academicNEWSSpring 2009
in this issuen Robert Hill examines the CPR
ten years on
n Jill Martin recounts the history of the bestselling Hanbury & Martin: Modern Equity
n Rebecca Probert discusses the changes brought about by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008
n Michael Haley examines Stack v Dowden and the decline of the resulting trust
n Brian Bix looks at why students often struggle with jurisprudence as a subject
n Plus, we showcase our 2009 textbooks for students
The Devil’S ADvocATeiain Morley• Presentstheleadingbookonadvocacy,bridgingthegapbetweenreadingaboutadvocacyandhowyouactuallydoit
• Writteninano-nonsenseandengagingstyletobring afreshapproachtostudyingadvocacy
• Explainstheartofpersuasiveness,howtomakeconvincingspeeches,andeffectivecrossexamination
• Describeswell-establishedtechniquesandexercisesusedincourtforconstantlyimprovingquestioning andwitnesscontrol
• Offerspunchyadviceandinsightfulcomments onallofthenecessaryskillsandprocesses involvedinadvocating
• Includesanewchapteron theInternationalCriminal Tribunalswhichrequirean additionalsetofadvocacy skillsduetothedynamics thrownupsuchastheneed forsimultaneoustranslations
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THEPATHTOPUPILLAGE: AGUIDEFORTHE ASPIRINGBARRISTERGeorginaWolfeandAlexanderRobson• Takesstudentsthrougheachstepoftheroutetopupillagefromlegaleducationthroughtotheapplicationprocessitself
• Drawsontheauthors’ownpersonalexperiences–betweenthemtheyhaveattendedoverfortypupillageinterviews
• Bringstogetheradviceandpearlsofwisdomfromover50contributors–fromrecentlyqualifiedbarristersthroughtoseniorbarristersandjudges–oneverythingsuchaswhatimpressesthemataninterview,tohow tomakethemostoftheBVC
• Goesthroughtheacademic stageoftraining,lookingattheprosandconsofthevariousvariablessuchasalawdegreeversesalawconversion
• Detailstheextra-curricular activitiesthatstudentsshould undertakeinordertoenhance theirprospects
• Discussesthevocational– BVC–partoftraining,looking indepthatthefourInns
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3
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academicNEWSSpring 2009
Letter from the EditorWelcometotheSpring2009issueofAcademicNewsfromSweet&Maxwell–bringingyounewsfromthelegalworld,bywayofinformativearticles.Inthisissue:
RobertHill,memberoftheSeniorEditorialBoardofCivilProcedure,examinestheCPRtenyearson.WhileJillMartin,authorofHanbury&Martin:ModernEquity,recountsthehistoryofthework–whichfirstpublishedbackin1935.
RebeccaProbert,authorofCretneyandProbert’sFamilyLaw,discussesthechangesbroughtaboutbytheHumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAct2008.MichaelHaley,co-authorofEquityandTrusts,examinesStackvDowden.Plus,BrianBix,authorofJurisprudence:TheoryandContext,looksatthesubjectofjurisprudenceanddiscusseswhystudentsoftenfinditahardsubject.
Importantly,wealsodetailthemanynewtextbookspublishingforthe2009-2010academicyear–allofwhichareavailableoninspection.
IhopeyoufindthisissueofAcademicNewsinformativeandinteresting.Ifyouhaveanycommentsorsuggestions,youcancontactmeattheaddressbelow.
Enjoyreading!
Samantha Siddle, Editor, Academic News, Sweet & Maxwell 100 Avenue Road, London NW3 3PF
contents4-5 The CPR ten years on – a personal
view by Robert Hill
7 A history of Hanbury & Martin: Modern Equity by Jill Martin
8-9 Parents in law: The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 by Rebecca Probert
10-13 Key 2009 academic titles
14-15 Stack v Dowden and the Decline of the Resulting Trust by Michael Haley
16-17 Theory in a World of Legal Rules by Brian Bix
oNe To RECOMMEND
SUCCESSFULLEGALWRITING LEGALSKILLSSERIESEdwinaHigginsandLauraTatham• Usesworkedexamplesandexercisestoguidestudentsthroughthelegalwritingprocess
• Focusesonimprovingwritingskillsinbothassignmentsandexams
• Presentstheinformationinastep-by-stepformat,leadingstudentsthroughtheworldoflegalwritingfromunderstandinggoodandbadwritingtoassessingtheir ownstrengthsandweaknesses
• Detailsatthestartofeachchapterthekeylearningpointsandroundseachchapteroffwithabriefsummaryofwhat’sbeenlearnt
• Containsshadedtipboxeshighlightingimportantpoints toremember
• Providesquestionsandreflectiveexercisestohelpstudentsassesstheirprogressandidentifytheirlearningneeds
• Suppliesanswerstofrequentlyaskedquestionsthroughoutthework
Availableforstudentstobuyfrom www.amazon.co.uk,www.hammickslegal.com andallgoodbookshops
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academicNEWS
TheCPRtenyearson–apersonalviewacademicNEWS
IntroductionTenyearsago(yes,itwastenyearsago!)IwasamemberoftheJudicialStudiesBoardteamchargedwitheducatingalljudgesonthenewCivilProcedureRules1998.MostCourtofAppealandallHighCourt,CircuitandDistrictJudgestheninpostattendedaresidentialseminar.WhilstIcertainlymakenoclaimtobeunique,IcansaythatnooneexceededmyenthusiasmfortheCPR.Othersmayhavebeenjustasenthusiastic:nonemore.Afterall,aswellasbeingaDistrictJudgeIhadaspecialinterestin‘civilprocedure’,hadbeenlecturingon‘civilprocedure’since1975andwasaneditorof‘TheWhiteBook’,IhadalwaysarguedforonesetofrulescombiningthebestoftheRulesoftheSupremeCourt1965andtheCountyCourtRules1984.Atlast weweregettingit.
Butitwasmorethanjustacombinedsetofrules.BothLordWoolfasMasteroftheRollsandSirRichardScottasHeadofCivilJusticeemphasisedthata‘change ofculture’wasrequired.Fromnowon,rulesofcourtwouldceasetobe apiousexpressionofhope:insteadtheruleswouldsaywhattheymeanandmeanwhattheysay.
InthisarticleIconfinemyselftothreeareaswheretheCPRhavesucceededandthencommentonthreeareaswheretheyhavenot.
The Fast TrackThisIconsidertobeahugelysuccessfulinnovationoftheCPR.UndertheformerCountyCourtRulesthestepupfrom‘smallclaimsarbitration’tofulltrialwasalwaystoobigastepup.Ofcourse,
‘arbitration’wasaninaccuratetermwhichwasreplacedbythe‘smallclaimstrack’butwithanincreasedlimitof£5000(which,incidentally,isstillthehighest‘smallclaims’limitintheworld.Thefigureremains£750inScotland).Buttheresimplyhadtobesomethinginbetweentheinformaltrialonthesmallclaimstrackandfullformaltrial(nowonthemulti-track).Inserting‘thefasttrack’inbetweenwastheperfectsolution.
Ihavetriedmanyfast-trackcases.Nonehasevergoneovertheone-dayallowed.Nonehaseverseemedinappropriatelytracked.
Aftertenyears,theCPRCommitteehasnowagreedthatthefast-tracklimitshouldbeincreased.Itislikelytoincreasefrom£15,000to£25,000from6April2009.
