7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
1/45
5
ADEXRMP 5
FKRPCB]ARFCK
5+5 @eaigpc}kb cn rdm Qr}bvLekg}egm fq omekq cn acoo}kfaerfck cn ckm xmpqck rc ekcrdmp, rc mtxpmqq
ckmq xmpqckel pmearfck, mocrfckq, ekb rdc}gdr eq wmll eq rc qdepm fkncpoerfck fk
beflv qcafel lfnm+ Acoo}kfaerfck fq rdm ocqr foxcprekr ekb acoxlmt eqxmarq cn
d}oek lfnm+ C}p beflv lf~mq epm qrpckglv ennmarmb `v c}p cwk acoo}kfaerfck wfrd
crdmp wdflm rpekqnmppfkg omqqegmq npco xmcxlm rc xmcxlmq+
Xmcxlm }qm lekg}egm kcr cklv rc mtadekgm qc}kbq, wcpbq, cp qmkrmkamq, `}r
elqc rc `pfkg omekfkgq+ Wdmk omekfkg fq ack~mvmb rdpc}gd lekg}egm, xmcxlm }qm
lekg}egm rc fkrmpear ekb mqre`lfqd pmlerfck rc fknl}mkam ekb rc mtxpmqq rdmfp
mtxmpfmkam rc rdm wcplb+ Ckm cn rdm mteoxlmq cn rdfq ackbfrfck fq bm`erfkg+
Bm`erm fq wdmpm rwc xmcxlmq cp ocpm relimb e`c}r qcomrdfkg rder oebm
xpc ekb ackrpe ekb qcomrfomq rdmv `macom mkmov rc ckm mead crdmp+ Bm`erfkg fq
e ocpm ncpoel wev cn acoo}kfaerfkg+ Fr `}flbq acknfbmkam ekb qmln mqrmmo fk
xmcxlm+Rdmpm epm qcom bmnfkfrfckq cn bm`erm+ Nfpqr, bm`erm fq ek epg}omkr rc
bmafbm gccb cp kcr e qxmafnfa xpcxcqel wdfad q}xxcprmb `v e xepr wdfad fq aellmb
q}xxcprmp cp ennfpoerf~m, be` pmjmarmb bmkfmb `v crdmpq, wdfad fq aellmb bmkfmpq cp
kmgerf~m $Repfgek, 5642: 4>&+ Qmackb, bm`erm fq e xpcamqq cn cpel acoo}kfaerfck
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
2/45
0
bmalepmb wfrd e lekg}egm rc bmnmkqm ek epg}omkr $Bfqxcbjcjc, 5642: 27&+ Rdfpb,
Eaacpbfkg rc Fkbckmqfeq @fg Bfarfckepv $0881: 020& Bm`erm fq rdm bfqa}qqfck ekb
mtadekgm cn cxfkfck ck e oerrmp `v gf~fkg mead crdmp pmeqckq rc oefkrefk rdmfp
cxfkfck+ Nc}prd, Eaacpbfkg rc Bcpf W}w}p fk dfq `cci Pdmrcpfa $5665: 508&
bm`erm fq ekcrdmp epg}omkr `mrwmmk fkbf~fb}elq cp `mrwmmk gpc}xq cn d}oekq
wfrd rdm efo cn eadfm~fkg e ~farcpv ncp ckm xeprv+ Leqr, Eaacpbfkg Rc Ieobdf
$566=:02/0>& Bm`erm fq bfqa}qqfck ek mtadekgm cn cxfkfck ck e q}`jmar oerrmp
wdfad mead xeprfafxekr gf~mq pmeqck rc bmnmkb dfq cxfkfck+
N}prdmpocpm, kerfck fq ek cpgekfzerfck fk ckm pmgfck rder deq e`qcl}rm
xcwmp ekb ncllcwmb `v rdm afrfzmk+ Rdmk xcwmp fq qcomckmq cp gpc}xq e`flfrv fk
fknl}mkafkg `mde~fcp cn qcom`cbv cp gpc}x eq rdm wfllfkgkmqq cn rdm earcp+ M~mk
bmafqfck oeifkg fq rdm reifkg cn bmafqfck acllmarf~mlv ekb rvfkg ell acoo}kfrfmq+
Kmtr, x}`lfa xclfav fq rdm bmafqfck rder deb elpmebv reimk eq rdm wev rc pmead rdm
x}pxcqm+ Leqr, bfqrpf`}rfck fq rdm ellcaerfck cn ~el}mq fk qcafmrv+
Pmnmp rc bmqapfxrfck e`c~m, rdm ekelvqfq nca}qmq ck bfpmar ekb fkbfpmar
qxmmad wdfad }rrmpmb `v nc}p n}r}pm aekbfbermq wdc wfll adekgm C`eoeq xcqfrfck
fk Xpmqfbmkrq adefp fk ]kfrmb Qrermq+ Rdm bm`erm `mrwmmk nc}p cn n}r}pm aekbfbermq
fk Pmx}`lfaek Xeprv fq adcqmk `mae}qm rdmv epm wdc aek exxpmaferm rdmfp }rrmpekam
rc e}bfmkam ekb wdc bepm acoxmrm fk npckr cn rdm e}bfmkam ekb wdc deq reimk rdm
errmkrfck cn x}`lfa+
Eaacpbfkg rc V}lm $566>: x+24&, fk qxmmad ear, rdmpm epm rdpmm ifkbq cn ear,
rdmv epm: lca}rfckepv ear, fllca}rfckepv ear, ekb xmplca}rfckepv ear+ Lca}rfckepv ear
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
3/45
1
fq rdm `eqfa ear cn }rrmpekam cp xpcb}afkg e omekfkgn}l lfkg}fqrfaq mtxpmqqfck+ Fk
rdm crdmp wcpbq, rdm qxmeimp cklv fkncpoq qcomrdfkg rc dmepmp+ Fllca}rfckepv ear fq
rdm xmpncpoekam cn ek ear fq qevfkg qcomrdfkg cp qxmeimp fkrmkrfck+ Leqr,
Xmplca}rfckepv ear fq qxmmad ear rder deq ek mnnmar ck rdm nmmlfkgq cn rdm qxmeimp cp
rdm lfqrmkmp+ Fk rdm crdmp wcpbq, fr fq rdm mnnmar cn wder rdm qxmeimp qevq+ Rd}q,
`mqfbm rder, eaacpbfkg rc E}qrfkq cpfgfkel mtxcqfrfck fk Dcw rc Bc Rdfkgq wfrd
Wcpb, ek Fllca}rfckepv ear fq ek ear ncp rdm xmpncpoekam cn wdfad F o}qr oeim fr
almep rc qcom crdmp xmpqck rder rdm ear fq xmpncpomb+ Ncp mteoxlm:
$5& Nerdmp: aek vc} qmm vc}p werad3, wder rfom fq fr3Qck: Fo pmellv qcppv Beb, Fo lerm rc gcfkg dcom+
Rdfq ack~mpqerfck npco rwc xmcxlmq wdc relifkg mead crdmp `mrwmmk nerdmp
ekb dfq qck+ Wdmk e qck aeom lerm ekb dfq nerdmp eqimb dfo aek vc} qmm vc}p
werad3, wder rfom fq fr3 ekb e qck ekqwmpq wfrd Fo pmellv qcppv beb, Fo lerm rc
gcfkg dcom+ Rdm ack~mpqerfck dmpm qrerm rder rdm nerdmp kcr cklv eqifkg rdm rfom
`}r oev elqc omek rder qck acomq rcc lerm rc gcfkg dcom+
5+0 Fbmkrfnfaerfck cn rdm Xpc`lmoEq `mfkg qrermb e`c~m, bm`erm fq e qxmeifkg ncpo wdfad }qmb rc bfelcg}m
ekb qrpckg qrermomkr mead crdmp qc rder qrermomkr aek eaamxrmb `v ell qfbm+
Rdmpmncpm, rdm pmqmepad u}mqrfckq rder rdm wpfrmp wc}lb lfim rc ekqwmp epm eq
ncpo}lermb `mlcw:
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
4/45
2
5+ Wder epm rdm rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv earq }qmb `v Pmx}`lfaek Xeprv fkXpmqfbmkrfel Bm`ermq3
0+ Wder rdm nearcpq ae}qmq rpfggmp rdm }qm cn rdm fllca}rfckepv ear fkXpmqfbmkrfel Bm`erm3
5+1 C`jmarf~m cn rdm Qr}bv@eqmb ck rdm pmqmepad u}mqrfckq, eq rdm c`jmar cn rdm qr}bv, rdfq pmqmepad fq
ackb}armb rc c`qmp~m ell xeprfafxekrq }rrmpekamq fk }qfkg rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear
wdfad caa}ppmb fk Pmx}`lfaek Xpmqfbmkrfel Bm`erm+ Rdfq x}pxcqm cn rdm qr}bv wfll
`m ncpo}lermb eq ncllcwq:
5+ Rdm rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad epm nc}kb fk rdm Pmx}`lfaekXpmqfbmkrfel Bm`erm, mfrdmp pmxpmqmkrerf~m, bmaleperfck, acoofqqf~m,
bfpmarf~m, cp mtxpmqqf~m+
0+ Rdm nearcpq ae}qmq rpfggmp rdm }qm cn rdm fllca}rfckepv ear+
5+2 Qacxm cn rdm Qr}bvRdfq qr}bv fq ackb}armb fk ekelvzfkg rdm rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad
epm nc}kb fk rdm bm`erm cn nc}p n}r}pm aekbfberm cn Pmx}`lfaek Xeprv+ @mqfbm, rdm
wpfrmp elqc xevq errmkrfck rc rdm ackrmtr cn rdm }rrmpekam+ Fk ekelvzfkg rdm bere, rdm
wpfrmp exxlfmq rdmcpv xpcxcqmb `v Qmeplm, ekb acoxlmrmb `v crdmp pmlermb rdmcpfmq
rc fbmkrfnv rdm rvxmq ekb lccifkg ncp rdm nearcp cn fllca}rfckepv ear rder caa}pq fk
rdm bere+ Dcwm~mp, rdm pmqmepad wfll `m lfofrmb ck deln acxfmb cn rdm Pmx}`lfaek
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
5/45
=
Xpmqfbmkrfel bm`ermq rpekqapfxr `mae}qm fk rpekqapfxr bere, rdm xegmq }krfl >5
xegmq+
5+= Omrdcb cn rdm PmqmepadRdm bere wmpm reimk npco bm`erm `mrwmmk nc}prd Nlcpfbe Pmx}`lfaekq
Xpmqfbmkrfel fk rpekqapfxrq ~fbmc pmlmeqmb er Jek}epv 0>kb 0850+ Wdv rdm wpfrmp
rcci rdm }rrmpekamq fk bm`erm `mrwmmk nc}prd Nlcpfbe Pmx}`lfaekq Xpmqfbmkrfel
aekbfbermq eq rdm bere `mae}qm rdmv epm b}m rc xpegoerfa ncpo epm nc}kb fk
bfelcg}m cn ~fbmc, mqxmafellv fllca}rfckepv earq+ Rdfq rpekqapfxr reliq e`c}r rdm
xpc`lmo wdfad fq acknpckr rdmo+
5+=+5 Omrdcb ekb Rmadkfu}m cn Acllmarfkg BereFk acllmarfkg rdm bere, rdm wpfrmp exxlfmb kck xeprfafxekr c`qmp~erfck
omrdcb $Q}bepvekrc, 5661:512& wdmpm wpfrmp bfb kcr jcfk bfpmarlv wfrd rder
bm`ermq, `}r cklv acllmar rdm bere ekb `mgfk rc ekelvzm fr+ Fk rdfq omrdcb, rdm ~fbmc
cn Nlcpfbe Pmx}`lfaekq Xpmqfbmkrfel Bm`erm fk Jeaiqck~fllm, Kcprd Nlcpfbe ck
