennia, its history United Kingdom.a A major settlement for two millennia, its history goes back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. goes back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, the 'square mile', London's core, the ancient City of London, the 'square mile', retains its mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the nineteenth retains its mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the nineteenth century, the name "London" has also referred to the metropolis century, the name "London" has also referred to the metropolis developed around it Today, the bulk of this conurbation forms the developed around it Today, the bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, with London region and the Greater London administrative area, with its own elected mayor and assembly.its own elected mayor and assembly.

London is a major global city and one of the world's largest London is a major global city and one of the world's largest financial centres with the largest city GDP in Europe. Central financial centres with the largest city GDP in Europe. Central London is home to the headquarters of most of the UK's top 100 London is home to the headquarters of most of the UK's top 100 listed companies (the FTSE 100) and more than 100 of Europe's listed companies (the FTSE 100) and more than 100 of Europe's 500 largest. London's influence in politics, finance, education, 500 largest. London's influence in politics, finance, education, entertainment, media, fashion, the arts and culture in general entertainment, media, fashion, the arts and culture in general contributes to its global position. It is a major tourist destination for contributes to its global position. It is a major tourist destination for both domestic and overseas visitors. London hosted the 1908 and both domestic and overseas visitors. London hosted the 1908 and 1948 Summer Olympics and will host the 2012 Summer Olympics 1948 Summer Olympics and will host the 2012 Summer Olympics London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; the historic settlement of Greenwich; the Royal Botanic Gardens, the historic settlement of Greenwich; the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; and the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Kew; and the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret's ChurchWestminster Abbey and St. Margaret's Church..

The Greater London Urban Area (the second largest in the EU) The Greater London Urban Area (the second largest in the EU) has a population of 8,278,251. while the metropolitan area (the has a population of 8,278,251. while the metropolitan area (the largest in the EU) has an estimated total population of between largest in the EU) has an estimated total population of between 12 million and 14 million. The London Underground network, 12 million and 14 million. The London Underground network, administered by Transport for London, is the most extensive administered by Transport for London, is the most extensive underground railway network in the world,underground railway network in the world,]] London Heathrow London Heathrow Airport is the world's busiest airport by number of international Airport is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers and the airspace is the busiest of any urban centre in passengers and the airspace is the busiest of any urban centre in the world.the world.