Summary AssessmentAgainahugelysuccessfulinnovationoftheCPR.‘TaxationofCosts’became‘detailedassessment’butthatwasnothingmorethanachangeofname.Summaryassessmentofcostsimmediatelyafteranyhearinglasting
notmorethanoneday(which
necessarily
includesallfast-trackcases)isaproportionateandfairwayofassessingthosecosts.Whatitlacksinsubtletyismorethancompensatedbythehugesavingintime,savingofyetmorecostsandbytheimmediacyoftheresult.Ofcourseweallhadtolearnhowtodoitjustasweallhadtolearnhowtoassessdamages.Itisnodifferentthananyotherexerciseofjudgment.
ItisalongtimesinceIhaveencounteredadetailedassessmentwhichreallyoughttohavebeendonebysummaryassessment.Thereweresomesuchcasesinitiallybutallthejudgeswhousedtoorderthishavenowretired.
Summaryassessmentisworkingwellandinmyopinionshouldnowbeextendedtobethenormalmethodofassessmentinallcasessavewherethereareexceptionalreasonsnottodoso.
Expert EvidenceThismustbethemostsuccessfulchangeeffectedbytheCPR. Pre-CPRwewerebeginningtoseetheappearanceof‘thehiredgun’.HavinglecturedintheUSAand
observedtrialsthere,IamfamiliarwiththisAmericanism.The‘hiredgun’iswellestablishedthere:theexpressiondenotesthesimplefactthatnomatterwhatcaseyouwish toadvance,youwillfindanexpert tosupportit.
Theparticular‘hiredgun’whoregularlyappearedbeforemein pre-CPRtrialswasaretiredorthopaedicsurgeoninstructedonlybyinsurers.Hegavethesamereportandevidenceineverycasesayingthattherewasnothingwrongwiththeplaintiffwhowasjustamalingerer!UnabletocopewiththeobjectivityandfairnessrequiredbytheCPRheretiredwhentheycamein;rumourhasittoBarbados.
TheCPRrequireandemphasisethattheexpertsdutyistothecourt.Allfairexpertswelcomethis.Further,theuseofasinglejointexpertmustbynowhavesavedmanylitigantsmanythousandsofpounds.Theoverallsavingwillbehuge.
Icanthinkofmanycases,typicallymodestbuildingdisputes,whereasinglejointexpert’sreporthasbeenthekeytounlockingthecase.Eveninthelargemulti-trackcase,withmanynecessaryexperts,theuseofasingle
jointexpertforsomeissuesresultsinsavingsallround.
TheCPRCommitteehasembarkedonareviewofPart35basedonrecommendationsoftheCivilJusticeCouncilbutIforeseenomajorchanges.
Robert Hill is a District Judge, Recorder and Regional Costs Judge on the North Eastern Circuit. He is now also a member of the Senior Editorial Board of Civil Procedure (The White Book) and has been a member of the Civil Procedure Rules Committee since 2006. In the following article he examines the CPR ten years on.
5
The bad newsSowhataretheareaswherethe CPRhavenotsucceeded?Thefirst isCosts.ThesecondisCosts. ThethirdisCosts.
OfcoursethisisnotentirelythefaultoftheCPR.UnfortunatelytheintroductionoftheCPRco-incidedwithallthecomplicationscausedbythevirtualabolitionoflegalaid,theintroductionofConditionalFeeAgreementsandthebizarredecisiontotreatATEpremiumsasifthey werecosts.
Whatshouldbedone?Imakesomesuggestions.
The Indemnity PrincipleTheindemnityprincipleisaprinciplewhichisfineintheorybutnotinpractice.Itisresponsibleforhighlytechnicalandprolongeddetailedassessmentswhichsometimesleadtoaresultwhichisunjust.Itdoesnotsitwellwiththeconceptof‘nowinnofee’litigation.Itnolongerservesanyusefulpurpose.Itshouldbeabolished.
Fast-track fixed costsTheadvocates’feeforafast-tracktrialisfixedbyPart46.Butwhystopthere?ItisclearfromareadingoftheFinalReport(July1996)ofLordWoolf’s“AccesstoJustice”enquirythatheenvisagedthefixingoftheadvocatesfeeasmerelythefirststep.Itwasrecommendedthattherebeafixedcostsregimeforthefasttrack.Thatmustbecorrect.AratherfeeblestarthasbeenmadeinPart45byfixingfeesinsomeRTAcasesandbyfixingsuccessfeesinpersonalinjurycases.
Fasttrackcasesbydefinitionarenotcomplexandwillconcludeatatriallastingnotmorethanoneday.Thisistheidealplaceforafixedcostsregime.
Detailed AssessmentTheproblemhereisthattheprocessfordecidingwhethercostsaredisproportionateisitself
disproportionate.A‘CostsBar’nowexists;surelyaclearsignthatithasallbecometoocomplex.Thosewhopreparebillsandthosewhocontestthemhaveshownnolackofingenuityindevisingevermorecomplextechnicalarguments.
Whatistobedone?First,afixed-costsregimeforthefast-track.Second,anextensionofsummaryassessmenttoallcasessavewhentherearetrulyexceptionalreasonsforadetailedassessment.Third,arevisedprocedurefordetailedassessment.
Ilimitmyselftothreesuggestionsforstreamliningtheprocedurefordetailedassessment.‘PointsofDispute’shouldinitiallybeinsummaryformwithdetailedpointsofdisputeonlybeingfiledandservedwherethecourtsoorders.Insummaryformthepointsofdisputewouldalsolistthepointsinorderofimportance(notnecessarily,asnow,theorderinwhichthepointarisesinthebill).Replieswouldbecompulsorywithin14dayswhereuponthebillwouldbesubjecttoprovisionalassessment.Partieswouldbeencouragedtoreachagreementbasedonthecourt’sprovisionalassessment,oratleastnarrowareasofdispute.Onlyifagreementisnotreachedwouldthecourtconsiderwhethermoredetailedpointsofdisputeonsomeoralloftheremainingissuesshouldbefiledandserved.Onlyifaparty‘beats’theprovisionalassessment byatleast10%wouldthatpartyreceiveanycostsafterthedate oftheprovisionalassessment.
Guideline RatesGuidelineratescurrentlyapplyonlytosummaryassessment.Twochangescommendthemselves.Firstly,‘guidelinerates’shouldceasetobemerelyaguideandshouldbeelevatedtothestatusof‘fixedrates’.Whatwouldbefixedare,ofcourse,thehourlyratestobepaidbyapartywhohasbeenorderedtopayanotherparty’scosts.Allclientsshould
remainfreetoagreewiththeirsolicitorthehourlyratetobepaid onasolicitor-and-own-clientbasis.
Secondly,itshouldbeconsideredwhetherthe‘fixedrate’shouldalsobeappliedtosomeorallmulti-trackcasesand/or,whetherguidelineratesshouldbeissuedfor multi-trackcases.
ConclusionIbeganwritingthisarticleinapessimisticmoodhavingseenthepositiononcostsdeterioratetoasituationthatisactuallyworsethanthepre-CPRregime.However,Iconcludethearticleinamoodofoptimismknowingthatatlastsomethingistobedone.
AnenquiryintocostswillbeheldbyLordJusticeJacksonwhowillthenwriteareportbytheendof2009.The“JacksonReport”(as,presumably,itwillbeknown)willbeatleastasimportant–andarguablymoreimportant–thanthe“WoolfReport”.Thetermsof
referenceofthenewenquiryare“tocarryoutanindependentreviewoftherulesandprinciplesgoverningthecostsofcivillitigationandtomakerecommendationsinordertopromoteaccesstojusticeatproportionatecosts.”AnyonewhomightentertainadoubtastothesuitabilityofJacksonLJtoconductsuchanenquiryshouldreadhismasterlyjudgment(givenwhenhewasstillJacksonJ)inMultiplex v Cleveland Bridge[2008]EWHC2220(TCC).Thephotocopyingcostsaloneinthatcaseexceeded£1,000,000.00.Itisalongjudgment;thecostspartstartsatparagraph1668.