Jek}epv, 0>kb 0850 fq reimk npco vc}r}`m ekb weradmq fr ncp qm~mpel rfomq+ Rdm
~fbmc fq bcwklcebmb rc qdcw rdmfp mtxpmqqfck rc q}xxcpr rdm rpekqapfxr ekb rcci
rdm rpekqapfxr eq wmll fk
drrx:##www+epadf~mq+akk+acoRPEKQAPFXRQ50850>qm+8=+drol rc gmr ocpm ~elfb
bere+ Fkbmmb, rdm rpekqapfxr fq q}frmb wfrd rdm ~fbmc cn Nc}prd aekbfbermq cn
http://www.archives.cnn.comtranscripts120126se.05.html/http://www.archives.cnn.comtranscripts120126se.05.html/7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
6/45
>
Pmx}`lfaek Xpmqfbmkrfel qxmmad+ Rdm qfoflep bere wdfad caa}p fk rdm qxmmad epm
cofrrmb ekb cklv qm~mpel bere epm }qmb+ Rdmk, rdm kcrm fq `mfkg reimk npco rdm
qeoxlm cn rdm bere+
5+=+0 Omrdcb ekb Rmadkfu}m cn Ekelvzfkg BereFk ekelvzfkg rdm bere, rwc rdmcpfmq epm exxlfmb rder xpcxcqmb `v Qmeplm $fk
Lmmad: 5641& wdc deq rdm exxlfaerfck cn rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv earq ekb elqc
dmlxmb `v rdm exxlfaerfck cn ackrmtr xpcxcqmb `v Dvomq $5670&+ Rdm ekelvqfq fq
`mg}k npco ekelvzfkg qxmmad bm`erm wdfad fq `mmk fk rdm rpekqapfxrq ~fbmc
bm`erm+ Rdmqm qxmmad bm`ermq caa}ppfkg fk m~mpv qmkrmkam wc}lb gf~m rdm
xmpqxmarf~m cn wder rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv ear npco omo`mpq cn bm`erfkg+ Rdm
enrmp rder, rdm wpfrmp qmlmarq rdm }rrmpekamq rc aleqqfnv fkrc rvxmq `eqmb ck Qmeplmq
rdmcpv+ Ekb wdmk rdm wpfrmp nfkfqdmb dfq ekelvzfkg wfrd Qmeplmq rdmcpv,
ackrfk}mb wfrd Dvomqq rdmcpv rc ikcwfkg rdm nearcp rpfggmp rdm }qm cn
fllca}rfckepv ear fk xpmqfbmkrfel bm`erm+
5+=+1 Omrdcb ekb Rmadkfu}m cn Xpmqmkrfkg Rdm Pmq}lr cn EkelvqfqRdm pmq}lr cn ekelvqfq wfll `m mtxlefkmb wfrd ncpoel ekb fkncpoel wev+
Ncpoel wev }qfkg re`lm wdmpm }qmb rc xpmqmkr rdm c~mpell pmq}lr ekb Fkncpoel wev
}qfkg wcpbq wdmpm }qmb rc mtxlefk rdm pmq}lr cn ekelvqfq+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
7/45
7
ADEXRMP 0
PM^FMW CN PMLERMB LFRMPER]PM
0+5 Pm~fmw cn Pmlermb Qr}bfmqEar}ellv, qxmmad earq deq `mmk ekelvzmb `v oekv pmqmepadmpq, mqxmafellv fk
Fllca}rfckepv earq+ E nmw cn rdmo fq ^ekbmp~eimk, Rcocv}if Veoebe, ekb leqr fq
Ekke Pac~ . Jk Dcpmai+
Nfpqr, ^ekbmp~eimk $5662&, qxmeimpq xmpncpo rdmfp fllca}rfckepv earq
wfrdfk mkrfpm ack~mpqerfckq wdmpm rdmv epm ocqr cnrmk fk ~mp`el fkrmpearfck wfrd
crdmp qxmeimpq wdc pmxlv rc rdmo ekb xmpncpo fk r}pk rdmfp cwk qxmmad earq wfrd
rdm qeom acllmarf~m fkrmkrfck rc x}pq}m wfrd q}aamqq e amprefk rvxm cn bfqac}pqm+
Rd}q, e`c~m ell, rdm }qm cn lekg}egm fq e qcafel ncpo cn lfkg}fqrfa `mde~fcp+ Fr
ackqfqrq, fk gmkmpel, cn cpbmpmb qmu}mkamq cn }rrmpekamq oebm `v qm~mpel qxmeimpq
wdc rmkb `v rdmfp ~mp`el fkrmpearfck rc eadfm~m e acoock bfqa}pqf~m gcelq q}ad eq
bfqa}qqfkg, ackq}lrfkg, cp ocpm qfoxlv rc mtadekgm gpmmrfkgq ekb reli ncp frq cwk
qeim+ Ncp rmpofkclcgfael ack~mkfmkam, F wfll aell q}ad cpbmpmb qmu}mkamq cn
qxmmad earq ack~mpqerfckq+
Qmackb, Veoebe $0884,& dfq qr}bv xpc~fbmq fllca}rfckepv earq cn
acooekbfkg wfll `m bfnnmpmkrfermb npco xmplca}rfckepv earq rder ennmar
xpmnmpmkamq cn ebbpmqqmq fk e kmw bvkeofa lcgfa wdfad aco`fkmq rdm xpmnmpmkamq
}xgpebm fkrpcb}amb fk BM]L $Bvkeofa Mxfqrmofa ]xgpebm Lcgfa& `v ^ek
@mkrdmo ekb Lf} wfrd rdm bmckrfa }xberm fkrpcb}amb fk MAL FF $Mlfofkerf~m
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
8/45
4
Acooekb Lcgfa FF& `v Veoebe+ Rdm rfrlm cn dfq pmqmepad fq Lcgfael Bvkeofaq cn
qcom qxmmad earq rder ennmar c`lfgerfckq ekb Xpmnmpmkam+ Dfq pmqmepad qdcwq rder
rdm pmq}lrfkg lcgfa wfll fkacpxcperm J+L+ E}qrfkq bfqrfkarfck `mrwmmk fllca}rfckepv
earq eq earq de~fkg ompm ack~mkrfckel mnnmarq ekb xmplca}rfckepv earq eq earq
de~fkg pmel mnnmarq }xck errfr}bmq ekb earfck cn egmkrq ekb dmlx rc }kbmpqrekb wdv
qevfkg qc aek oeim fr qc fk mtxlfafr xmpncpoerf~m }rrmpekamq+
Leqr, Pac~ . Jk Dcpmai $088>&+ Rdfq xexmp bmqapf`mq rdm qvkrearfa
qrp}ar}pm cn Qlc~ei Aepxerdfek Pcoekv ck rdm `eqfq cn rdm rdmcpv cn fllca}rfckepv
earq, f+m+ earq `v wdfad qcomrdfkg fq }rrmpmb e`c}r pmelfrv ekb wdfad aeppv rdm
ackrmkr cn rdm }rrmpekam eq e `eqfa acoo}kfaerf~m qfgk+ @mqfbmq rdmfp ncpo ekb
ackrmkr, fllca}rfckepv earq de~m qxmafel n}karfckq rder pm~mel rdm fkrmkrfck cn rdm
qxmeimp, q}ad eq rdm fkncpoerfckel fllca}rfckepv ear n}karfckq rc xpc~fbm
fkncpoerfck, rdm acgfrerf~m fllca}rfckepv ear `crd fkrpcb}amq kmw fllca}rfckepv ear
ekb mtxpmqqmq ckmq errfr}bm rcwepb rdmo, rdm bfpmarf~m fllca}rfckepv ear pmu}fpmq e
pmearfck npco rdm ebbpmqqmm, ekb rdm xderfa fllca}rfckepv ear xmpncpoq rdm qcafel
n}karfck cn fk~cl~fkg crdmpq fk rdm acoo}kfaerfck xpcamqq+ Fk rdm pmq}lr cn
ekelvqfq, rdmv bmockqrperm rder fk fllca}rfckepv earq, xmcxlm ncpo}lerm
fllca}rfckepv ear wfrd qrerm cn rdmfp lfkg}fqrfa ackqafc}qkmqq ekb frq earf~frv+
Km~mprdmlmqq, m~mk fllca}rfckepv ear aekkcr `v rdmoqml~mq pmxpmqmkr rdm lfkg}fqrfa
ackqafmkam+ Rder fq wdv wfrdfk bfqa}pqf~m earf~frv xmcxlm ncpo}lerm ocpm
acoxlmt }kfrq npco rdmo+ Rdmqm acoxlmt }kfrq epm bmkcrmb eq rmtrq+ Dcwm~mp,
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
9/45
6
rdmfp ocpm bmreflmb ekelvqfq bcmq kcr ackqrfr}rm ek c`jmar cn qvkret `}r cn qrvlfqrfaq
ekb pdmrcpfa+
Npco rdpmm pmqmepadmpq e`c~m, fr aek ackal}bm rder rdmfp pmqmepadmq epm
bfnnmpmkr npco rdfq qr}bv, `}r wder rdmv relimb e`c}r fq qeom+ Rdm pmqmepadmpq
nca}q ck fllca}rfckepv earq+ Rdm nfpqr pmqmepad nca}qmq ck rdm }qm cn lekg}egm fq e
qcafel ncpo cn lfkg}fqrfa `mde~fcp+ Fr omekq rder rdmv }qm fllca}rfckepv earq wfrdfk
mkrfpm ack~mpqerfckq wdmpm rdmv epm ocqr cnrmk fk ~mp`el fkrmpearfck wfrd crdmp
qxmeimpq wdc pmxlv rc rdmo ekb xmpncpo fk r}pk rdmfp cwk qxmmad earq wfrd rdm
qeom acllmarf~m fkrmkrfck rc x}pq}m wfrd q}aamqq e amprefk rvxm cn bfqac}pqm+ Fk
rder wev, fr aek oeimq ~mp`el fkrmpearfck rc gmr e gcel, q}ad eq bfqa}qqfkg,
ackq}lrfkg, cp ocpm qfoxlv rc mtadekgm gpmmrfkgq ekb reli ncp frq cwk qeim+
Qmackb pmqmepad fq e lcgfael bvkeofaq cn qcom qxmmad earq rder ennmar c`lfgerfckq
ekb xpmnmpmkam+ Dm wekrmb rc xpc~m rder dfq pmqmepad qdcw aco`fkfkg npco J+L
E}qrfkq xmpqxmarf~m `mrwmmk Fllca}rfckepv earq ekb Xmplca}rfckepv earq+ Rdfpb
pmqmepad fq c`qmp~fkg rdm qvkrearfa qrp}ar}pm cn Qlc~ei Aepxerdfek Pcoekv ck rdm
`eqfq cn rdm rdmcpv cn fllca}rfckepv earq+ Fr qdcwq rder fk fllca}rfckepv earq, xmcxlm
ncpo}lerm fllca}rfckepv ear wfrd qrerm cn rdmfp lfkg}fqrfa ackqafc}qkmqq ekb frq
earf~frv+
0+0 Bmnfkfrfck cn Imv RmpoqRdmpm epm 0 imv rmpoq }qmb fk rdfq qr}bv+ Rdmv epm fllca}rfckepv ear ekb
bm`erm+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
10/45
58
Fllca}rfckepv Earq fq ek errmoxr rc acoo}kfaerm, wdfad rdmv ekelvzm eq
rdm mtxpmqqfck cn ek errfr}bm $@ead . Depkfqd, 5676&
Bm`erm fq ackrmkrfck fk epg}omkr, bfqx}rm, ackrpc~mpqv, ekb bfqa}qqfck,
mqxmafellv rdm bfqa}qqfck cn u}mqrfckq cn x}`lfa fkrmpmqr fk Xeplfeomkr cp fk ekv
eqqmo`lv+
0+1 Rdmcpmrfael NpeomwcpiRdm ekelvqfq cn rdfq wpfrfkg fq `eqmb ck qcom pmlermb rdmcpfmq+ Rdmv epm
qxmmad earq, fllca}rfckepv earq, ekb ackrmtr+ Rdm wpfrmp deq rpfmb rc nfkb rdcqm
