CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with an economy
dependent largely on agriculture. Agriculture provides about 20% of the gross domestic
product (GDP) and employs about 65 per cent of the civilian labor force. Rice covers
about 75 per cent cultivable land of the country. Other important crops grown are jute,
wheat, sugarcane, potato, tea, tobacco, cotton, oilseeds and vegetables. About 100
different types of crops are grown. The farmers are mostly illiterate, and their
landholdings are very small and fragmented. The agricultural production system of
Bangladesh is prone to many natural hazards such as frequent floods, drought, cyclones
and tidal surges. The warm and humid environment of the country is highly conducive to
the proliferation of insect pests and diseases. (National IPM Policy 2000)
Several methods of pest control were being practiced in Bangladesh to combat pest
incidence, chemical control being at the top of the list. Current registration shows 94
different kinds of pesticides with 299 trade names. Although pesticides may provide
temporary relief from pests, in the long run these pesticides pose the greater problem.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) system, which embodies a combination of many
environmentally friendly techniques of managing healthy crops, conservation of
biological control agents by avoiding or reducing the use of toxic pesticides,
augmentation of biological control agents, and use of pest tolerant crop varieties, was
considered a suitable strategy in reducing crop losses due to pests, leading to sustainable
agriculture. (Hossain 2006)
1.2 Current status of pesticides use and its impact on the environment
The sub -tropical monsoon climate of Bangladesh favors the rapid development of
various pests and diseases on crops. A conservative estimate indicates that 10 to 15 per
cent of crops are damaged by pests and disease annually. Modernization of agriculture
had led to an extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides. Although food grains and other
crops showed significant yield increases through the use of fertilizers and pesticides, soil
quality deteriorated as a consequence of indiscriminate and excessive use of chemicals.
Pesticide use was implemented in the country in 1957, and was fully subsidized up to
early 1974, when subsidy levels were reduced to half. Subsidy was fully withdrawn
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in1979 leading to a decline in consumption levels. In 1995, use of nitrogen fertilizer
accounted for about 88 per cent of total fertilizer use, from 67 per cent in 1991.
Insecticide was commonly used for pest control , which accounted for approximately
90 per cent of total consumed pesticide.
Although, pesticides use when compared to other countries is relatively low,
dependence on pesticides had already caused pollution and environmental
degradation. The pesticides sprayed over the standing crops ultimately contaminated soil
(figure I.1). Research findings reveal that pesticide applied at the rate of one pound per
acre deteriorated the topsoil to a depth of a foot (about four million pound soil) not only
destroying harmful insects, but also destroying useful microbes of top soils, which slowly
retarded the biological nutrient replenishment of the soil.
Figure 1.1: Fate of agro-chemicals applied to crops
Farmers spraying pesticides and using fertilizers, in many cases, suffered from heart and
skin diseases. Cows, goats and other domestic animals eating fertilizer-fed and
pesticides-affected grasses also suffered from diseases. Fish population in the rivers
and other water bodies decreased drastically due to water pollution by chemicals
including fertilizers and pesticides.
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1.3 Objective of the Study
The main objectives of the study are:
To identify the IPM techniques used by the vegetable farmers
To evaluate the economic benefit of the farmers.
1.4 Justification of the Study
By using IPM technique, the vegetable farmers can grow eco-friendly, organic crops
which economic value is very high in local and foreign market. But the technique is not
adopted by all farmers for some constraints. But the economic return is much higher for
the farmers by using IPM technique. In this study the economic status of farmers are also
evaluated. And the study can help to identify the justification of IPM for the other
farmers.
1.5 Scope of the Study
IPM technique is relatively new in our country. It is not very popular among all vegetable
farmers. This study finds out the economic returns of using IPM. Such types of study will
be helpful for the spread of the IPM techniques among the farmers of the other part of the
study area.
1.6 Limitation of the Study
Limitations of the study are as follows.