DuringthecourseofthisenquiryallinterestedbodiesandindividualswillhavetheopportunitytomakesubmissionsandsubmitevidencetoJacksonLJ.IeagerlyawaithisreportwhichIamconfidentwillleadtoasimplerandfairerwayofdealingwithcosts.
TheCPRtenyearson–apersonalview
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MOOTINGANDADVOCACYSKILLS LEGALSKILLSSERIESDavidPopeandDanHill
‘‘I run a mooting competition and this book has been invaluable over the past few months… I highly recommend it to anyone involved in mooting in any capacity.’’ Customerreview,Amazon.co.uk
• Presentspracticalguidanceonmootingbothforthose participatinginandthoseorganisingmoots
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• Describesthekeyskillsofmootingstep-by-step,usingworkedexamplesandanillustrativemootproblem
• Containsmaterial,includinganumberofprecedentsandtemplates,thatwillassistnotonlymooters,butalsonewly-qualifiedsolicitorsandbarristerswhoarestartingtoappearincourt
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Over70yearshavenowpassedsinceProfessorHaroldHanburypennedthefirsteditionbackin1935.Ihaveanoriginaladvertisementforthebook,producedbythepublishers,Stevens&Sons(wholateramalgamatedwithSweet&Maxwell).Thepricewas£110s,postage9d.(Forthosetooyoungtorecallourpre-decimalcurrency,10shillingstranslatesto50pence,while9dwouldbe3.75pence).ProfessorHanbury,wholaterbecameVinerianProfessorofEnglishLawattheUniversityofOxford,wasthen(accordingtotheadvertisement)aUniversityLecturerinEquityandTutorattheLawSociety’sSchoolofLaw.
HaroldHanburywasbornin1898,andinterruptedhisstudiesatOxfordtoserveintheArtistsRiflesandWarwickshireYeomanryinthefirstworldwar.Hereturnedin1919andstudiedunderSirWilliamHoldsworth.AfterproducingthefirsteditionofModernEquityhisacademiclifewasagaininterrupted,andherejoinedthearmyin1939ontheoutbreakofthesecondworldwar,servingforthreeyearsina
“chairborne”role.Heproducedthethirdeditionin1943,butitreceiveda“trulyshattering”reviewintheLawQuarterlyReviewfromREMegarry.Theylaterbecamefriends.
Hismanypublicationswerenotconfinedtothelaw.Attheageof86heproducedabookletentitled“ShakespeareasHistorian”,whichwasinspiredbytherecollectionofaschoolexaminationwhichcontainedthequestion“ShakespearewasthegreatesthistorianofEngland,doyouagree?”.IhadthegoodfortunetomeethiminOxfordatateapartyarrangedforhimshortlybeforeheemigratedtoSouthAfricatolivewithhisgod-daughterafterthedeathofhiswife.Thegod-daughterwrotetometosaythatHaroldkepthisfavouritebooksinhisroom,“andthetwobooksthathereadsalmostconstantlyareModernEquityandShakespeareasHistorian”.
DuringthoseyearsHaroldandIkeptuparegularcorrespondence(inwhichhereferredtohimselfas“theoldmaninSouthAfrica”).Hestudiedeverynewedition,makingmanysuggestions.HeonceaskedmeifIcould“findroomforamentionofthe
Statuteof1394 whichenabledthemedievalChancellortopreventvexatiouslitigationbyawardingdamages toanymanagainstwhoman untrueinsinuationhadbeen madeinChancery”.UnfortunatelyitseemsthatIcouldnotfindroom.ThiscorrespondencecontinuedalmostuntilHarold’sdeathat theageof94.
ThenexteditorwasProfessorRonaldMaudsley,whoHarolddescribedashis“alterego”.JustasinHarold’scase,hisstudieswereinterrupted bytheoutbreakofwar.Heservedwithdistinction,andreturned tostudyatOxfordin1946.Inadditiontohisgreatinterestinthelawofpropertyandtrusts,hewasaverykeensportsman,andwasatonetimearegularcricketcorrespondentfortheSundayTelegraph.Haroldand Ronwerejointeditors ofthe9theditionin1969.
ImetRonin1974whenIjoinedtheFacultyofLaws(asitwasthencalled)atKing’sCollegeLondon,whereheheldaChairinEnglishLaw.Hewasthenworkingonthe10thedition,andkindlyaskedmetohelpwiththechaptersonequitable
remedies.Ourcollaborationcontinued,andItookagreater partinthepreparationofthe 11thedition,ofwhichwewerejointeditors.Ishouldaddthatwereceivedmuchhelpfuladvicefromothers,notablyProfessorEdwardBurn.
AtthistimeRonwaslivingin theUnitedStates,andwehadmuchtransatlanticcorrespondence,exchangingdraftsforeachother’scomments.UnfortunatelyRon’sdraftsweremainlyhandwritten, andhiswritingwasappalling. Hesubjectedmydraftstoruthlesscriticism,whichIsoongotusedto.
SadlyRonwasseriouslyillatthistime,andhediedjust
beforetheneweditionwaspublishedin1981,agedonly63.Haroldstudiedtheneweditionandsaid“Idonotthinkthereisonesinglepointof
disagreementbetweenthethreeofus”.
Since1981IhavebeenthesoleeditorofModernEquity,butIampleasedtoacknowledgethatthebookstillcontainsmuchoftheworkofmydistinguishedpredecessors,and islikelytodosoformanyyears tocome.
You can obtain your free inspection copy of Hanbury & Martin: Modern Equity, by completing and returning the inspection copy request form on page 13. Alternatively you can call the inspection copy hotline on 020 7393 7293 or visit us at www.sweetandmaxwell.co.uk/academic.
AhistoryofHanbury&Martin:ModernEquity
For over 70 years, Hanbury & Martin: Modern Equity has been an established title on most reading lists. With a reputation that has lasted throughout the years, it has helped countless law students with their studies of equity and trusts. Here, Jill Martin, author of the new 18th edition recounts the history of the book.
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8
academicNEWS
Parentsinlaw:TheHumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAct2008
MuchhaschangedinthefieldoffamilylawsincethepassageoftheHumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAct1990.Atthattimetherewasasomewhatgrudgingacceptanceofthepossibilityofunmarriedindividuals–whethersinglewomenorcouplesofthesameoroppositesex–becomingparentsthroughassistedreproduction:theActrequiredclinicstohaveregardtothechild’sneedforafatherwhendecidingwhethertoprovidetreatmentservicesforawoman(HFEA1990s13);provisionforthemother’smalecohabitanttobedeemedthelegalfatherwasaddedonlyasanafterthought(HFEA1990s28(3));andamother’slesbianpartnerhadnolegalstatusatall.
Sincethen,theAdoptionandChildrenAct2002hasallowedcouplestoadoptjointlywhethertheyareofthesameoroppositesexandregardlessofwhethertheyhaveformalisedtheirrelationship.Evenmoresignificantly,theCivilPartnershipAct2004hasprovidedsame-sexcoupleswithameansofformalisingtheirrelationshipandhasequatedthelegalpositionofsame-andopposite-sexcohabitants.
Althoughthe2004Actprovidedcivilpartnerswithvirtuallyidenticalrightsandresponsibilitiestothoseofmarriedcouples,itdidnotdealwiththeissueoflegalparentage.However,asubsequentreviewofthe1990Actrecommendedthatitbereformedtorecogniseagreaterrangeofpersonsasparentsfollowingassistedreproduction(DepartmentofHealth,Review of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act: Proposals for revised legislation (including establishment of the Regulatory Authority for Tissue and
Embryos),Cm6989,December2006,para.2.69).TheHumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAct2008giveseffecttothoseproposals.