rdmcpfmq fk qm~mpel `cciq ekb xbn, `}r rdm wpfrmp cklv }qmq amprefk rdmcpfmq rder epm
}qmb rc dmlx dfq pmqmepad ekb ekqwmp dfq a}pfcqfrv+ Rdmpmncpm, kcr ell rdmcpfmq cn
qxmmad earq, fllca}rfckepv earq ekb ackrmtr epm wpfrrmk dmpm+
0+1+5 Qxmmad earqEaacpbfkg rc V}lm $566>: 27&, earfckq xmpncpomb ~fe }rrmpekamq epm
gmkmpellv aellmb qxmmad earq+ Fk crdmp wcpbq, qxmeimpq epm errmoxrfkg rc
eaacoxlfqd ek ear wfrd wcpb xmpncpofkg qxmmad earq+ Ear}ellv, qxmmad ear fq
nfpqrlv xpcxcqmb `v E}qrfk+ E qxmmad earq fq e rdmcpv wdmpm rdm mnnmar cn ek
}rrmpekam fq ekelvzmb fk pmlerfckqdfx rc rdm qxmeimp ekb lfqrmkmpq `mde~fcp+ Qxmmad
earq rpmerq ek }rrmpekam eq ek ear xmpncpomb `v e qxmeimp fk e ackrmtr wfrd pmqxmar
rc rdm ebbpmqqmm $E}qrfk fk Rp}ggcrr ekb Xperr, 5648: 006&+ Eaacpbfkg rc
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
11/45
5
u}crerfck, E}qrfk aleqqfnfmb rdpmm ifkbq cn earq fk qxmmad ear, rdmv epm:
Lca}rfckepv ear, Fllca}rfckepv ear, ekb xmplca}rfckepv+
Lca}rfckepv ear fq rdm ear cn qfoxlm }rrmpfkg qmkrmkamq npco e lekg}egmq, fr
fq bmqapfxrfck cn wder rdm qxmeimp qevq+ Fr fq rdm ear cn }qfkg e pmnmppfkg mtxpmqqfck
ekb e xpmbfarfkg mtxpmqqfck+ Fr fq e lfkg}fqrfa mtxpmqqfck cn wder rdm qxmeimp deq fk
ofkb+ Ncp mteoxlm, rdm }rrmpekam ov werad fq `pcimk+ Rdm pmnmppfkg mtxpmqqfck
fq ov werad ekb rdm xpmbfarfkg mtxpmqqfck fq fq `pcimk $E}qrfk fk Xepimp,
562>:5=&+ Rdfq fq ek ear cn qevfkg qcomrdfkg+
Fllca}rfckepv ear fq ek ear wder rdm qxmeimp fkrmkbq rc bc `v }rrmpfkg e
qmkrmkam+ Fr fkal}bmq qrerfkg, xpcofqfkg, exclcgfzfkg, rdpmermkfkg, xpmbfarfkg,
cpbmpfkg ekb pmu}mqrfkg+ Ncp mteoxlm, ocrdmp qevq rc dmp adflb reim vc}p nmmr cn
rdm re`lm+ Rdm fllca}rfckepv xmpncpomb `v ocrdmp fq cpbmpfkg $E}qrfk fk Xepimp,
564>: 5=&+ Fk crdmp wcpb, rdfq fq ek ear cn bcfkg qcomrdfkg+
Xmplca}rfckepv ear fq rdm mnnmar ck rdm dmepmp cn wder rdm qxmeimp qevq+ Rdfq
mnnmar aek fk~cl~m nmmlfkg, rdfkifkg, cp earfck cn rdm dmepmp+ Xmplca}rfckepv earq
fkal}bm q}ad mnnmar eq xmpq}ebfkg, mo`eppeqqfkg, fkrfofberfkg, `cpfkg, fppfrerfkg, cp
fkqxfpfkg rdm dmepmp+ Mteoxlm cn rdfq fq wdmk e d}q`ekb qevq rc dfq wfnm rmk rfomq
fk nf~m ofk}rmq D}ppv }x, bmep9 wm epm gcfkg rc `m lerm ncp rdm xeprv+ Fk rdfq
aeqm, rdm xmplca}rfckepv ear fq lfimlv rc `m ckm cn fppfrerfkg $E}qrfk fk Xepimp,
564>: 5>&+ Rdm rdpmm ifkbq cn rdmcpv cn qxmmad earq nca}q ck rdm u}mqrfck cn wder
rdmv epm bcfkg wdmk rdmv }qm lekg}egm+ Fr rpmerq ek }rrmpekam eq fr fq xmpncpomb `v
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
12/45
5
e qxmeimp fk e ackrmtr pmqxmarfkg rc ek ebbpmqqmm+ Fk crdmp wcpbq, qxmmad ear
rdmcpv fq pmlermb rc rdm pclm cn }rrmpekam+
0+1+0 Fllca}rfckepv EarRdfq qr}bv nca}qmq ck rdm fllca}rfckepv ear+ Fk ckm }rrmpekam rdmpm oev
qcom fllca}rfckq rdm qeom rfom+ Fllca}rfck fkal}bmq mtxlfafr ekb foxlfafr+ Mtxlfafr
fllca}rfck omekq rder rdm }rrmpekam deq rdm mtxlfafr xmpncpoerf~m, wdmpm fr fq
mtxpmqqmb bfpmarlv+ Foxlfafr fllca}rfck omekq rder rdm }rrmpekam deq rdm foxlfafr
xmpncpoerf~m mtxpmqqmb fkbfpmarlv+
Qmeplm $5641& qrermq rder rdmpm epm nf~m rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv ear+ Mead rvxm
fq ~mpv foxcprekr fk acoo}kfaerfck `mae}qm fk m~mpv n}karfck rdm qxmeimpq
elwevq mtxmar rdm dmepmp rc pmacgkfzm rdm omekfkg ekb rdm ear eq e pmqxckqm rc rdm
}rrmpekam rder rdmv oeim+ Rdm nf~m rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv ear epm:
5+ Eqqmprf~mEqqmprf~m bmqapf`mq qcom qrermq cn ennefpq+ Qxmeimp ack~mvq dfq `mlfmnq rder
qcom xpcxcqfrfckq fq rp}m cp acoofrq rdm qxmeimp rc rdm rp}rd cn rdm mtxpmqqmb
xpcxcqfrfck, q}ad eq: eqqmprfkg, qrerfkg, q}ggmqrfkg, `ceqrfkg, acoxlefkfkg,
alefofkg, fkncpofkg, wepkfkg, ekb pmxcprfkg+ Rdm }rrmpekamF wmkr rc rdm xeprv, ncp
mteoxlm, fq ckm rvxm cn eqqmprf~m, wdfad fq ek fkncpofkg ear+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
13/45
5
0+ Bfpmarf~mqBfpmarf~mq epm fkrmkbmb rc xpcb}am qcom mnnmarq rdpc}gd earfck `v rdm
dmepmp+ @v }rrmpfkg bfpmarf~mq, rdm qxmeimp errmoxrq rc gmr rdm lfqrmkmp rc bc
qcomrdfkg, q}ad eq: cpbmpfkg, acooekbfkg, pmu}mqrfkg, eb~fqfkg, eqifkg,
rdpmermkfkg, ackal}bfkg, ellcwfkg, ncp`fbbfkg, xmpq}ebfkg, ekb pmacoomkbfkg+
Wder rdm qxmeimp qevq fk rdfq }rrmpekam, ac}lb vc} bc rdm pmqmepad3 Fq rdm
mteoxlm cn bfpmarf~mq, wdfad fq rdm qxmeimp pmu}mqrfkg rdm dmepmp bc rdm pmqmepad+
1+ Acoofqf~mAcoofqf~m fq rdm qrermomkr rder deq e n}karfck eq xpcofqmq cp pmn}qelq ncp
earfck+ Acoofr rdm qxmeimp rc e gpmermp cp lmqqmp bmgpmm rc qcom n}r}pm earfck,
q}ad eq: acoofrrfkg, xpcofqfkg, ~cwfkg, cnnmpfkg, ekb xpevfkg+ Eq ek mteoxlm,
wdmk e qxmeimp xpcofqmq rc acom rc dfq npfmkbq xeprv, dm aek }qmq ckm cn rdmqm
}rrmpekamq bckr wcppv,F wfll acom rcocppcw, bc vc} rdfki Fb ofqq rdm xeprv3
2+ Mtxpmqqf~mMtxpmqqf~m deq rdm n}karfck cn mtxpmqqfkg cp oeifkg ikcwk, rdm qxmeimpq
xqvadclcgfael errfr}bm rcwepb e qrerm cn ennefp wdfad rdm lca}rfck xpmq}xxcqmq,
q}ad eq: rdekifkg, ackgper}lerfkg, xepbckfkg, `leofkg, exclcgfzfkg, xpefqfkg,
ackbclfkg, bmpfbfkg, ekb qacpkfkg+ Rdm }rrmpekam rdeki vc} ncp acofkg, ncp
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
14/45
52
mteoxlm, fq ckm rvxm cn mtxpmqqf~m wdfad fq rdm qxmeimp qevq e rdekifkg rc rdm
dmepmp+
=+ BmaleperfckqBmaleperfckq epm fllca}rfck cn q}aamqqn}l xmpncpoekam `pfkgq e`c}r rdm
acppmqxckbmkam `mrwmmk rdm xpcxcprfckel ackrmkr ekb pmelfrv, q}ad eq: pmqfgkfkg,
pmn}qfkg, adpfqrmkfkg, e`qcl~fkg, keofkg, ekb oeppvfkg+
0+1+1 Mrdkcgpexdv cn QXMEIFKGDvomq $5670& bm~mlcxmb e ~el}e`lm ocbml rc eqqfqr rdm fbmkrfnfaerfck ekb
le`mlfkg cn acoxckmkrq cn lfkg}fqrfa fkrmpearfck rder weq bpf~mk `v dfq ~fmw rder,
fk cpbmp rc qxmei e lekg}egm acppmarlv, ckm kmmbq kcr cklv rc lmepk frq ~cae`}lepv
ekb gpeooep, `}r elqc rdm ackrmtr fk wdfad wcpbq epm }qmb+ Rdm ocbml deb
qftrmmk acoxckmkrq rder aek `m exxlfmb rc oekv qcprq cn bfqac}pqm: omqqegm ncpo9
omqqegm ackrmkr9 qmrrfkg9 qamkm9 qxmeimp#qmkbmp9 ebbpmqqcp9
dmepmp#pmamf~mp#e}bfmkam9 ebbpmqqmm9 x}pxcqmq $c}racomq&9 x}pxcqmq $gcelq&9 imv9
adekkmlq9 ncpoq cn qxmmad9 kcpoq cn fkrmpearfck9 kcpoq cn fkrmpxpmrerfck9 ekb
gmkpmq+ Dvomq ackqrp}armb rdm eapckvo QXMEIFKG, }kbmp wdfad dm gpc}xmb rdm
qftrmmk acoxckmkrq wfrdfk mfgdr bf~fqfckq:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPEAKINGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPEAKINGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
15/45
5
Qmrrfkg ekb Qamkm
Qmrrfkg pmnmpq rc rdm rfom ekb xleam cn e qxmmad ear ekb, fk gmkmpel, rc rdm
xdvqfael afpa}oqrekamq+ Rdm lf~fkg pcco fk rdm gpekbxepmkrq' dcom ofgdr `m e
qmrrfkg ncp e neoflv qrcpv+ Qamkm fq rdm "xqvadclcgfael qmrrfkg" cp "a}lr}pel
bmnfkfrfck" cn e qamkm, fkal}bfkg adepearmpfqrfaq q}ad eq pekgm cn ncpoelfrv ekb
qmkqm cn xlev cp qmpfc}qkmqq+ Rdm neoflv qrcpv oev `m rclb er e pm}kfck amlm`perfkg
rdm gpekbxepmkrq' ekkf~mpqepv+ Er rfomq, rdm neoflv wc}lb `m nmqrf~m ekb xlevn}l9