Limited time for field visit and data collection.
Only key informants survey with the vegetable farmers.
Unable to meet with the Upazila Agriculture Officer.
1.7 Literature review
1.7.1 Pesticide use in vegetable cultivation
Until recently insecticides were the major means of insect control in all crops including
vegetables in Bangladesh. The use of insecticides in Bangladesh was started date back in
1957/58 with the grant receipt of 3 metric tons of endrin , which reached 14,312 metric
tons in 2004 through import and marketing of several brands across 5 era of systems, and
is still on the increasing trend. More than 80% of the insecticides are used in controlling
the insect pests of rice. Such use of pesticides in rice caused several problems including
insect pest resurgence, secondary pest outbreak etc. Recently, the use of insecticides has
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considerably increased in vegetables like eggplant, country bean, cucurbits, yard long
bean etc particularly in their intensive growing areas. In a growing season of 4 to 6
months in Jessore district, as many as 150 applications of insecticides with at least once a
day during peak period were required to suppress the insect pests in eggplant. As many as
30 sprays of insecticides have been reported in country bean. Even in several instances
farmers were reported to use cocktails of 3 to 5 insecticides to control the eggplant shoot
and fruit borers, which indicated the development of resistance, destruction of natural
enemies, resurgence and harmful residues in edible fruits. These situations have prompted
to shift the practice of sole reliance on insecticide to integrated insect pest management
(IPM) practice (Islam, 2005)
1.7.2 What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
In agriculture, integrated pest management (IPM) is a pest control strategy that uses a
variety of complementary strategies including: mechanical devices, physical devices,
genetic, biological, cultural management, and chemical management. These methods are
done in three stages: prevention, observation, and intervention. It is an ecological
approach with a main goal of significantly reducing or eliminating the use of pesticides
while at the same time managing pest populations at an acceptable level (IPM CSRP).
1.7.3 How IPM works
An IPM regime can be quite simple or sophisticated. Historically, the main focus of IPM
programs was on agricultural insect pests. Although originally developed for agricultural
pest management, IPM programs are now developed to encompass diseases, weeds, and
other pests that interfere with the management objectives of sites such as residential and
commercial structures, lawn and turf areas, and home and community gardens.
An IPM system is designed around six basic components: The US Environmental
Protection Agency has a useful set of IPM principles.
1. Acceptable pest levels: The emphasis is on control, not eradication. IPM holds that
wiping out an entire pest population is often impossible, and the attempt can be more
costly, environmentally unsafe, and frequently unachievable. IPM programs first work to
establish acceptable pest levels, called action thresholds, and apply controls if those
thresholds are crossed. These thresholds are pest and site specific, meaning that it may be
acceptable at one site to have a weed such as white clover, but at another site it may not
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be acceptable. This stops the pest gaining resistance to chemicals produced by the plant or
applied to the crops. If many of the pests are killed then any that have resistance to the
chemical will rapidly reproduce forming a resistant population. By not killing all the pests
there are some un-resistant pests left that will dilute any resistant genes that appear.
2. Preventive cultural practices: Selecting varieties best for local growing conditions,
and maintaining healthy crops, is the first line of defense, together with plant quarantine
and 'cultural techniques' such as crop sanitation (e.g. removal of diseased plants to
prevent spread of infection).
3. Monitoring: Regular observation is the cornerstone of IPM. Observation is broken into
two steps, first; inspection and second; identification. Visual inspection, insect and spore
traps, and other measurement methods and monitoring tools are used to monitor pest
levels. Accurate pest identification is critical to a successful IPM program. Record-
keeping is essential, as is a thorough knowledge of the behavior and reproductive cycles
of target pests. Since insects are cold-blooded, their physical development is dependent
on the temperature of their environment. Many insects have had their development cycles
modeled in terms of degree days. Monitor the degree days of an environment to
determine when is the optimal time for a specific insect's outbreak.