Nolongerareclinicsdirectedtohaveregardtothechild’sneedforafatherwhenconsideringwhethertoprovidetreatment:now,itistheneedfor‘supportiveparenting’thatistobeconsidered(HFEA1990s13(5)asamended).
Inlinewiththis,theconditionsforparenthoodarewidenedinanumberofdifferentcontexts.Previously,forexample,parentalorderscouldonlybemadeinfavourofamarriedcouple.Now,however,theymaybemadeinfavourofcivilpartnersandcoupleswhoare‘livingaspartnersinanenduringfamilyrelationship’(HFEA2008s54).
Similarly,theActplacesafemalecivilpartnerofawomanundergoingfertilitytreatmentinthesamepositionasahusbandwhodidnotprovidespermforthecreationoftheembryo:shewillbetreatedasaparentofthechildunlessitisshownthatshedidnotconsenttothetreatment(HFEA2008s42).
InlinewiththepracticeoftheCivilPartnershipAct,the2008Actalsoequatesthepositionofthefemalecohabitantofawomanundergoingfertilitytreatmentwiththatofamalecohabitantwhoisnotthegeneticfatherofthechild.However,giventhatthephrasingofthe1990Acthadcausedsomedifficulties(seeegRe R(IVF: Paternity of Child)[2005]UKHL33),tightercriteriaarenowsetoutfortheallocationofparenthood.Ratherthanamanbeingtreatedasthelegalfathersimplyonthebasisthathewasbeingtreated‘together’withthemother,asunder
the1990Act,hemustnowsatisfy‘agreedfatherhoodconditions’(HFEA2008s37).Theseprescribethathewillonlybethefatherifbothpartiesconsentedinwritingtohimbeingtreatedasthefatherandifneitherhassubsequentlywithdrawnthatconsent.Sincefatherhoodisdeterminedatthetimethattheembryooreggswereplacedinthewoman(HFEA2008s36),consentcannotbewithdrawnafterthisdate(unlessofcoursethetreatmentprovesunsuccessfulandanewcyclebegins).Identical‘agreedfemaleparenthoodconditions’mustbesatisfiedinthecaseofafemalecohabitant(HFEA2008s43).
Indeed,onceithasbeenacceptedthatamalepartnerwhoisnotthegeneticfatherofthechildisentitledtoberecordedasthelegalfatherinthiscontext,logicandequalitywouldseemtorequirethatsimilarprovisionbemadeforafemalepartner.Afterall,suchawomanisjustasinvolvedintheprocessofcreatingachildasisaninfertilemalepartnerorhusband,andshehasthesameintentiontobeaco-parenttothatchild.
Butthe2008Actalsoextendsthepossibilityofsocialparenthoodbeyondthegrave,followingtheprecedentsetbytheHumanFertilisationandEmbryology(DeceasedFathers)Act2003.
Following a review, The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 was enacted to replace the existing 1990 Act. In the following article, Rebecca Probert, Associate Professor of Law at Warwick University and author of the new seventh edition of Cretney and Probert’s Family Law, Textbook Series, examines some of the changes.
9
Thisamendedthe1990Actsothatamancould(atthemother’selection)beposthumouslyregisteredasachild’sfather,aslongashehadconsentedtotheuseofhisspermafterhisdeathandtobeingtreatedasthefatherofanyresultingchild(HFEA1990s28(5A)and(5B)).Lessobviously,the2003Actalsoallowedahusbandorpartnerwhohadnotprovidedspermtobeposthumouslyregisteredasthechild’sfatheraslongastheyhadconsentedtobeingsoregistered.The2008Actincludessimilarprovisions(HFEA2008s40)andextendsthemtothecivilpartnerorfemalecohabitantofthemother(HFEA2008s46).Itisnow
possible,therefore,foranearlierfemalecohabitantofawomantobeaccordedpost-mortemstatusasthelegalparentofachildsheneverboreorknew.
Itisonethingtoallowforarecord ofthechild’sgeneticfather.Itis quiteanotherforthebirthregister torecordthepersonwhowould,ifheorshehadlived,havebeenthechild’ssocialparent.Here,theregisterisrecordingneithergenetictruthnorreflectingtheactiverole ofparenting.
Onefurtheroddityisthatachildcanhavenomorethantwolegalparents.Butonceitisacceptedthatlegal
parenthoodisnotcoterminouswithgeneticparentage,thentheneed forsuchalimitationisnotobvious.
Suchprovisionsencouragereflectiononthepurposeofbirthregistration.Shouldthebirthcertificateprioritisegenetictruthorsocialreality?Buttoposethatquestionistoassumethatthelawhastomakeachoicebetweenthetwo.Thebirthcertificatecouldquitesimplyrecordboth.Childrenbornasaresultofdonatedgametesnowhavetherighttoaccessinformationaboutthedonoruponreachingadulthood,andifparentsknewthatdetailsaboutthechild’sgeneticparentagewould
appearonthebirthcertificateonceheorshehadreachedtheageof18thenthismightencouragegreateropenness.Giventheevidencethatitisbetterforchildrenbornasaresultofdonorinseminationtolearnoftheiroriginssoonerratherthanlater,suchamovemightputthechild–ratherthanadultconcerns–back atthecentreoftheprocess.
You can obtain your free inspection copy of Cretney and Probert’s Family Law, Textbook Series, by completing and returning the inspection copy request form on page 13. Alternatively you can call the inspection copy hotline on 020 7393 7293 or visit us at www.sweetandmaxwell.co.uk/academic.