er crdmp rfomq, qmpfc}q ekb acoomocperf~m+
Xeprfafxekrq
Qxmeimp ekb e}bfmkam+ Lfkg}fqrq wfll oeim bfqrfkarfckq wfrdfk rdmqm
aermgcpfmq9 ncp mteoxlm, rdm e}bfmkam aek `m bfqrfkg}fqdmb eq ebbpmqqmmq ekb
crdmp dmepmpq+ Er rdm neoflv pm}kfck, ek e}kr ofgdr rmll e qrcpv rc rdm vc}kg
nmoelm pmlerf~mq, `}r oelmq, elrdc}gd kcr ebbpmqqmb, ofgdr elqc dmep rdm kepperf~m+
Mkbq
X}pxcqmq, gcelq, ekb c}racomq+ Rdm e}kr oev rmll e qrcpv e`c}r rdm
gpekbocrdmp rc mkrmprefk rdm e}bfmkam, rmead rdm vc}kg wcomk, ekb dckcp rdm
gpekbocrdmp+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
16/45
5
Ear Qmu}mkam
Ncpo ekb cpbmp cn rdm m~mkr+ Rdm e}kr'q qrcpv ofgdr `mgfk eq e pmqxckqm rc
e rceqr rc rdm gpekbocrdmp+ Rdm qrcpv'q xlcr ekb bm~mlcxomkr wc}lb de~m e
qmu}mkam qrp}ar}pmb `v rdm e}kr+ Xcqqf`lv rdmpm wc}lb `m e aclle`cperf~m
fkrmpp}xrfck b}pfkg rdm rmllfkg+ Nfkellv, rdm gpc}x ofgdr exxle}b rdm relm ekb oc~m
ckrc ekcrdmp q}`jmar cp earf~frv+
Imv
Al}mq rder mqre`lfqd rdm "rckm, oekkmp, cp qxfpfr" cn rdm qxmmad ear+ Rdm
e}kr ofgdr fofrerm rdm gpekbocrdmp'q ~cfam ekb gmqr}pmq fk e xlevn}l wev, cp qdm
ofgdr ebbpmqq rdm gpc}x fk e qmpfc}q ~cfam moxdeqfzfkg rdm qfkampfrv ekb pmqxmar
cn rdm xpefqm rdm qrcpv mtxpmqqmq+
Fkqrp}omkrelfrfmq
Ncpoq ekb qrvlmq cn qxmmad+ Rdm e}kr ofgdr qxmei fk e aeq}el pmgfqrmp wfrd
oekv bfelmar nmer}pmq cp ofgdr }qm e ocpm ncpoel pmgfqrmp ekb aepmn}l
gpeooerfaellv "qrekbepb" ncpoq+
Kcpoq
Qcafel p}lmq gc~mpkfkg rdm m~mkr ekb rdm xeprfafxekrq' earfckq ekb pmearfck+
Fk e xlevn}l qrcpv `v rdm e}kr, rdm kcpoq ofgdr ellcw oekv e}bfmkam fkrmpp}xrfckq
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
17/45
5
ekb aclle`cperfck, cp xcqqf`lv rdcqm fkrmpp}xrfckq ofgdr `m lfofrmb rc xeprfafxerfck
`v clbmp nmoelmq+ E qmpfc}q, ncpoel qrcpv `v rdm e}kr ofgdr aell ncp errmkrfck rc
dmp ekb kc fkrmpp}xrfckq eq kcpoq+
Gmkpm
Rdm ifkb cn qxmmad ear cp m~mkr9 ncp rdm mteoxlm }qmb dmpm, rdm ifkb cn
qrcpv+ Rdm e}kr ofgdr rmll e adepearmp ekmabcrm e`c}r rdm gpekbocrdmp ncp
mkrmprefkomkr, cp ek mtmoxl}o eq ocpel fkqrp}arfck+ Bfnnmpmkr bfqafxlfkmq bm~mlcx
rmpoq ncp ifkbq cn qxmmad earq, ekb qxmmad acoo}kfrfmq qcomrfomq de~m rdmfp
cwk rmpoq ncp rvxmq+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exemplumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exemplum7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
18/45
54
ADEXRMP 1
RDM FLLCA]RFCKEPV EAR ]QMB FK PMX]@LFAEK XPMQFBMKRFEL
BM@ERMQ
1+5 Fkrpcb}arfck
Rdfq adexrmp rmllq e`c}r 2 omo`mpq cn Nlcpfbe Pmx}`lfaek Xeprv
wdc wekr rc acoxmrm wfrd Xpmqfbmkr @epeai C`eoe wdc qrfll qrekbfkg fk rdm adefp
cn Xpmqfbmkr cn ]kfrmb Qrermq }krfl pfgdr kcw+ Qc, rdfq adexrmp bmelq wfrd ekelvqfq
cn fllca}rfckepv earq pmnlmarmb fk rdmfp qmkrmkamq eq qmmk fk Rpekqapfxr cn AKK
Nlcpfbe Pmx}`lfaek Xpmqfbmkrfel Bm`erm+ Fk rdm qdcw cn bm`erm, rdmpm epm qcom
xmcxlm wdc nfll rdm bm`ermq qdcw9 rdm xmcxlmq epm Wcln @lfrzmp eq Ocbmpercp,
Ackgpmqqoek Pck Xe}l, Gc~mpkcp Ofrr Pcokmv, Rdm Ncpomp Qxmeimp cn rdm
Dc}qm, Kmwr Gfkgpfad, ekb Rdm Ncpomp ]+Q+ Qmkercp npco Xmkkqvl~ekfe, Pfai
Qekrcp}o+ Rdfq bm`ermq qdcw dmlb fk ]kf~mpqfrv cn Kcprd Nlcpfbe fk Jeaiqck~fllm
ekb efpmb Jek}epv 0>, 0850+ Rdmv wmpm relimb e`c}r xpc ekb ackrpe fk Eompfae
ackrfkmkr+
Rdm ekelvqfq cn rdm bere eppekgmb `eqmb ck pekbcolv cn rdm qmkrmkamq+
Rdmpm epm qcom bere rc `m ekelvzmb+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
19/45
56
1+0 Rdm Ekelvqfq cn Bere
Ber}o 5
Pfai Qekrcp}o : Fo Pfai Qekrcp}o, ekb Fo rdpfllmb rc `m dmpm ck rdm
aeox}q cn Kcprd Nlcpfbe
$Le}gdrmp&
$Exxle}qm&
Pfai Qekrcp}o : Ekb Fo mqxmafellv rdpfllmb `mae}qm Fo dmpm wfrd e Kcprd
Nlcpfbe Pmqfbmkr wdc lf~mq pfgdr bcwk rdm `mead npco
Jeaiqck~fllm, ov oco, wdc fq 61 vmepq clb, wdc fq wfrd
om dmpm rckfgdr+
$Exxle}qm&
Pfai Qekrcp}o : F `mrrmp j}qr qrcx pfgdr rdmpm
Rdfq ack~mpqerfck fq dmlb fk ckm cn rdm `}flbfkg fk ]kf~mpqfrv cn Kcprd
Nlcpfbe fk Jeaiqck~fllm fk Jek}epv 0>, 0850 er 08:88 xo+ Fk rdfq `}flbfkg, rdmpm epm
oekv xmcxlm weradfkg rdfq bm`erm, fkal}bmb 2 aekbfbermq eockg Pck Xe}l, Ofrr
Pcokmv, Kmwr Gfkgpfad, ekb Pfai Qekrcp}o wdc wfll adellmkgm wfrd @epeai
C`eoe rc reim e adefp cn Xpmqfbmkr fk kmtr xmpfcb+ @mqfbm rder, rdmv }qm ncpoel
qmkrmkam rc reim errmkrfck npco rdm e}bfmkamq+ Wdmk Wcln @lfrzmp eq ocbmpercp
`mgfkq rdm qdcw, nfpqrlv @lfrzmp fk~frmq Pfai Qekrcp}o rc fkrpcb}am dfq qmln fk npckr
cn rdm x}`lfa fk rdfq `}flbfkg+ Nfpqr qmkrmkam dm qefb weq Fo Pfai Qekrcp}o, ekb
Fo rdpfllmb rc `m dmpm ck rdm aeox}q cn Kcprd Nlcpfbe+ Dm qefb lfim rder wfrd
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
20/45
08
dmeb }xpfgdr, `clb ekb wfrd qoflm ck dfq lfx, enrmp rder, dm ackrfk}mq dfq qmkrmkam
wfrd dfq qoflm wfrd Ekb Fo mqxmafellv rdpfllmb `mae}qm Fo dmpm wfrd e Kcprd
Nlcpfbe Pmqfbmkr wdc lf~mq pfgdr bcwk rdm `mead npco Jeaiqck~fllm, ov oco, wdc
fq 61 vmepq clb, wdc fq wfrd om dmpm rckfgdr+ Ear}ellv, enrmp dm fkrpcb}amq dfq qmln
fk npckr cn rdm xmcxlmq wdc weradfkg dfo, dm wekrq rc fkrpcb}am dfq neoflv rcc
ekb oeim dfq ocrdmp xpc}b cn dfo+ Xmpdexq dm bcmq kcr rc reim elckg dfq
fkrpcb}afkg ekb dm bcmq kcr ikcw wder qmkrmkamq dm wekrq rc qxmei fk npckr cn rdm
e}bfmkamq, qc dm qevq F `mrrmp j}qr qrcx pfgdr rdmpm+
Fk rdfq aeqm, rdm }rrmpekam fq xpcb}amb `v Pfai Qekrcp}o F `mrrmp j}qr qrcx
pfgdr rdmpm ~fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn
fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn
qrermomkr+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn qrermomkr
`mae}qm Pfai Qekrcp}o nmmlq fr wfll `macom weqrm rfom wdmk dm wekrq rc reli qc
lckg ekb dm nmmlq kmp~c}q cn rder qdcw+ Elrdc}gd Pfai Qekrcp}o qevq wfrd F
`mrrmp j}qr qrcx pfgdr rdmpm `}r Pfai Qekrcp}o ikcwq rder fr wfll reim qc lckg rdfq
ack~mpqerfck+
Ber}o 0
E}bfmkam :Dmllc+ Aek vc} rmll om wder qxmafnfa earfckq vc}ll reim rc
ebbpmqq rdm acqrlv ackqmu}mkamq cn fllmgel foofgperfck
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
21/45
0
wdflm xpmqmp~fkg rdm pfgdrq cn rdcqm wdc qmmi rc
foofgperm lmgellv3
@lfrzmp : Ell pfgdr+ Qmkercp Qekrcp}o, lmrq reim rder u}mqrfck+ @}r
elqc, fk rdm ac}pqm cn rder u}mqrfck, mtxpmqq vc}p cxfkfck
ck wder wm dmepb npco Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv, rder qmln/
bmxcprerfck, cp fllmgel foofgpekrq lme~fkg rdm ac}krpv
~cl}krepflv, fq e xcqqf`lm qcl}rfck+
Pfai Qekrcp}o : Wmll, rdm xcqqf`lm qcl}rfck fq
Rdfq ack~mpqerfck dexxmkq wdmk enrmp 2 aekbfbermq fkrpcb}am rdmfp qmln fk
npckr cn rdm e}bfmkamq ekb ocbmpercp fk~frmq ckm cn rdm e}bfmkamq rc eqi e`c}r rdm
xpc`lmoq rder caa}p er rdfq rfom+ Ckm cn rdm e}bfmkamq wdc bc kcr omkrfck dmp
keom eqiq rc Pfai Qekrcp}o e`c}r dfq earfck ncp fllmgel foofgperfck+ Rdm
e}bfmkam eqiq Aek vc} rmll om wder qxmafnfa earfckq vc}ll reim rc ebbpmqq rdm
acqrlv ackqmu}mkamq cn fllmgel foofgperfck wdflm xpmqmp~fkg rdm pfgdrq cn rdcqm
wdc qmmi rc foofgperm lmgellv3 enrmp ek e}bfmkam eqi rc Pfai Qekrcp}o, @lfrzmp