4. Mechanical controls: Should a pest reach an unacceptable level, mechanical methods
are the first options to consider. They include simple hand-picking, erecting insect
barriers, using traps, vacuuming, and tillage to disrupt breeding.
5. Biological controls: Natural biological processes and materials can provide control,
with minimal environmental impact, and often at low cost. The main focus here is on
promoting beneficial insects that eat target pests. Biological insecticides, derived from
naturally occurring microorganisms (e.g.: Bt, entomopathogenic fungi and
entomopathogenic nematodes), also fit in this category.
6. Chemical controls: Synthetic pesticides are generally only used as required and often
only at specific times in a pest’s life cycle. Many of the newer pesticide groups are
derived from plants or naturally occurring substances (e.g.: nicotine, pyrethrum and insect
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juvenile hormone analogues), and further 'biology-based' or 'ecological' techniques are
under evaluation. (Wekipedia, 2009)
1.7.4 IPM History in Bangladesh
The IPM activity in Bangladesh, in fact, was initiated in 1981 through the FAO inter-
country IPM project in rice in South and South East Asia, which subsequently expanded
through other projects like ADB funded DAE – CAD (Department of Agricultural
Extension – Command Area Development) in 1997 – 2000, FAO – EC- CDB Regional
Cotton IPM program in 1999 in 1999, CARE Bangladesh INTERFISH (Integrated Rice
and Fish) program in 1993 and the NOPEST (New Options in Pest Management)
program in 1995, DANIDA - DAE – SPPS (Strengthening Plant Protection Services)
project phase 1 in 1997 – 2002, DANIDA funded AID-Comilla (Association for
Integrated Development) project in 1999 – 2001. All these projects mostly concentrated
on rice IPM. These projects have developed IPM technologies for rice insect pests and
undertaken programmes for their dissemination through T & V system and then lastly by
establishing the Farmers Field Schools (FFSs) across the country. The process is still
ongoing for enhancing the adoption by general farmers. Subsequently efforts were
undertaken to develop vegetable IPM through the Vegetable IPM-ICP project in 1996 -
1999, UNDP/FAO -DAE IPM project in 1996 - 2001, DANIDA - DAE – SPPS
(Strengthening Plant Protection Services) project phase 2 in 2002 to 2006, and USAID -
IPMCRSP (IPM Collaborative Research and Supportive Programme) in 1993 – 1998 – to
date. The IPM activities have created significant awareness in the country and have made
significant impact in reducing the use of pesticides by the IPM trained farmers. But the
IPM tactics so far tested under these projects have covered only very few insect pests of
only few vegetables and have not been adopted as a common practice by the general
vegetable farmers. However, efforts are underway to address both these situations.
Nevertheless significant achievements have been made in developing the IPM tactics for
the insect pests particularly the fruit fly of cucurbits and the shoot and fruit borer of
eggplant among the vegetables.
1.7.5 IPM of Eggplant and other vegetables
Eggplant, Solanum groundgena is one of the most common and popular vegetable crops
cultivated in Bangladesh. It is grown year-round having two major growing seasons such
as summer and winter. Eggplant is one of the rare vegetables, which can be grown also in
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summer. It covers an area of 74,711 acres, which is about 15% of total vegetable areas of
the country. Although the crop is grown throughout the country, it is intensively and
commercially grown in Jessore, Narsinghdi, Dhaka, Comilla, Rangpur and Bogra
districts. Its annual production is about 191,525 metric tons with an average yield of 2.56
metric tons per acre. One of the major factors of low yield of eggplant is insect pest. At
least fifteen insect pests and one mite pest attack eggplant. Among them, eggplant shoot
and fruit borers, leafhoppers and epilachna beetles cause serious damage to the crop.