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Parentsinlaw:TheHumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAct2008
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academicNEWS
Keynewtextbooks
JURISPRUDENCE:THEORYAND coNTexTBrian Bix
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CRETNEYANDPROBERT’SFAMILYLAW–TextbookSeries
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• Cutsthroughtheblackletterlawtoprovidestudentswithguidanceonallthemajorthemesandprinciplesoffamilylaw,coveringbothformalandinformalrelationships
• Setsissuesintheirsocialandhistoricalcontext
• Discusseshowthelawworks inpractice
• CoverskeycaselawandlegislativedevelopmentsincludingtheForcedMarriage(CivilProtection)Act2007,theChildMaintenanceandOtherPaymentsAct2008,theHumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAct2008,andtheChildrenandYoungPersons Act2008
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KNOWLESANDTHOMAS:EFFECTIVELEGALRESEARCH–LegalSkillsSeries
John Knowles
• Providesapracticalguidetoresearchingortracinglegalinformationeffectively
• Presentstheinformationinastep-by-stepformat,leadingstudentsthroughtheworldoflegalresearchfromusingalawlibrarytosearchingonline
• ExplainshowtoresearchEUandECHRmaterials
• IncorporatesexamplesofLawReports,Acts,Halsbury’s,CurrentLaw,HansardandEuropeanmaterialsfromtheOfficialJournal,Eur-LexandtheEuropeanCourt ofJustice
• IncludeswebshotsfromkeyonlinesourcesincludingWestlawUK,LexisNexisButterworths,BAILII,EuropaandTSO
2nd Edition
Paperback•£18.95•April2009
EQUITY&TRUSTS–TextbookSeries
Michael Haley and Lara McMurtry
• Providesstudentswithaclearandcurrentpictureofthelawoftrustsandequityplacingthesubjectinitsmoderncontext
• Combinesindepthcommentarywithcriticalanalysistogivestudentsmorethanjustaguidetothelaw
• TakesaccountofthelatestlegislativeandcaselawdevelopmentsincludingthosebroughtaboutbytheCharities Act2006
• Containspracticalillustrationstoshowhowthelawoperates
2nd Edition
Paperback•£28.95•April2009
HANBURYANDMARTIN:MODERNEQUITYDr Jill Martin
• Presentsaleadingtitleonequity&trustslaw,unparalleledinbreadthofscopeandwealthofdetail
• Providesacriticalcommentarywithfullreferencetomaterialsfromlegaljournals
• Coversmorethananyotherequitytextbook,featuringotheraspectsofequity,inparticularequitableremedies,anddoctrinessuchasestoppelandundueinfluencenotusuallycovered
• DiscusseskeycaselawandlegislativedevelopmentsincludingfundamentalchangesbroughtaboutbytheCharitiesAct2006,FinanceAct2006andCompaniesAct2006
18th Edition
Paperback•£33.95•February2009
MEDICALLAWANDETHICSDr Shaun D Pattinson
• Coversthemajortopicsofmedicallawandethics,combiningdetailedlegalexpositionandanalysiswithmoraltheoryandphilosophy
• Considersthewidercontextualpressuresfacingthelawsuchastheimpactofpatientconsumerism,andthechangingperceptionsofmedicine
• Examinestheimpactofincreasinglydirect(internationalanddomestic)recognitionofhumanrights
• DetailsallrecentlegislativedevelopmentsincludingtheMentalCapacityAct2005andCodeofPractice,RedressAct2006,MentalHealthAct2007,HumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAct2008
2nd Edition
Paperback•c.£26.95•June2009
ENGLISHFORCONTRACTANDCOMPANYLAWMarcella Chartrand, Catherine Millar and Edward Wiltshire
• Providesnon-nativeEnglishspeakerswiththeEnglishlanguageskillsnecessarytocarryouttheirlegalstudiesandprofessionalactivitieseffectively
• Focusesonthelegallanguagerequiredinthetwomajorareasofcontractlawandcompanylawwhicharecentraltointernationalbusinesslaw
• Incorporatesuser-friendlyexercisessuchascrosswords,blankfillingandreadingcomprehensionand discussiontexts
• Containsahighlevelofspecificlegalcontentandpracticalmaterials,includingcases,legislation,legalwritings andexamples
• Providesexercisesforbothclassroomandself-studyoptions
• Comeswithaconciseteacher’sguidetogiveguidanceonhowthebookcanbeused
3rd Edition
Paperback•£19.95•April2009
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SMITH&THOMAS:ACASEBOOKONCONTRACTRoger Brownsword
• Theleadingcasebookonthelawofcontractforover40years,providingallthematerialnecessaryforanin-depthstudy ofthearea
• Usessubstantialcaseextractscombinedwithauthoritativeexplanationtoprovidereaderswithanunderstandingoftheprinciplesofcontractlaw
• Discussesbothhistoricalandcontemporarycasestoillustratethekeyelementsofcontractlaw
• Containsallrelevantmaterialincludingkeystatutorymaterialandlawcommissionreports
12th Edition
Paperback•£30.95•July2009
CRIMINALLAW–TextbookSeries
Alan Reed and Ben Fitzpatrick Consultant Editor: Peter Seago
• Providesstudentswithaclearanddetailedaccountofcriminallaw,explainingtheprinciplesandhowthelawoperatesinpractice
• Focusesontopicscommonto themajorityoflawcoursesincludingmurder,offences againsttheperson,andoffencesagainstproperty
• Setsouttheconceptualbasisofcriminalliability
• Includeshypotheticalexamplesthroughout
• Examinesfuturelawreformstoshowhowthelawmaydevelop
4th Edition
Paperback•c.£26.95•July2009
EMPLOYMENTLAWGwyneth Pitt
• Providesasuccinctaccountofemploymentlawandindustrialrelationslaw
• Setinthecontextofexperienceintheworkplaceaswellaswithinthewidersocialandpoliticalframework
• DrawsreferencesfromtheBritishcourts,theEuropeanCourtofJusticeandtheEuropeanCourt ofHumanRights
• Writteninastraightforwardandengagingstyle,makingiteasyforstudentstounderstandthetopicandgraspdifficultconcepts
• Coversthelatestlegislativeandcaselawdevelopments
7th Edition
Paperback•£28.95•June2009
CONSTRUCTIONLAWJohn Uff CBE
• Providescomprehensiveexplanationsofkeytopicsandissuesinaclear,concisetone
• Guidesthereaderthroughtheworldofconstructioncontracts,litigation,planningandenvironmentallaw
• CoverspublicandEUlaw,statutes,safetyandbuildingregulations
• Extensivelyupdatedtoreflectthefastpaceofchangeinthisfieldoflaw,specificallywithintheimplementationandenforcementofconstructionlawandthenatureofcontracts
• IncludesupdatedcontractformsfromFIDICandNECC
• ProvidestheJCTandICEforms ofcontract
10th Edition
Paperback•c.£28.95•July2009
CASESANDMATERIALSONINTERNATIONALLAWDavid Harris
• Drawstogetherinonevolume anexhaustiveselectionof cases,materialsandbackgroundInformationonpublic Internationallaw
• Supplementscasesandmaterialswithauthoritativecommentaryandexpertanalysis
• ProvidesbroadandcomprehensivetreatmentofthesubjectmakingitasoundbasisforanyPublicInternationalLawcourse
• Incorporatesallmajordevelopmentsinthesubject,includingtheexpansionofhumanrightsissuesinInternationallaw
• Includesextensivecross-referencingandadetailedindextofacilitateeasyaccess
7th Edition
Paperback•c.£36.95•July2009
THELAWOFFINANCEAlastair Hudson
• Providesthefirstcomprehensiveaccountofthewholeofthelawoffinanceinonevolume
• Explainsthekeyprinciplesofthevariousareasoflawsuchascontract,propertyandtort,whicharethebuildingblocksofthelawoffinance
• Movesontodiscussthekeyareasoffinancialpracticeone-byone,includingcustomerbanking,lending,stakeholding,refinancing,proprietaryfinanceandcollectiveinvestmententities
• Providesextracoursesupportviapodcastsontheauthor’swebsite(www.alastairhudson.com),togetherwithupdates,coursematerialsandonlinelinks
1st Edition
Paperback•c.£39.95•May2009
LAWOFINTERNATIONALTRADECross-BorderCommercialTransactions
Jason Chuah
• Presentsacomprehensiveanduptodatetreatmentofallkeyaspectsofprivateinternationaltradelaw
• Explainsthetheoreticalframework,whichunderpinsthelawagainstthebackgroundofmoderntradedocumentation andexportpractice