eq ocbmpercp reim c~mp rdm u}mqrfck ekb ebbfkg e qrermomkr `v Ofrr Pcokmv
e`c}r qmln bmxcprerfck ekb ocbmpercp cpbmpq Pfai Qekrcp}o rc mtxpmqq dfq cxfkfck
e`c}r fr+ Qc, Pfai Qekrcp}o gf~mq dfq cxfkfck rc rdm e}bfmkam wdc weradfkg dfo
wfrd Wmll, rdm xcqqf`lm qcl}rfck fq++ Rdfq qmkrmkam qrermq rder Pfai Qekrcp}o
`mlfm~mq rder dfq cxfkfck fq pfgdr+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
22/45
0
Fk rdfq aeqm, rdm }rrmpekam fq xpcb}amb `v Pfai Qekrcp}o Wmll, rdm
xcqqf`lm qcl}rfck fq+ ~fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam `mlckgq rc rdm
rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm
xpcxcqfrfck cn dvxcrdmqmq+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm
xpcxcqfrfck cn dvxcrdmqmq `mae}qm enrmp rdm e}bfmkam gf~mq dfo e u}mqrfck ekb
@lfrzmp eq ocbmpercp ebbfkg e qrermomkr npco Ofrr Pcokmv, Pfai Qekrcp}o
bfpmarlv ekqwmp rdm e}bfmkamq u}mqrfck wfrd dfq cxfkfck+
Ber}o 1
@lfrzmp : Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad, vc}~m q}ggmqrmb rder qmln/ bmxcprerfck
eq eb~caermb `v Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv fq fk vc}p wcpbq, Ek
C`eoe lm~ml nekreqv+ Wdv3
Gfkgpfad : Wmll lcci, F rdfki rder nfpqr cn ell, vc} qdc}lb ackrpcl rdm
`cpbmp, wdfad F de~m xlmbgmb rc bc `v Jek}epv 5, 0852+ Vc}
qdc}lb nft lmgel foofgperfck fk rmpoq cn ~fqeq qc xmcxlm aek
acom ekb gc meqflv ocpm meqflv rdek bcfkg fr fllmgellv+
Vc} qdc}lb elqc oeim bmxcprerfck meqfmp qc wdmk vc}
bmxcpr xmcxlm wdc qdc}lbkr `m dmpm+ Rdm 51 gekg
omo`mpq, ncp mteoxlm+ Fr qdc}lb `m ~mpv u}fai ekb ~mpv
almep+
Rdfq ack~mpqerfck caa}pq wdmk enrmp Pfai Qekrcp}o nfkfqdmb dfq ekqwmp
e`c}r xcqqf`lm qcl}rfck cn qmln/bmxcprerfck cp fllmgel foofgperfck npco rdm
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
23/45
0
e}bfmkam ekb ebbmb npco @lfrzmp wdfad fq m~mp dmepb npco Ofrr Pcokmv ekb enrmp
rder @lfrzmp rpfmq rc eqifkg rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad e`c}r qmln bmxcprerfck wdfad fq dm
m~mp q}ggmqrmb+ Dm eqiq Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad, vc}~m q}ggmqrmb rder qmln/ bmxcprerfck
eq eb~caermb `v Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv fq fk vc}p wcpbq, Ek C`eoe lm~ml nekreqv+
Wdv3+
^fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad, vc}~m
q}ggmqrmb rder qmln/ bmxcprerfck eq eb~caermb `v Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv fq fk vc}p wcpbq,
Ek C`eoe lm~ml nekreqv+ Wdv3 `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq
aermgcpfzmb fkrc bfpmarf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cnu}mqrfck+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc
bfpmarf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn u}mqrfck `mae}qm @lfrzmp wekrq rc ikcw e`c}r
Gfkgpfad cxfkfck e`c}r qmln/bmxcprerfck cp fllmgel foofgperfck wdfad fq m~mp qefb
`v Ofrr Pcokmv ekb dm wekrq rc ikcw rdm omekfkg cn Ek C`eoe lm~ml nekreqv fr
qmln+
Ber}o 2
Ofrr Pcokmv : Lmrq nca}q c}p errmkrfck ck dcw rc oeim lmgel
foofgperfck wcpi ekb qrcx ekb qrcx fllmgel
foofgperfck+
Rdfq ack~mpqerfck caa}pq wdmk Pfai Qekrcp}o ekb Kmwr Gfkgpfad epm
nfkfqdmb reli e`c}r rdmfp cxfkfck e`c}r qmln bmxcprerfck cp fllmgel foofgperfck
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
24/45
02
wdfad fq rdmv q}xxcpr rdm ackamxr cn fr+ Enrmp rdmv relimb e`c}r qmln bmxcprerfck cp
fllmgel foofgperfck, @lfrzmp reimq c~mp ack~mpqerfck ekb dm eqiq rc Ofrr Pcokmv
e`c}r dcw rc oeim rdm xpcgpeo ac}lb wcpi+ Wdmk @lfrzmp nfkfqdmb eqi rc Ofrr
Pcokmv, Ofrr Pcokmv ekqwmpq wfrd dfq mtxlekerfck e`c}r fllmgel foofgperfck
ekb dcw rc c~mpacom fr, ekb rdm nfkel qmkrmkam dm qevq Lmrq nca}q c}perrmkrfck
ck dcw rc oeim lmgel foofgperfck wcpi ekb qrcx ekb qrcx fllmgel foofgperfck+
Fk rdfq aeqm, rdm }rrmpekam fq xpcb}amb `v Ofrr Pcokmv Lmrq nca}q c}p
errmkrfck ck dcw rc oeim lmgel foofgperfck wcpi ekb qrcx ekb qrcx fllmgel
foofgperfck ~fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn
fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc bfpmarf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn
fk~frerfck+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc bfpmarf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn fk~frerfck
`mae}qm enrmp Ofrr Pcokmv weq mtxlefkmb e`c}r qmln bmxcprerfck ekb dcw rc
c~mpacom fr, dm fk~frmq rdm e}bfmkamq cp wdc weradfkg dfo rc oeim lmgel
foofgperfck, ekb kcr rc oeim fllmgel foofgperfck `mae}qm fr oeimq rdm ac}krpv fq
pmellv ql}oxmb+
Ber}o =
@lfrzmp : Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad, vc} deb ek eb, `}r vc} x}llmb fr dfq
wmmi, fk wdfad vc} bmqapf`mb Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv eq rdm
ocqr ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm+ Wdv bfb vc} bc rder3
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
25/45
0
Gfkgpfad : Wdv bfb wm bmqapf`m dfo rder wev3 @mae}qm, fk rdm
cpfgfkel ack~mpqerfckq e`c}r bmxcprerfck, rdm xcqfrfck F
rcci, wdfad dm erreaimb xpmrrv nmpcafc}qlv, weq rder
gpekbocrdmpq ekb gpekbnerdmpq epmkr gcfkg rc `m
q}aamqqn}llv bmxcprmb+
Rdfq ack~mpqerfck fq reifkg xleam wdmk Pck Xe}l nfkfqdmb mtxlefkfkg dfq
mtxlekerfck e`c}r cxfkfck npco Ofrr Pcokmv e`c}r qmln/bmxcprerfck ekb enrmp rder
@lfrzmp reimq c~mp rdm ack~mpqerfck ekb dm eqiq rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad q}ad eq
Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad, vc} deb ek eb, `}r vc} x}llmb fr dfq wmmi, fk wdfad vc}
bmqapf`mb Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv eq rdm ocqr ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm+ Wdv bfb vc}
bc rder3+ Enrmp dm eqimb dfo lfim rder, ekb Kmwr Gfkgpfad pmxlfmb @lfrzmp
u}mqrfck ekb dm qevq Wdv bfb wm bmqapf`m dfo rder wev3, wdmk dm nfkfqdmb
pmxlfmb wder @lfrzmp eqimb rc dfo, bfpmarlv Kmwr Gfkgpfad rpfmq rc ekqwmp dfq
u}mqrfck wfrd @mae}qm, fk rdm cpfgfkel ack~mpqerfckq e`c}r bmxcprerfck, rdm
xcqfrfck F rcci, wdfad dm erreaimb xpmrrv nmpcafc}qlv, weq rder gpekbocrdmpq ekb
gpekbnerdmpq epmkr gcfkg rc `m q}aamqqn}llv bmxcprmb+
^fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam @mae}qm, fk rdm cpfgfkel
ack~mpqerfckq e`c}r bmxcprerfck, rdm xcqfrfck F rcci, wdfad dm erreaimb xpmrrv
nmpcafc}qlv, weq rder gpekbocrdmpq ekb gpekbnerdmpq epmkr gcfkg rc `m
q}aamqqn}llv bmxcprmb+ `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq
aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn dvxcrdmqmq+ Fr fq
aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn dvxcrdmqmq `mae}qm Kmwr
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
26/45
0
Gfkgpfad rpfmq rc gf~m ek cxfkfck e`c}r wder @lfrzmp eqimb `mncpm e`c}r wdv dm
bmqapf`mb Ofrr Pcokmv eq rdm ocqr ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm+
Ber}o >
@lfrzmp :F j}qr wekr rc oeim q}pm F }kbmpqrekb+ Fq dm qrfll rdm ocqr
ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm3
Gfkgpfad : F rdfki, cn rdm nc}p cn }q, vmq+
@lfrzmp : Gc edmeb, Gc~mpkcp+
