IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 1
• Westernization and Empire– A Window on the West
• Peter I & Westernization• Military Reform• Bureaucratic Reform• Social Reform• St. Petersburg
The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 2
Peter I & Westernization
The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia
St. Petersburg in 1710
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 4
• The Limits of Westernization: Catherine II
“You write on paper, but I have to write on human skin, which is far more
ticklish.” Catherine the Great
The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 5
• Westernization and Empire– The Limits of Westernization
• Catherine II• Pugachev’s Rebellion• The End of Reform
The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia
Russian soldier, 1650
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 6
The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia
Imperial Russia in the Eighteenth Century
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 7
• The European States System– The Peace of Westphalia
• Sovereign state era• Century of Imperial Wars
– The Balance of Power– Military Development
• Military academies• Technological innovation
The Transformation of Europe
The Consolidation of Sovereign States
Europe after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 8
• Early Capitalist Society
How does the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith portray the capitalist market?
The Transformation of Europe
Capitalist Society
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 9
• Early Capitalist Society – Population Growth & Urbanization
• American Food Crops– potato– maize– tomato– peppers
• Population Growth– 1500 = 81 m.– 1700 = 120 m.
• Urbanization
The Transformation of Europe
Capitalist Society
American Food Crops
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 10
• Early Capitalism & Protoindustrialization– Capitalism – Supply & Demand
• market conditions• banks
– Joint-Stock Companies– Politics & Empire
• Private property / contracts• Trading-posts
– Putting-Out System
The Transformation of Europe
Capitalist Society
17th Century Dutch shipyard
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 11
• Sources From The Past:Adam Smith on the Capitalist Market
The Transformation of Europe
Capitalist Society
“Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is in his own advantage, indeed, and not that of society, which he has in
view…”
- An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 12
• Early Capitalist Society – Social Change in Early Modern Europe
• Serfdom in Russia– Romanov policy– Serfs become private property
• Profit & Ethics– laissez-faire– “invisible hand”– universal laws
• The Nuclear Family– social unit– companionate marriage
The Transformation of Europe
Capitalist Society
Adam Smith, 1723-1790
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 13
• Reconceiving the Universe– The Ptolemaic Universe - 2nd c.e.– Planetary Movement– The Copernican Universe
The Transformation of Europe
Science and Enlightenment
A sun-centered universe ~ Nicolaus Copernicus
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 14
• The Scientific Revolution– A scientific world-view
• Galileo Galilei– mathematics– Physics– Astronomy– trial for heresy
The Transformation of Europe
Science and Enlightenment
Galileo Galilei, 1564 - 1642
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 15
• The Scientific Revolution– A scientific world-view
• Isaac Newton– Mathematics– Laws of motion– Gravitation
• Principia Mathematica (1687)
The Transformation of Europe
Science and Enlightenment
Issac Newton, 1642 - 1727
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 16
• The Enlightenment – the Power of Reason• Science and Society• Enlightenment thinkers
– Voltaire– Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• Deism• The Theory of Progress
The Transformation of Europe
Science and Enlightenment
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 17
Western Christendom ~ The Transformation of Europe
Key Words and Terms
Martin Luther Ninety-five Theses
John Calvin Institutes of the Christian Religion
Council of TrentIgnatius LoyolaThe Thirty Years WarCharles VThe New MonarchsThe Spanish InquisitionLouis XIV - le roi soliel
Nicolaus Copernicus On the Revolution of Heavenly
Spheres
Johannes KeplerGalileo GalileiIsaac Newton Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy
VoltaireDeismCarolus LinnaeusAdam Smith – Wealth of Nations
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 18
Europe experienced profound change in the early modern era:
• The Protestant Reformation shattered religious unity• Subsequently, a century of religious conflict • Sovereign & competitive states• Capitalist entrepreneurship challenges traditional values• Modern sciences emerges• Science & reason transform traditional belief systems• European capitalism expands into larger world as European society
becomes increasingly competitive
Western Christendom ~ The Transformation of Europe
Summary
IDST2373 / HIST2322 Dr. Keller 19
• Understand the profound change Europe experienced in the early modern era.
• Be knowledgeable concerning the way in which the Protestant Reformation shattered religious unity and led to a century of conflict.
• Have the ability to understand how sovereign & competitive states combined with capitalist entrepreneurship to challenge traditional values
• Have the ability to understand how modern science & reason transform traditional belief systems
• Comprehend the significance of the expansion of European capitalism into the larger world.
Western Christendom ~ The Transformation of Europe
Learning Outcomes