• Demonstratesapracticalapproachtothesubjectincorporatingexamplecontractualclauses,formsanddiagramstodemonstratehowthelawworks inpractice
• Setsoutsummariesofthemoresignificantcasesand,whererelevant,casesfromtheCommonwealthandothercountriesarediscussed
• Discussesrecentlegaldevelopments,including,theRome1andRome2Regulations,thefinaldraftUNICTRALTransportConvention,insurancelawreform,URR725andthe UCP600
4th Edition
Paperback•£32.95•May2009
Keynewtextbooks
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academicNEWS
BOWETT’SLAWOFINTERNATIONALINSTITUTIONSPhilippe Sands QC and Pierre Klein
• Providesanintroductoryoverviewofthelawofinternationalinstitutions,coveringthemajororganisationsandexplaining theirroleandgoverninglaw
• Coversallthemajorglobal,regionalandjudicialinstitutionssuchastheUN,theIMF,theWTO,theICJ,theInternationalTribunalfortheLawofSea,theICCandtheICTsaswellastheEUandCouncil ofEurope
• Splitintothreeparts:partonedescribestheglobalinstitutionsandthentheregionalinstitutions,parttwoaddressesthevariousfunctionsofinternationalorganisationsandpartthreeconsidersthefoursetsofcommoninstitutionalproblems
6th Edition
Paperback•£31.95•May2009
PARRYANDKERRIDGE:THELAWOFSUCCESSIONRoger Kerridge
• Hasbeentheleadingtextbookonthelawofsuccessionforover70years,providingthedetailrequiredforafullunderstandingofthesubject
• Coversbothwillsandintestacyaswellasprobateandtheadministrationofestates
• IncorporatesallkeycaselawandlegislativedevelopmentsincludingthosebroughtaboutbytheCivilPartnershipAct2004,theMentalCapacityAct2005,andtheFamilyProvision(IntestateSuccession)Order2008
12th Edition
Paperback•£33.95•April2009
MORRIS:THECONFLICT OFLAWSDavid McClean and Kisch Beevers
• Theleadingtextbookon theconflictoflaws,covering allbranchesofprivateinternationallaw
• Explainsthefundamentalprinciplesofthesubjectandhowthelawworksinpractice
• Encouragescriticalthinkingbygettingstudentstothinkabouttheissueswhichconcerntheworkingoftheconflictoflawsasawhole,inparticular,thetheoreticalbasisandmethodology
• TakesintoaccountallrecentdevelopmentsincludingchangesresultingfromtheCivilPartnershipsAct
• ExaminesrecentcaselawincludingtheimportantLuganoOpinionoftheEuropeanCourt
7th Edition
Paperback•£31.95•April2009
OSBORN’SCONCISELAWDICTIONARYEdited by Mick Woodley
• Forover80yearsOsborn’shasbeentheessentialconcisedictionaryoflegalterms
• Offerscomprehensivecoverageincludinganextensivelistingofjournals,lawreportsandtheirabbreviations
• Containsover4,700referencesfromtheobscuretotheeveryday
• ProvidesspeedyaccesstoamassoftechnicaltermsandphrasesinbothEnglishandEuropeanlaw
• Takesallentriesbeyonddefinitionsandbasiccontextwithextensivelegalreferencingtoprovideasolidbasisforfurtherresearch
11th Edition
Paperback•£11.95•March2009
INTERNATIONALLAWRebecca MM Wallace and Dr Olga Martin-Ortega
• Presentsauser-friendlyandaccessibleexpositionofthekeyconceptsofInternationallaw
• Describesthesubstantiveproceduralprinciples–criticaltoanunderstandingoftheInternationallegalprocess
• IncorporatesdiscussionandanalysisofbothUKandUSmaterialincludingexamples ofUScasesandsources
• Providesdetaileddiscussion ofhumanrightsissues
• Providesin-depthcoverageofissuesrelatingtotheuseofforceandtheglobalwaronterror
• Includesguidanceonhow toresearchInternationallaw,includingconductingresearch ontheinternet
6th Edition
Paperback•c.£24.95•May2009
The Devil’S ADvocATeIain Morley
• Presentstheleadingbookonadvocacy,bridgingthegapbetweenreadingaboutadvocacyandhowyouactuallydoit
• Writteninano-nonsenseandengagingstyletobringafreshapproachtostudyingadvocacy
• Offerspunchyadviceandinsightfulcommentsonallofthenecessaryskillsandprocessesinvolvedinadvocating
• Usesexamplesthroughouttoillustratekeypointsandaidknowledgeretention
• IncludesanewchapterontheInternationalCriminalTribunalswhichrequireanadditionalsetofadvocacyskillsduetothedynamicsthrownupsuchastheneedforsimultaneoustranslations
2nd Edition
Paperback•£16.95•February2009
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Bowett’sLawofInternationalInstitutions,6thEdition 978-0-421-96490-7
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academicNEWS
Stack v DowdenandtheDeclineoftheResultingTrust
Ithaslongbeentheruleofthumbthat,wheretitletolandhasbeentransferredintothesolenameofapurchaser,thebeneficial(i.e.equitable)titlewillfollowsuit.Thisisreflectiveofthemaximthat‘EquityfollowstheLaw’.Thereisnoindicationofco-ownershipandnothingtopointtotheexistenceofatrust.Theonus,therefore,liesonanyadverseclaimanttoprovethatthebeneficialtitledoesnotcoincidewithlegalownership.
Inthescenariowherelegaltitleisconveyedintothenamesoftwoormorepurchasers,astatutorytrustoflandnecessarilyarises.Thecourtmustthenlookforsomeexpressdeclarationofbeneficialownership.Ifnoneistobefound,thecourtmustdivinetheparties’respectiveinterests.ItisinthiscontextthatthedecisionoftheHouseofLordsinStack v Dowden [2007]2A.C.432assumessignificance.
The Old and the NewThenotionthat‘EquityisEquality’hastraditionallyenjoyedlittlerelevanceinjointnamescases.Instead,thecourthaslookedtowardstheparties’respectivefinancialcontributionstothepurchasepriceand,viathemechanismoftheresultingtrust,calculatedtheirinterestsproportionately.Theresultingtrustcould,however,bedisplacedif
thecourtwasabletodiscernacontraryintentionfromtheevidence.
Unsurprisingly,theburdenofproofrestedonthepersonseekingtorebutthepresumption.Indomesticcases,theresultingtrustapproachhasnowbeenjettisoned.Instead,asBaronessHaleputit,“thestartingpointwherethereisjointlegalownershipisjointbeneficialownership”(at453).Theonusnowliesheavilywithapartywhowishestoshowthatthebeneficialinterestsaredividedotherwisethanequally.
Inhisdissentingspeech,LordNeubergersupportedthetraditional
notion
that,whenthepartieshadcontributedunequallytothepurchaseprice,thepresumptionofaresultingtrustshouldoperate.Hedislikedthefictionthatthisiswhatthepartiesmustbeimputedtohaveintendedandcouldnotacceptthelogicthatdifferentpresumptionsshouldapplyaccordingtowhetherthesettingwasdomesticorcommercial.Nevertheless,andashelaterdemonstratedin Laskar v Laskar[2008]1W.L.R.2695,thepresumptionofequalitycannotapplywhenthepropertyisboughtfordevelopmentorlettingpurposes.There,andeventhoughthepartiesweremotheranddaughter,theresultingtrustmechanismoperated.
Rebutting the Presumption
Inordertoestablishunequal
shares,theremustbeidentifiedashared,commonintentionofthepartiesthatthereshouldbeownershipindifferentproportions.Indeterminingthiscommonintention,thecourtmayconsiderawiderangeofissues.Thesecouldinclude,forexample,financialandindirectcontributions,advicereceived,discussionsbetweentheparties,reasonswhythepropertywasboughtinjointnames,thepurposesforwhichthehomewasacquired,whetheritwasahomefortheparties’children,howthepartiesarrangedtheirfinancesandthenatureoftheparties’relationship.
Thecourtmayalsotakeintoaccounthowthecircumstanceshavechangedsincethepurchase.MrsDowdenwasabletorebutthepresumptionbyidentifyinganumberoffeatureswhichindicatedacommonintentionthatthebeneficialinterestsweretobeunequal.Shehadcontributedfarmoretotheacquisitionofthepropertyandtherepaymentofthemortgagethanhadherpartner.Althoughtheyhadlivedtogetherfor18years,thiswasnotacasewherethepartiespooledtheirresourcesforthecommongood.BaronessHalecommentedontheunusualnatureoftheparties’relationship,”Therecannotbemanyunmarriedcoupleswhohavelivedtogetherforaslongasthis,whohavehadfourchildrentogether,andwhoseaffairshavebeenkeptasrigidlyseparateasthiscouple’saffairswerekept”(at465).Hence,itwasthoughttobeunjusttoallowMrStacktobeenrichedatMrsDowden’sexpense.