Pcokmv : Rderq qfoxlv fkmta}qe`lm+ Rderq fkmta}qe`lm+ Ekb,
ear}ellv, Qmkercp Oepac P}`fc aeom rc ov bmnmkqm ekb
qefb rder eb weq fkmta}qe`lm ekb fknleooercpv ekb
fkexxpcxpferm+
Op+ Qxmeimp,Fo kcr ekrf/foofgpekr+
Rdfq ack~mpqerfck reifkg xleam wdmk enrmp Kmwr Gfkgpfad weq mtxlefkmb
rder Ofrr Pcokmv fq eq rdm ocqr ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm rdmpm, ekb @lfrzmp wekrq
rc oeim dfo `mlfm~m fr ocpm, qc, dm eqiq dfo egefk wfrd qev F j}qr wekr rc oeim
q}pm F }kbmpqrekb+ Fq dm qrfll rdm ocqr ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm3+ Gfkgpfad
bfpmarlv ekqwmp wder @lfrzmp u}mqrfckmb wfrd F rdfki, cn rdm nc}p cn }q, vmq+ Enrmp
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
27/45
0
rder, Ofrr Pcokmv bmkfmb e`c}r wder Kmwr Gfkgpfad qefb ekb dm qevq rc Kmwr
Gfkgpfad wfrd Rderq qfoxlv fkmta}qe`lm+ Rderq fkmta}qe`lm+ Ekb, ear}ellv,
Qmkercp Oepac P}`fc aeom rc ov bmnmkqm ekb qefb rder eb weq fkmta}qe`lm ekb
fknleooercpv ekb fkexxpcxpferm+ Op+ Qxmeimp,Fo kcr ekrf/foofgpekr+
Fk rdfq aeqm, rdm }rrmpekam fq xpcb}amb `v Ofrr Pcokmv Fo kcr ekrf/
foofgpekr ~fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr9 rdfq }rrmpekam `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn
fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn
eqqmprfckq+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn eqqmprfckq
`mae}qm dm bfqegpmm wfrd wder Kmwr Gfkgpfad qefb ekb dm rpfmq rc bmnmkb ckmqmln
wfrd rpv rc mtxlefk wdv dm pmjmarmb rc qefb dm fq ekrf foofgpekr+
Ber}o 7
Gfkgpfad :Fll rmll vc} wder$Exxle}qm&
Fll gf~m vc} ek cxxcpr}kfrv rc qmln/bmqapf`m+ Vc} rmll om
wder lekg}egm vc} wc}lb }qm rc bmqapf`m qcom`cbv wdc
rdfkiq rder bmxcprfkg e gpekbocrdmp cp e gpekbnerdmp
npco rdmfp neoflv j}qr rmll om rdm lekg}egm+ Foxmpnmarlv dexxv ncp vc} rc mtxlefk wder lekg}egm vc}b
}qm+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
28/45
04
Rdfq ack~mpqerfck `mgfkq npco Ofrr Pcokmv ack~fkamq rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad
rder dm fq kcr ekrf/foofgpekr ekb dm mtxlefkq fk bmrefl wdv dm fq kcr ekrf
foofgpekr+ @}r dmpm, Kmwr Gfkgpfad `eai rc erreaifkg Ofrr Pcokmv enrmp dm
ack~fkamb rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad ekb rdm e}bfmkamq wdc qew rder bm`erm wfrd dfq
cxfkfck+ Nfpqr qmkrmkam dm qevq Fll rmll vc} wder ekb dm ackrfk}mq erreai dfo
wfrd rdm qmkrmkamq Fll gf~m vc} ek cxxcpr}kfrv rc qmln/bmqapf`m+ Vc} rmll om wder
lekg}egm vc} wc}lb }qm rc bmqapf`m qcom`cbv wdc rdfkiq rder bmxcprfkg e
gpekbocrdmp cp e gpekbnerdmp npco rdmfp neoflvj}qr rmll om rdm lekg}egm+ Fo
xmpnmarlv dexxv ncp vc} rc mtxlefk wder lekg}egm vc}b }qm+
^fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam Fll gf~m vc} ek cxxcpr}kfrv rc
qmln/bmqapf`m+ Vc} rmll om wder lekg}egm vc} wc}lb }qm rc bmqapf`m qcom`cbv
wdc rdfkiq rder bmxcprfkg e gpekbocrdmp cp e gpekbnerdmp npco rdmfp neoflv
j}qr rmll om rdm lekg}egm+ Fo xmpnmarlv dexxv ncp vc} rc mtxlefk wder lekg}egm
vc}b }qm+ `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc
acoofqf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cncnnmpq+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc acoofqf~m wfrd
rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn cnnmpq `mae}qm Kmwr Gfkgpfad wekrq rc ikcw ocpm e`c}r Ofrr
Pcokmvq lekg}egm wdfad dm bfb }qm rc bmqapf`m qcom`cbv rdfkiq rder bmxcprfkg
e gpekbocrdmp ekb gpekbnerdmp npco rdmfp neoflv+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
29/45
06
Ber}o 4
Pcokmv : Vc} ikcw, c}p xpc`lmo fq kcr 55 ofllfck gpekbocrdmpq+
C}p xpc`lmo fqell pfgdr+
$Exxle}qm&
Pcokmv : +++ Frq xmcxlm gmrrfkg npmm dmelrd aepm `mae}qm wm epm
pmu}fpmb }kbmp rdm lew rc xpc~fbm rder dmelrd aepm+ Ekb
rdm pmel ackampk fq rdm xmcxlm wdc wekr rc acom dmpm
lmgellv+Lmrq lmr lmgel foofgpekrq acom dmpm+ Lmrq qrcx
fllmgel foofgperfck+
Rdfq ack~mpqerfck caa}pq wdmk Ofrr Pcokmv deq `mmk ack~fkamb dfq qmln
rder dm fq kcr rdm xmcxlm wdc ekrf foofgpekr qfbm+ Enrmp rder, Gfkgpfad qevq dfq
cxfkfck rder dm fq bfqegpmm wfrd wder Ofrr Pcokmv qefb `mncpm+ Dfq bfqegpmm
bmqapf`mb lfim Rdm fbme rder vc} epm gcfkg rc x}qd rdmo c}r fk qcom ncpo `v
qfoxlv qevfkg rdmv aekr gc gmr e jc` F rdfki rdm gpekbocrdmp fq qrfll gcfkg rc
`m dmpm+ Fk rdfq qmkrmkamq qrerm rder Kmwr Gfkgpfad xpc foofgpekr+ Wdmk Kmwr
Gfkgpfad nfkfqdmb dfq cxfkfck, Ofrr Pcokmv bmnmkbq dfq qmln wfrd wder Kmwr
Gfkgpfad qefb fq wpckg+ Qc, Ofrr Pcokmv qevq Vc} ikcw, c}p xpc`lmo fq kcr 55
ofllfck gpekbocrdmpq ekb dm gf~mq dfq cxfkfck rc ell cn rdm xmcxlmq wdc
weradfkg dfo lfim Frq xmcxlm gmrrfkg npmm dmelrd aepm `mae}qm wm epm pmu}fpmb
}kbmp rdm lew rc xpc~fbm rder dmelrd aepm+ Ekb rdm pmel ackampk fq rdm xmcxlm wdc
wekr rc acom dmpm lmgellv+ Wdmk dm elpmebv qefb lfim rder, dm fk~frmq ell cn rdmo
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
30/45
18
rc oeim lmgel foofgpekrq lfim dm qevq Lmrq lmr lmgel foofgpekrq acom dmpm+
Lmrq qrcx fllmgel foofgperfck+
Fk rdfq aeqm, rdm }rrmpekam fq xpcb}amb `v Ofrr Pcokmv Lmrq lmr lmgel
foofgpekrq acom dmpm+ Lmrq qrcx fllmgel foofgperfck+ ~fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr9
rdfq }rrmpekam `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc
bfpmarf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn fk~frerfck+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc bfpmarf~m wfrd
rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn fk~frerfck `mae}qm Ofrr Pcokmv rpfmq rc xmpq}ebm e}bfmkamq rc
reim lmgel foofgperfck, kcr fllmgel foofgperfck+ Dm bcmq fr `mae}qm dm wekrq rc
`pfkgfkg rdm xmcxlmq acom dmpm ekb dm wekr rc pefqm rdmfp ~fqe+
Ber}o 6
$Exxle}qm&
@lfrzmp : Rdm pdmrcpfa ck foofgperfck, Gc~mpkcp, deq `mmk fkrmkqm,
eq vc} wmll ikcw, eq ell nc}p cn vc} ikcw, ekb ekvckm
wdc weradmq rmlm~fqfck ikcwq+ Vc} deb ek eb p}kkfkg
qevfkg rder Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad aellmb Qxekfqd rdm
lekg}egm cn rdm gdmrrc+
Wder bc vc} omek `v rder3
Pcokmv : F de~mkr qmmk rdm eb, qc Fo qcppv+F bckr gmr rc qmm ell
rdm R^ ebq+ Bfb dm qev rder3
@lfrzmp : Bfb vc} qev rder3
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
31/45
1
Gfkgpfad : Kc+ Wder F qefb weq, wm wekr m~mpv`cbv rc rmead Mkglfqd
`mae}qm wm bckr/ ekb F bfbkr }qm rdm wcpb Qxekfqd+
Rdfq ack~mpqerfck dexxmkq wdmk @lfrzmp reliq e`c}r eb wdfad fq acom
npco Ofrr Pcokmv+ Ofrr Pcokmv oeimq ek eb wdc rmll e`c}r Kmwr Gfkgpfad fq
Qxekfqd rdm lekg}egm cn rdm gdmrrc+ @lfrzmp qefb lfim Vc} deb ek eb p}kkfkg
qevfkg rder Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad aellmb Qxekfqd rdm lekg}egm cn rdm gdmrrc+ `}r
dmpm, Ofrr Pcokmv bcbgmq u}mqrfckfkg cn wder @lfrzmp qefb rc dfo, ekb dm rpfmq rc
eqi `eai wfrd u}mqrfck Bfb dm qev rder3+ Enrmp Ofrr Pcokmv eqifkg dfo `eai,
@lfrzmp rpfmq rc eqi Kmwr Gfkgpfad wfrd u}mqrfck Bfb vc} qev rder3+ Qc, Kmwr
Gfkgpfad rpvfkg rc qrpefgdrmk c}r wder ear}ellv dexxmkmb+ Dm qevq Kc+ Wder F