However, none of the insect pests build up populations equally in every season and in all
growing regions. The incidence and infestation of insect pests predominate in summer
season (Rahman 2000)
Like eggplant, in tomato, sweet ground/ Pumpkin (Misti kumra), cabbage, and in korola
(Momordica charantia) field, IPM is used by the farmers. Different IPM techniques are used
by the farmers. Mainly they got training from different NGOs and from the Agriculture
extension office.
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CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Introduction
Methodology reveals the entire process that will be followed for the completion of the
study successfully. It helps to organize and conduct the study. The following
methodological activities have been undertaken to complete the paper.
2.2 Selection of the Study Area
Study area is selected according to study objectives and research work related with the
issues. Following the title and objectives of the study, an area was selected where a large
amount of vegetable produced and IPM technique is also used. For that purposes Jalkar of
Rangpur sadar Upazila in Rangpur district (Figure 2.1) has been selected as the study
area. In that area, farmers mainly grow a locally well known “Khatkhatia eggplant”, Misti
kumra, Korola and tomato.
2.3 Description of the Study Area
Jalkar is situated 5 km north of Rangpur town. Most of the people are employee, labor
and riwksha puller. Some people are poultry farm owner and rests of the people are
farmers. Among them around 40% farmers cultivate vegetables. In that area around 350
ha land is under cultivation of vegetable. Farmers are mainly grown eggplant, sweet
ground (Misti kumra), tomato and korola. The farmers sell their products to the nearby
Boro bazar (Municipality whole sale market). The farmers get training and support for
IPM practice from a NGO named USAID-CSRP. The trainers of that NGO give training,
support technology and provide other help.
2.4 Data Collection
2.4.1 Primary data collection
Primary data are collected by a questionnaire survey of key informants. A total 10
questionnaire survey was conducted for the data collection. Key informants are selected
from the vegetable field situated both side of the main road.
2.4.2 Secondary Data Collection
The secondary data were collected from different sources. Mainly those data were
collected from the books, review of published literature on the concerned topic. Internet
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was extensively used for the collection of related papers and different data. Maps were
collected from Banglapedia.
Figure 2.1: Rangpur District, sadar upazila and study area (dotted) Source: Banglapedia
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2.5 Data Processing, Analysis and Interpretation
The collected data are processed first and then the data is analyzed using Microsoft Excel
of Office 2003 version. The results of interpretation are presented in tables and figures.
Different types of graph providing the comparison among various parameters.
2.6 Report Writing and Presentation
The Report is prepared by using Microsoft Word in computer after sorting and analysis of
the data obtained. The report was organized in a systematic way as per possible and final
submission of the report was held. The presentation is also prepared by using Microsoft
Power Point.
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CHAPTER THREE: PEST, IPM AND IPM POLICY
3.1 Pest
Pest are a special category of animals and plants those destroy our economic crops and
biological production. The term pest may be used to refer specifically to harmful animals
but is also often taken to mean all harmful organisms including weeds, plant pathogenic
fungi and viruses. Pesticides are chemicals and other agents (e.g. beneficial micro-
organisms) that are used to control or protect other organisms from pests.
Again, The word “pest” refers to organisms such as insects, pathogens, weeds,
nematodes, mites, rodents and birds that cause damage or annoyance to man, his animals,
crops or possessions. According to an estimate, annual yield loss due to insect pest alone
is 16 percent for rice, 11 percent for wheat, 20 percent for sugarcane, 25 percent for
vegetables, 15 percent for jute and 25 percent for pulse crops. (IMP Policy, 2000)
3.2 Harmful pest for vegetable
There are many harmful pest are present in our country. Some name of the pest are given
below.