Twosubsequentcasesfurtherillustratethecircumstancesinwhich
thepresumptionofequalownershipmayberebutted.First,in Adekunle v Ritchie [2007]2P&C.R.D20amotherandsonboughtacouncilhousetogetherundertherighttobuy
legislation.Themotherwasasittingtenantandhadthebenefitofagenerousdiscount.Shecould
Michael Haley is Professor of Property Law at Keele University. He reunites with Dr Lara McMurtry for the new second edition of Equity & Trusts, Textbook Series. In the following article he examines the decline of the resulting trust.
14
Stack v DowdenandtheDeclineoftheResultingTrust
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GLANVILEWILLIAMS:LEARNINGTHELAWATHSmith
• Amust-havebookforeverylawstudentandforanyoneconsideringacareerinthelaw,abouttostudyforalawdegreeorlawmoduleofanon-lawdegree
• GivesanoverviewoftheEnglishlegalsysteminaclearandaccessiblestyle
• Explainshowtointerpretstatutesandhowthesystem ofprecedentworks
• Introduceslegalproblemsthatstudentsarelikelytocomeacrossandexplainshowbesttotacklethem
Availableforstudentstobuyfromwww.amazon.co.uk, www.hammickslegal.comandallgoodbookshops
ONETORECOMMEND
not,however,fundthemortgagealone.Thefactswere,therefore,verydifferentfromthatofthenormalcohabitingcouple.JudgeJohnBehrensfeltthatitmaywellbeeasiertodisplacethepresumptionofequalownershipincaseswhichdonotinvolveacouplelivingtogether.Theprimarypurposeofthepurchasewastoprovideahomeforthemotherandtheparties’financeswerekeptseparate.Thejudgeawardedthesonaone-thirdbeneficialinterestintheproperty.
ThesecondcaseisLaskar v Laskar wherethepropertywaspurchasedbyamotheranddaughterasaninvestment.Anypresumptionofequalitywouldhavebeenrebutted
becausetheparties’financialaffairswerekeptseparate;thepropertywasnotpurchasedasahomeforbothofthem;therewasnoreasonwhythe
motherwouldfavouronechildoverherotherchildren;theparties’contributionsweresignificantlydifferentandthereasonwhy
thedaughterbecameaco-ownerwassimplybecause
hermothercouldnotaffordtopurchasethepropertyonherown.
ConclusionTheapproachpromotedintheStackcasewasintendedtoofferastraightforwardandeffectivemeansofallocatingbeneficialinterestsinthosedomesticjointnamescases
wherethepartiesweresilentastotheirintendedshares.Itattemptstoachievethisbychangingtheemphasisuponwhohastoprovewhat.Nevertheless,theapplicationoftheStackpresumptionishighlyfactsensitiveandrequiresthecourttoworkoutwhatcomprisesdomesticsettingand,iftheequalownershippresumptionoperates,
whatcircumstanceswillwarrant itsrebuttal.Itissomewhatironic thatanevidentialpresumption,designedprimarilytoavoidanartificial,balancesheetapproach tocalculatingthebeneficialinterestsofcohabitants,seeminglyrequiresthesamestyleofforensicexaminationinordertocounter itsoperation.
1ST EDITION OUTNOW
13TH EDITION OUTNOW
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5TH EDITION OUTNOW
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ISBN: 978-0-421-92550-2
PRICE: £12.95
PUBLISHING: AUGUST2006
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academicNEWS
TheoryinaWorldofLegalRules
IhavebeenteachingJurisprudenceforover15years,andithasneverstoppedbeinghard.MyexperiencehasbeenonbothsidesoftheAtlantic(myundergraduateandinitialpostgraduatelawdegreeintheUnitedStates;thenadoctoraldegreeinlawfromOxfordUniversityandmyfirstteachingpositionatKing’sCollegeLondon;and,finally,subsequentteachingpositionshavebeenintheUnitedStates),andatanumberofdifferentuniversities.
Teachingconventionallawcoursesisenoughofachallenge(bothtotheteachersandthestudents).Therearequitedifficultskillsstudentsneedtodevelop,tobeabletogleanknowledgefromjudicialopinions,tolearnthelegalrules,andthentobeabletoapplythemtonovel(hypothetical)factsituations.IteachContractLawandFamilyLawaswellasJurisprudence,andIhaveseenplentyofotherwiseveryablestudentshavetroublewiththedistinctiveskillsoflawpractice.
Jurisprudenceissomethingentirelydifferent.Knowledgeisnotgainedfromjudicialopinions,statutes,orotherauthoritativetexts,andtheultimatepurposeoftheexerciseisfarfromclear.Jurisprudencerarelyseemstobeconnected,atleastinanyobviousways,togivinglegaladvicetoclients,orprescribinglegislativereformofexistinglaws.Jurisprudenceismorephilosophythanlaw.ItisnotsurprisingthatstudentswhospenttherestoftheirstudieswithconventionallawclassesoftenfeellostinaJurisprudenceclass.
Irecalloneoccasion,whenthedifferentpeopleteachingJurisprudenceatKing’shadtheideathatitwouldbeusefulforstudentstobeexposedtothe
variousperspectivesontopics.Itwasthoughtthatwecouldgetthisdiversityofperspectivesacrosstothem,by,forexample,havingtwoofus“debate”thebestunderstandingofRonaldDworkin’sideasanditssignificance.Asitturnedout,thestudentsdidnotlikethedebateatall.Assomeofthemtolduslater,theywerehorriblyconfused:theydidnotknowwhichviewaboutDworkinwas supposed to be right.
Thisisanexampleofstudentsconfusingthelawthinkingofconventionalclasses(contractlaw,propertylaw,tortlaw,etc.)withthetypeofthinkingrequiredforaJurisprudencecourse.Ofcourse,onecanteachJurisprudenceinawaythatapproximatesotherlawclasses:itcanbeonelongmemorizationexercise,withthefinalexaminationrequiringthestudents,perhaps,toreproducedefinitionsofHLAHart’sruleofrecognition,HansKelsen’sbasicnorm,andJohnFinnis’slistofbasicgoods,orsomethinglikethat.Suchinformationisbynomeansentirelyworthless,butmerememorizationdoesseemtomiss thepoint.
Philosophygenerallymaybeaboutthegreattruths,but(asJohnStuartMillargued)ourgrasponthosegreattruthswillbetenuousunlessweunderstandboththeargumentsthatsupportthoseconclusionsandthestrongestargumentsagainstthem.Onemightaddthatwithanyformofphilosophy,itisalsoworthknowingwhycertainquestionsarebeingasked,andwhythosequestionsmightbeworthanswering.
Andsoitiswithjurisprudence:HansKelsen’slegaltheoryisdifficulttounderstand,letalonetoappreciate,withoutknowingthepuzzlethatconcernedhim,ofhowactions
intheempiricalworldcancreatenewnorms.RonaldDworkin’srightanswerthesisiskeptinbetterfocuswhenconsideredalongsidecommonlawlandmarkcases,wherethegreatjudgesappeartobemakingradicallynewlaw,butclaimonlytobediscoveringlawthatwasalreadypresent.(AndasDworkinhimselfpointsout,anydenialthatthereare rightanswersinhardcasesmustbeevaluatedalongsidethemoralobjectionstotakingawaypropertyorlibertybasedonanewlawappliedretroactively.)
Mostofthepeoplewhoteachandwriteinthisareathinkthattherearerightanswers,oratleastbestapproaches,tojurisprudentialdisputes,e.g.,tothequestionsofthenatureoflaw,justice,orrights.Somemightthinkthatmorethanoneapproachisright,oratleastthatmorethanoneapproachisvaluable,inthatwhatisbeingdescribediscomplexandalternativeapproachesmighteachcaptureaportionoftheintricatetruth.However,eveniftherearesingleorcomplexrightanswers,thevalueofanyphilosophyclass,includingaJurisprudenceclass,isintheskillsonegainsatbeingabletoasktherightquestions,developpersuasivearguments,analyzethestrengthsandweaknessesofotherpeople’sarguments,andtoknowandappreciatethestrongestargumentsagainst one’s ownviews.