qefb weq, wm wekr m~mpv`cbv rc rmead Mkglfqd `mae}qm wm bckr/ ekbF bfbkr }qm
rdm wcpb Qxekfqd+
^fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam F de~mkr qmmk rdm eb, qc Fo
qcppv+ `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc
mtxpmqqf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn exclcgfmq+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc mtxpmqqf~m
wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn exclcgfmq `mae}qm Ofrr Pcokmv dmpm nmmlq dm bfb kcr qmm
rdm eb wdfad @lfrzmp eaa}qmb rc dfo+ Qc, Ofrr Pcokmv pm~melq dfq mtxpmqqfck wfrd
qmkrmkam F de~mkr qmmk rdm eb, qc Fo qcppv+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
32/45
1
Ber}o 58
@lfrzmp : F wekr rc `pfkg Ackgpmqqoek Xe}l ekb Qmkercp Qekrcp}o fkrc
rdfq+ @}r lmrq reim rdfq u}mqrfck npco Ofeof+
AKK mkMqxekclq J}ek Aeplcq Lcxmz deq e g}mqr rdmpm+
Lcxmz : Dcle, wcln
Wmpm er rdm ~fmwfkg xeprv ncp rdm Dfqxekfa Lmebmpqdfx Kmrwcpi,
ekb fr pmellv fq e xeprv+ Rdmv epm dclbfkg rdmfp vmeplv acknmpmkam,
e ommrfkg cn Dfqxekfa Pmx}`lfaek lmebmpq+ Ekb Fo jcfkmb `vPeu}ml Pcbpfg}mz+ Qdmq ek errcpkmv fk Ofeof+ Qdm xpearfamq
`}qfkmqq ekb fkrmpkerfckel lew, ekb qdm deq e u}mqrfck ncp rdm
aekbfbermq+
Pcbpfg}mz : Vmq, gccb m~mkfkg+
Rdfq ack~mpqerfck caa}pq wdmk @lfrzmp eq ocbmpercp a}rrfkg rdm
ack~mpqerfck ekb bfpmarlv reimq e u}mqrfck npco ek e}bfmkam, `}r dmpm, kcr @lfrzmp
fq reifkg e u}mqrfck `}r Lcxmz eq AKKq pmxcprmp fq reifkg e u}mqrfck npco ek
e}bfmkam npco Ofeof+ @mncpm rder, Lcxmq fq fkrpcb}afkg rdm xmcxlmq wdc wmpm
rdmpm ekb ek e}bfmkam wdcll wekr rc eqi rdmo, dm qevq Wmpm er rdm ~fmwfkg
xeprv ncp rdm Dfqxekfa Lmebmpqdfx Kmrwcpi, ekb fr pmellv fq e xeprv+ Rdmv epm
dclbfkg rdmfp vmeplv acknmpmkam, e ommrfkg cn Dfqxekfa Pmx}`lfaek lmebmpq+ Ekb
Fo jcfkmb `v Peu}ml Pcbpfg}mz+ Qdmq ek errcpkmv fk Ofeof+ Qdm xpearfamq
`}qfkmqq ekb fkrmpkerfckel lew, ekb qdm deq e u}mqrfck ncp rdm aekbfbermq+ Enrmp
Lcxmz fkrpcb}amb rdm xmcxlmq rdmpm, ek e}bfmkam wfll eqi 2 aekbfbermq, `}r `mncpm
qdm eqiq rdmo, qdm gpmmrfkgq rdmo wfrd Vmq, gccb m~mkfkg+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
33/45
1
^fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam Vmq, gccb m~mkfkg+ `mlckgq rc
rdm rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc mtxpmqqf~m wfrd rdm
xpcxcqfrfck cngpmmrfkgq Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc mtxpmqqf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn
gpmmrfkgq `mae}qm Pcbpfu}mz eq ek e}bfmkam rpfmq rc `m xclfrm rc rdmo+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
34/45
12
1+1 Rdm re`lm cn bere aleqqfnfaerfck
Bere
Pmxpmqmkrerf~m Acoofqf~m Bfpmarf~m Mtxpmqqf~m
qrerm dvxc Eqqmpr cnnmpq fk~frm u}mqrf exclc gpmmr
5 0 1
2 = > 7 4 6 58
Kcrm qrerm : qrermomkr
dvxc : dvxcrdmqmq
eqqmpr : eqqmprfck
cnnmpq : cnnmpq
fk~frm : fk~frerfck
u}mqrf : u}mqrfck
exclc : exclcgfmq
gpmmr : gpmmrfkg
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
35/45
1
Rdm pmq}lr cn pmqmepad u}mqrfck k}o`mp 5 epm nc}kb, rdm wpfrmp deq `mmk
nfkbfkg c}r rdm rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv ear ekb ocqrlv caa}p fq pmxpmqmkrerf~m, ekb fr
ncllcwmb `v bfpmarf~mq, mtxpmqqf~mq ekb rdm leqr fq acoofqf~mq+ Rdm rvxm cn
fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad aermgcpfzmb rc pmxpmqmkrerf~m bcofkekrlv caa}pq fk ell cn
rdm bere+ Fr `mae}qm rdm omo`mp xpmqfbmkrfel bm`erm o}ad }qfkg qrermomkr,
cxfkfck, ekb eqqmprfck rc errpear rdm errmkrfck cn rdm e}bfmkam+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
36/45
1
ADEXRMP 2
RDM NEARCP AE]QMQ RPFGGMPQ RDM ]QM CN RDM
FLLCA]RFCKEPV EAR
2+5 Fkrpcb}arfck
Rdfq adexrmp rmllq e`c}r rdm nearcpq rder ae}qm caa}p fk fllca}rfckepv ear
wdfad rdm bere ackrefkmb fk rdm "Xpmqfbmkrfel Bm`erm"+ Ekelvzmb }qfkg rdmcpv
xpm~fc}qlv xpcxcqmb `v Qmeplm+ Rder rdmcpv }qmb rc ikcw rdm rvxmq cn rdm
fllca}rfckepv ear+ Kcw rc nfg}pm c}r wder nearcpq epm }qmb `v rdm qxmeimp rc rdm
e}bfmkam, rdmv }qm rdm rdmcpv bm~mlcxmb `v Dvomq, rdm rdmcpv keomq fq
QXMEIFKG+ Fr keomq deq e omekfkg q}ad eq Q fq qmrrfkg, wdmpm fr omekq fr
pmnmpq rc rdm rfom ekb xleam cn e qxmmad ear ekb, fk gmkmpel, rc rdm xdvqfael
afpa}oqrekamq+ X fq xeprfafxekr, wdmpm fr omekq qxmeimp ekb e}bfmkam+ M fq
mkbq, wdmpm fr omekq x}pxcqm, gcel, ekb c}racomq+ E fq ear qmu}mkam, wdmpm fr
omekq ncpo ekb cpbmp cn rdm m~mkr+ I fq imv, wdmpm fr omekq al}mq rder mqre`lfqd
rdm "rckm, oekkmp, cp qxfpfr" cn rdm qxmmad ear + F fq fkqrp}omkrelfrfmq, wdmpm fr
omekq ncpoq ekb qrvlmq cn qxmmad+ K fq kcpoq, wdmpm fr omekq qcafel p}lmq
gc~mpkfkg rdm m~mkr ekb rdm xeprfafxekrq' earfckq ekb pmearfck+ G fq gmkpm, wdmpm
fr omekq rdm ifkb cn qxmmad ear cp m~mkr9 ncp rdm mteoxlm }qmb dmpm, rdm ifkb cn
qrcpv+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
37/45
1
2+0 Ekelvqfq Bere
Ber}o 5
Qmrrfkg
Pfai Qekrcp}o : Fo Pfai Qekrcp}o, ekb Fo rdpfllmb rc `m dmpm ck rdm
aeox}q cn Kcprd Nlcpfbe
$Le}gdrmp&$Exxle}qm&
Pfai Qekrcp}o : Ekb Fo mqxmafellv rdpfllmb `mae}qm Fo dmpm wfrd e Kcprd
Nlcpfbe Pmqfbmkr wdc lf~mq pfgdr bcwk rdm `mead npco
Jeaiqck~fllm, ov oco, wdc fq 61 vmepq clb, wdc fq wfrd
om dmpm rckfgdr+
$Exxle}qm&
Pfai Qekrcp}o : F `mrrmp j}qr qrcx pfgdr rdmpm
Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm Q cp Qmrrfkg+
Eq wpfrmp ikcwk rder qmrrfkg fq pmnmpq rc rdm rfom ekb xleam cn e qxmmad ear, ekb fk
gmkmpel, rc rdm xdvqfael afpa}oqrekam+ Qc, Fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm qmrrfkg fq
ae}qmb rder bm`erm xpmqfbmkrq qdcw dmlb fk ckm cn rdm `}flbfkg fk ]kf~mpqfrv cn
Kcprd Nlcpfbe fk Jeaiqck~fllm, wdmpm fk rder `}flbfkg nfllmb wfrd oekv e}bfmkam
ekb qcom cn rdmo epm xepmkrq npco aekbfberm cn xpmqfbmkr+ Er rder rfom rcc, 2
aekbfberm cn xpmqfbmkr npco Nlcpfbe fkrpcb}afkg rdmoqml~mq ekb ckm cn rdmo fq
Pfai Qekrcp}o+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
38/45
14
Ber}o =
Xeprfafxekrq
@lfrzmp : Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad, vc} deb ek eb, `}r vc} x}llmb fr dfq
wmmi, fk wdfad vc} bmqapf`mb Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv eq rdm
ocqr ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm+ Wdv bfb vc} bc rder3
Gfkgpfad : Wdv bfb wm bmqapf`m dfo rder wev3 @mae}qm, fk rdm
cpfgfkel ack~mpqerfckq e`c}r bmxcprerfck, rdm xcqfrfck F
rcci, wdfad dm erreaimb xpmrrv nmpcafc}qlv, weq rder
gpekbocrdmpq ekb gpekbnerdmpq epmkr gcfkg rc `m
q}aamqqn}llv bmxcprmb+
Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm X cp
xeprfafxekrq+ Eq wpfrmp ikcwk rder xeprfafxekrq fq qxmeimp ekb e}bfmkam+ Qc, fr
fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm xeprfafxekrq fq ae}qmb `v cxfkfck wdfad qefb `v Kmwr
Gfkgpfad rc e}bfmkamq `}r kcr cklv e}bfmkamq wdc `mmk fk rder xleam, `}r elqc
e}bfmkamq wdc `mmk c}rqfbm ck rmlm~fqfck `pcebaeqr+ @mae}qm cn rder, rder cxfkfck
aek lfqrmk `v ekvckm wdc qmmq rdmo rcc+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
39/45
16