Table 3.1: Name of some pest of vegetables
Local Name Scientific name Family Genera
Cut worm Agrotis ipsilon Noctuidae LepidopteraEpilachna beetle vigintioctopunctata Coccineliidae LepidopteraJassid Amrasca biguttula Jassidae LepidopteraLeaf Roller Eublemma olivacea, Noctuidae LepidopteraRed mite Tetranychus urticae Acarina HomopteraThrips Thrips palmi Thripidae LepidopteraAphids Aphis gossypii Aphididae HomopteraWhite fly Bemisia tabaci Aleurodidae HomopteraEggplant shoot and fruit borer
Leucinodes orbonalis Pyralidae Thysanoptera
Black aphids, Plutella xylostela Aphididae AcarinaFruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae LepidopteraShoot and Fruit borer Earias vittella Plutellidae HomopteraDiamondback moth Spodoptera litura Noctuidae ColeopteraTobacco caterpillar Aphis craccivora Noctuidae Lepidoptera.
(Source: Rahman 2005)
3.3 Current pest management practice
In Bangladesh, chemical control has been the primary method of pest control in the past.
Up to 1974, the Government promoted the use of pesticides by supplying them free of
cost to farmers (100 percent subsidy). The subsidy was reduced to 50 percent in 1974.
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The Government withdrew subsidy completely in 1979 and the pesticide business was
transferred to the private sector. However, to deal with emergency situations, the
government should maintain a buffer stock of 15-20 metric tons of pesticides. After the
withdrawal of subsidy, although the use of pesticides declined during early years,
their use has been on the increase again reaching 14,340 metric tons of formulated
products or 2,462 metric tons of active ingredients in 1999 costing over one billion Taka
in foreign exchange (US$ 18.5 million). Increased rice area, increase in cropping intensity
and an increase in the area under high yielding varieties led to the increased
consumption of pesticides.
At present 96 pesticides (including one botanical) with 304 trade names have been
registered in Bangladesh. In the year 1999, 2,462 tons of active ingredients of pesticides
were used in Bangladesh over an area of 13.63 million hectare, which is equal to 180
grams of active ingredients per hectare per year. All these pesticides are imported every
year expending hard-earned foreign exchange. Although pesticide use in Bangladesh is
relatively lower in comparison to neighbouring countries (e.g. India uses 320 grams of
active ingredients per hectare per year), the use of pesticides has been increasing rapidly
over the past two decades. (IPM Policy, 2000)
3.4 The need of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
In the past, pesticides were considered as the ‘panacea’ for the control of agricultural
pests. Although pesticides may provide temporary relief, it is now widely accepted
that indiscriminate and excessive use of pesticides and the long-term dependency
on them threaten the sustainability of agricultural production. Over dependence on
chemical pesticides is not only expensive but also leads to negative environmental
impacts, in addition to increased health hazards to both the growers and consumers of
crops.
Considering the facts that:
Bangladesh needs to increase its food production on a sustainable basis;
Pests continue to cause serious damages to crops;
The use of toxic pesticides is the main method of pest control and that such
continued heavy reliance on chemicals would lead to serious environmental and
human health problems, pest resurgence, new pest problems and development of
resistance;
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There is a need for an alternative method rather than to rely solely on pesticides.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has now been considered as the most appropriate one
in this respect. (IPM Policy, 2000)
3.5 The National IPM Policy
There are many definitions of Integrated Pest Management. The FAO definition of IPM is
as follows:
"A pest management system that, in the context of the associated environment and the
population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods
in as compatible a manner as possible and maintains the pest populations at levels below
those causing economic injury"
In the context of Bangladesh the term IPM includes elements contributing to an effective,
safe, sustainable and economically sound crop protection system. It is not limited to pest
management system alone.
Clearly, IPM conserves the natural resources such as the soil, flora and fauna and ensures
reliability and stability of agricultural production. Ecological and economic sustainability
of agricultural production is the long-term goal of IPM. In fact effective IPM-
increases self-reliance of farmers by promoting locally developed and adapted
crop management practices;
reduces the risks to farmers, general public and the environment; these include the
risks of crop loss and all risks related to the use of pesticides;
brings enormous savings by reducing the use of farm chemicals;
reduces use of pesticides at the national level;
improves the field conditions for beneficial insects and generate extra income as
well as nutritious food for the farmers; and
Promotes community activities and the formation of farmer groups (e.g. IPM
clubs) and facilitates empowerment of both female and male farmers.