Brian Bix is Frederick W Thomas Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Minnesota, USA and author of the new fifth edition of Jurisprudence: Theory and Context. In the following article he looks at why students often struggle with jurisprudence as a subject.
17
Mybook,Jurisprudence: Theory and Context cameoutofmy(ongoing)strugglestoteachJurisprudence.Iwantedabookthatwouldgivetheanswersthatstudentswanted,butwouldalsoplacetheanswersintoalargercontext:understandingnotonlythequestionsthatthetheoristshadchosentoanswer,butalsowhy thosequestionsweresalienttothesetheorists.Whatisthesocial,political,orphilosophicalbackgroundagainstwhichcertainquestionsseempressing?(andseempressingtoonegeneration,butseemeithertrivialorobscuretolatergenerations.)
Witheachsubsequenteditionofthebook,Ihavetriedtomovesimultaneouslyinthreedirections:coveringmoretopics,givinggreaterdepthtoeachtopic,butalsotryingtomakeeachtopicmoreaccessible.TheextenttowhichIhavesucceeded,particularlyinmyprimaryobjectiveofmakingdifficultideasandapproachesaccessible,Imustleavetootherstojudge.
You can obtain your free inspection copy of Jurisprudence: Theory and Context, by completing and returning the inspection copy request form on page 13. Alternatively you can call the inspection copy hotline on 020 7393 7293 or visit us at www.sweetandmaxwell.co.uk/academic.
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TheoryinaWorldofLegalRules
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Call Samantha Siddle on 020 7393 7154 to arrange a roadshow at your location or email her on [email protected]
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TheSweet&MaxwellLawPrizehasrecentlybeenreviewedandnewtermsandconditionsintroduced.TheSweet&MaxwellLawPrizeenableshighereducationinstitutionstoawardtheirhighestachievinglawstudentwiththegiftofbookspublishedbySweet&Maxwelltothevalueof£150.TheprizeisopentoalllawschoolsintheUK.
Youdecidewhattheprizewillbeawardedforandwhotherecipientwillbe.Theprizecanbeawardedtoonestudentorsplitbetweentwo.
Inaddition,theSweet&MaxwellVocationalLawPrizeenablesthoseinstitutionswhooffertheLPCorBVCtorecognisetheachievementsofstudentsundertakingthevocationalstageoftraining.TheSweet&MaxwellVocationalLawPrizeisthegiftofbookspublishedbySweet&Maxwelltothevalueof£100andagaincanbeawardedtoonestudentorsplitbetweentwo.
IfyouwouldliketoawardeitherPrizefortheacademicyear2008-2009,pleasecontactusbynolaterthanDecember18th2009withdetailsofthewinner/s.Pleasestateclearlywhatprizeyouareawarding.Afterreceivingthenameandaddressofthewinner,wewillsendthemaprizepackcontainingacertificate,anorderform,andaletterofcongratulationsdetailinghowtheycanclaimtheirprize.
To register your institution, check whether your institution is already registered, or for the full terms and conditions of both prizes, please email [email protected]
SWEET&MAXWELLLAW PRIzEANDSWEET&MAXWELL VOCATIONALLAWPRIzE
STUDENTSCANLEARNONTHEMOVEWITHOURFREEPODCASTS!Wehaveaddedthreenewpodcaststoourrangeoffreepodcastsforstudents.Thesebitesizedupdatesprovidethoughtprovokingcommentaryforstudentsstartinganewsubjectandareperfectrefreshersforexams.Weareaddingnewonesallthetimesopleasetellyourstudentstoregularlyvisitwww.sweetandmaxwell.co.uk/academic
Thefollowingpodcastsarenowavailable:
Judith Masson & Rebecca Probert–FamilyLaw
Ryan Murray–ContractLaw
Jo Boylan-Kemp–EnglishLegalSystem
David Llewelyn–IntellectualProperty
Gwyneth Pitt–EmploymentLaw
Carl Stychin & Linda Mulcahy –LegalMethods
Maureen Spencer–HumanRights
Elizabeth Giussani –Constitutional andAdministrativeLaw
Rebecca Probert –FamilyLaw
John Sprack–EmploymentLaw
Sara Hadwin & Duncan Bloy–MediaLaw
David Pope & Dan Hill–MootingandAdvocacySkills
EFFECTIVELEGALRESEARCH LEGALSKILLSSERIESJohnKnowles“… an extremely useful addition to any undergraduate’s or postgraduate’s learning support toolkit. The book is an absolutely essential purchase for any University Law Library and it should be recommended widely to students.” LegalInformationManagement
• Providesapracticalguidetoresearchingortracinglegal informationeffectively
• Presentstheinformationinastep-by-stepformat,leadingstudentsthroughtheworldoflegalresearchfromusing alawlibrarytosearchingonline
• ExplainshowtoresearchEUandECHRmaterials
• IncorporatesexamplesofLawReports,Acts,Halsbury’s, CurrentLaw,HansardandEuropeanmaterialsfromthe OfficialJournal,Eur-LexandtheEuropeanCourtofJustice
• Containsshadedtipboxeshighlightingimportantpoints toremember
• Includeswebshotsfromkeyonlinesourcesincluding WestlawUK,LexisNexisProfessional,BAILII,EuropaandTSO
• AppendicesincludeAbbreviationslistofReports,Series andJournals,SummaryofSourcesforEnglishLaw, OnlineSourcesofScotsandNorthernIrelandLaw
ANESSENTIALGUIDETO RESEARCHINGANDTRACING LEGALINFORMATIONEFFECTIVELY
ISBN: 978-1-847-03818-0
PRICE: £18.95
PUBLISHING: APRIL2009
Availableforstudentstobuyfromwww.amazon.co.uk, www.hammickslegal.comandallgoodbookshops
1ST EDITION OUTNOW
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HOWTOSTUDYLAW LEGALSKILLSSERIESAnthonyBradney,JudithMasson,AlanCNeal,DavidNewellandFionaCownie• Anexcellentintroductiontothecommonlawsystemidealforallstudentsoflaw
• Takesapracticalapproachtodemonstratehow tofind,readandanalyseavarietyoflegalmaterials
• Usesexercisestohelpstudentsnegotiatetheir wayaroundcomplexlegalmaterialsandgrasp theskillsrequired
• Laysthefoundationforsuccessfulstudyofthelaw
TWOESSENTIALTITLESFORLAWSTUDENTS
ISBN: 978-0-421-89380-1
PRICE: £18.95
PUBLISHING: JULY2005
Availableforstudentstobuyfromwww.amazon.co.uk, www.hammickslegal.comandallgoodbookshops
OSBORN’SCONCISE LAWDICTIONARYEditedbyMickWoodley• Forover80yearsOsborn’shasbeentheessentialconcisedictionaryoflegaltermsforstudents
• Offerscomprehensivecoverageincludinganextensivelistingofjournals,lawreportsandtheirabbreviations
• Containsover4,700referencesfromtheobscure totheeveryday
• Providesspeedyaccesstoamassoftechnicalterms andphrasesinbothEnglishandEuropeanlaw
• Takesallentriesbeyonddefinitionsandbasiccontextwithextensivelegalreferencingtoprovideasolid basisforfurtherresearch
ISBN: 978-1-847-03308-6
PRICE: £11.95
PUBLISHING: MARCH2009
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