Ber}o 2
Mkbq
Ofrr Pcokmv : Lmrq nca}q c}p errmkrfck ck dcw rc oeim lmgel
foofgperfck wcpi ekb qrcx fllmgel foofgperfck+
Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm M cp mkbq+ Eq
wpfrmp ikcwk rder mkbq fq x}pxcqm, gcelq, ekb c}racomq+ Qc, Fr fkal}bmq fk
aermgcpfzm mkbq ae}qmb `v Ofrr Pcokmv wekrq rc gf~m e bfpmarfck rc e}bfmkamq
wdc `mmk rdmpm ekb e}bfmkamq wdc `mmk fk dcom rc xmpncpo wder Ofrr Pcokmv
qefb, ekb Ofrr Pcokmv wekrq rc jcfk wfrd ]+Q qcafmrv rc bc kcr fllmgel
foofgperfck, `}r rc bc lmgel foofgperfck+
Ber}o 0
Ear Qmu}mkamq
E}bfmkam :Dmllc+ Aek vc} rmll om wder qxmafnfa earfckq vc}ll reim rc
ebbpmqq rdm acqrlv ackqmu}mkamq cn fllmgel foofgperfck
wdflm xpmqmp~fkg rdm pfgdrq cn rdcqm wdc qmmi rc
foofgperm lmgellv3
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
40/45
28
@lfrzmp : Ell pfgdr+ Qmkercp Qekrcp}o, lmrq reim rder u}mqrfck+ @}r
elqc, fk rdm ac}pqm cn rder u}mqrfck, mtxpmqq vc}p cxfkfck
ck wder wm dmepb npco Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv, rder qmln/
bmxcprerfck, cp fllmgel foofgpekrq lme~fkg rdm ac}krpv
~cl}krepflv, fq e xcqqf`lm qcl}rfck+
Pfai Qekrcp}o : Wmll, rdm xcqqf`lm qcl}rfck fq
Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm E cp ear
qmu}mkamq+ Eq wpfrmp ikcwk rder ear qmu}mkamq fq ncpo ekb cpbmp cn rdm m~mkr+ Fr
fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm ear qmu}mkamq fq ae}qmb wdmk Pfai Qekrcp}o ge~m rdm
ekqwmp cp dfq cxfkfck rc x}`lfa wdc weradmb rdm bm`erm `mrwmmk 2 aekbfbermq cn
xpmqfbmkr, ekb enrmp Pfai Qekrcp}o nfkfqdmb rder ekqwmp, @lfrzmp bfpmarfkg rdm
u}mqrfck rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad+
Ber}o >
Imv
@lfrzmp :F j}qr wekr rc oeim q}pm F }kbmpqrekb+ Fq dm qrfll rdm ocqr
ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm3
Gfkgpfad : F rdfki, cn rdm nc}p cn }q, vmq+
@lfrzmp :Gc edmeb, Gc~mpkcp+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
41/45
2
Pcokmv : Rderq qfoxlv fkmta}qe`lm+ Rderq fkmta}qe`lm+ Ekb,
ear}ellv, Qmkercp Oepac P}`fc aeom rc ov bmnmkqm ekb
qefb rder eb weq fkmta}qe`lm ekb fknleooercpv ekb
fkexxpcxpferm+
Op+ Qxmeimp,Fo kcr ekrf/foofgpekr+
Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm I cp imv+ Eq
wpfrmp ikcwk rder imv fq al}mq rder mqre`lfqd rdm rckm, oekkmp, ekb qxfpfr cn rdm
qxmmad ear+ Fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm imv fq ae}qmb `v ekgpv mtxpmqqfck wdfad fq
bcfkg `v Ofrr Pcokmv rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad, er rder rfom Ofrr Pcokmv qefb rder dm fq
kcr ekrf foofgpekr9 dm }qmq dfgd rckm ekb qdcwfkg neam mtxpmqqfck wdfad u}frm
bfqexxcfkrmb rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad+
Ber}o 7
Fkqrp}omkrelfrfmq
Gfkgpfad :Fll rmll vc} wder$Exxle}qm&
Fll gf~m vc} ek cxxcpr}kfrv rc qmln/bmqapf`m+ Vc} rmll om
wder lekg}egm vc} wc}lb }qm rc bmqapf`m qcom`cbv wdc
rdfkiq rder bmxcprfkg e gpekbocrdmp cp e gpekbnerdmp npco
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
42/45
2
rdmfp neoflv j}qr rmll om rdm lekg}egm+ Fo xmpnmarlv
dexxv ncp vc} rc mtxlefk wder lekg}egm vc}b }qm+
Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm F cp
fkqrp}omkrelfrfmq+ Eq wpfrmp ikcwk rder fkqrp}omkrelfrfmq fq ncpo ekb qrvlm cn
qxmmad+ Fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm fkqrp}omkrelfrfmq fq ae}qmb `v Kmwr Gfkgpfad
wekrq rc qdcw rder wder lekg}egm Ofrr Pcokmv }qmb+ @mqfbm rder, Kmwr Gfkgpfad
wekrq rc rpv xmpq}ebfkg dfo rc qxmeifkg Qxefk fk npckr cn rdm e}bfmkamq+
Ber}o 1
Kcpoq
@lfrzmp : Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad, vc}~m q}ggmqrmb rder qmln/
bmxcprerfck eq eb~caermb `v Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv fq fk
vc}p wcpbq, Ek C`eoe lm~ml nekreqv+ Wdv3
Gfkgpfad : Wmll lcci, F rdfki rder nfpqr cn ell, vc} qdc}lb ackrpcl rdm
`cpbmp, wdfad F de~m xlmbgmb rc bc `v Jek}epv 5, 0852+
Vc} qdc}lb nft lmgel foofgperfck fk rmpoq cn ~fqeq qc
xmcxlm aek acom ekb gc meqflv ocpm meqflv rdek bcfkg
fr fllmgellv+ Vc} qdc}lb elqc oeim bmxcprerfck meqfmp qc
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
43/45
2
wdmk vc} bmxcpr xmcxlm wdc qdc}lbkr `m dmpm+ Rdm 51
gekg omo`mpq, ncp mteoxlm+ Fr qdc}lb `m ~mpv u}fai ekb
~mpv almep+
Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm K cp kcpoq+
Eq wpfrmp ikcwk rder Kcpoq fq Qcafel p}lmq gc~mpkfkg rdm m~mkr ekb rdm
xeprfafxekrq' earfckq ekb pmearfck+ Qc dmpm, wdv rdfq bere aek fkal}bm rc Kcpoq,
`mae}qm wdmk @lfrzmp eqiq rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad e`c}r qmln bmxcprerfck, dm wfll rdfkiq
rder u}mqrfck wfll rpfggmp rdm e}bfmkamq rc oeim pmearfck e`c}r rdm u}mqrfck ekb fr
wfll pefqm e earfck npco rdm e}bfmkamq+
Ber}o 4
Gmkpm
Pcokmv : Vc} ikcw, c}p xpc`lmo fq kcr 55 ofllfck gpekbocrdmpq+
C}p xpc`lmo fqell pfgdr+
$Exxle}qm&
Pcokmv : +++ Frq xmcxlm gmrrfkg npmm dmelrd aepm `mae}qm wm epm
pmu}fpmb }kbmp rdm lew rc xpc~fbm rder dmelrd aepm+ Ekb
rdm pmel ackampk fq rdm xmcxlm wdc wekr rc acom dmpm
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
44/45
22
lmgellv+Lmrq lmr lmgelfoofgpekrq acom dmpm+ Lmrq qrcx
fllmgel foofgperfck+
Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm G cp gmkpm+
Eq wpfrmp ikcwk rder Gmkpm fq rdm ifkb cn qxmmad ear cp m~mkr+ Qc dmpm, wdv rdfq
bere aek fkal}bm rc Gmkpm, fr ae}qmb `v rdm nc}p cn rdmo eq xpmqfbmkr aekbfbermq
wc}lb lfim rc bc rdmfp cwk wevq rc `m e`lm rc reim aepm cn rdm e}bfmkam wdc epm
weradfkg rdmfp aleqdfkg epg}omkrq e`c}r foofgperfck rder deq mkg}lnmb rdmfp
ac}krpv+
7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates
45/45
ADEXRMP =
ACKAL]QFCK
Enrmp ekelvzmb rdm bere wdfad fq ackrefkmb fk Xpmqfbmkrfel Aekbfberm
Bm`erm, rdm wpfrmp aek ackal}bm rder fk ekelvzfkg rdm bere, rdmpm epm 2 rvxm cn
fllca}rfckepv earq wdfad exxmep rc rdm rfrlm Xpmqfbmkrfel Aekbfberm Bm`erm+ Rdm
ocqr bcofkekr rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv earq fk adexrmp 1 ekelvqfq fq Pmxpmqmkrerf~m,
qmackb fq bfpmarf~m, rdfpb fq mtxpmqqf~m, ekb rdm leqr fq acoofqf~mq+ @}r dmpm, fk
m~mpv ekelvzfkg rdm bere, fr q}xxcprmb `v ackrmtr rcc rc acoxlmrfkg ek ekelvqfq cn
rdm bere+ @eqmb ck ekelvzfkg rdm bere npco 58 }rrmpekamq cn bere, rdm wpfrmp aek
ackal}bm npco bmqapfxrfck `mlcw+
58 npco oekv bere cn xpmqfbmkrfel aekbfberm bm`erm wdfad deq `mmk
qxcimk `v 2 xmcxlmq aekbfberm cn xpmqfbmkr, fr deq qcom aermgcpfmq, q}ad eq
qrermomkr, dvxcrdmqmq, u}mqrfckfkg, fk~frerfck, eqqmprfck, cnnmpq, exclcgfmq, ekb
gpmmrfkgq+ M~mpv aermgcpv aek ackal}bm rder rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv earq wdfad rdm
ocqr bcofkekrlv fq pmxpmqmkrerf~m, fr ae}qmb pmxpmqmkrerf~m gmrq 2 xcfkrq, fr aek
qmmq npco rdm bere k}o`mp 5, 0, =, ekb >+ Kmtr epm bfpmarf~mq wdfad cklv gmr 1
xcfkrq, fr aek qmmq npco rdm bere k}o`mp 1, 2, ekb 4+ Mtxpmqqf~m cklv gmr 0 xcfkrq,
fr aek qmmq npco rdm bere k}o`mp 6 ekb 58+ Leqr fq acoofqf~m, wdfad cklv gmr 5
xcfkr, fr aek qmmq npco rdm bere k}o`mp 7+