3.6 Components of the IPM Policy
The following are the key components of the IPM policy:
Maintaining ecological balance
Executing appropriate actions on pesticides
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Operating an effective system for implementing the national IPM programme
Developing human resources as the core of IPM
Conducting research on IPM
3.7 Effect of IPM and green farming on farmer’s income
In Bangladesh some of the literate urban populations are becoming increasingly aware of
the pesticide hazards in food. Vegetable growers mostly use fertilizer and pesticides on
brinjal, ladies finger, yard long bean, potato etc. Green farming products are currently
attracting the buyers market. Vegetable products of Bangladesh have demand in Middle
East and in some European countries where green farming products area precondition.
Green farming with Integrated Nutrient Management, pest and disease management, soil
and water management, applying compost, vermi-compost, green manuring, bio-
inoculants like Azotobacter and Azospirilum, Blue-green algae,Azolla, Mycorrhiza and
production of multipurpose trees and shrubs; using of boundary planting, homegardening,
mechanical and biological pest control could create the great opportunity of intensive
labors for income generation.
No formal green farming project has been setup in government sector though preliminary
practices on green farming are being undertaken by some NGOs. However, some
activities such as compost making, green manuring etc. are included in the activities of
the extension workers to motivate farmers in soil management. Demands for green
farming product are gradually increasing in the market, leaving ample scope to extend
this technology in the country. National policy and planning is urgently needed to meet
this demand. (Islam, 2005)
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CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
Uses of pesticide for the vegetable and crop production have negative impact on
environment and heath of the farmers. IPM techniques solve all these problems. Because,
these techniques are environment friendly, safe and economically viable. For that, this
study try to evaluate the common IPM techniques of the study area, their working
procedure, effectiveness, and economic benefits of using IPM. A general health situation
of farmers before and after using IPM was also evaluated.
4.2 IPM Techniques Used in the Study Area
From the early chapters, we found that the study area mainly grown eggplant, sweet
ground (Misti kumra), and korola. The common IPM techniques practiced by the farmers
of the study area are given here.
4.2.1 Pheromone Trap/ Ghondo Fad
The pheromone trap or Ghondo Fad comprises the pheromone and the locally made-up
detergent water trough (Figure 3.1).
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Plastic container
Pheromone containing
rolled cotton
Dissolve detergent
BambooSupport
Figure 4.1: Pheromone Trap/ Ghondo Fad Source: Field study
In a one ha vegetable 8-10 pheromen trap is used. The number is varying according to the
farmers choice. The whole system consists of a big size around 20 to 25cm tall
rectangular or round clear plastic container. A triangular opening is cut in any two
opposite sides starting 3-4cm from the bottom. Detergent water of 3-4cm height is
maintained inside the container (trap) throughout the season. A cotton wad measuring
2.5x1.5cm and soaked with 15-20 drops of “cuelure” [4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2 butane} or
{4-(3-oxobutyl-phenylacetate)}] is hung through the center of the lid of the plastic
container by means of a thin wire in such a way that the cotton wad remains 3-4cm above
the detergent water. The trap is then placed just above the crop canopy (1.5-2 m) by
means of a bamboo support. The pheromone remains active and continues to attract flies
for 2-3 months. This is a very common and most well known practice for the korola
vegetable. The pheromone is a sex hormone released by the male insects. In pheromone
trap the female insects are attracted by the smell of the pheromone and fly near the trap.
They enter inside the trap and fall in to the detergent mixed water which acts as poison
for them and they killed there. By killing the female insects the reproduction and the egg
lying is stopped in korola and eggplant field. And by this way this technique reduces the
insect attack on vegetable.
4.2.2 Mash Sweet Ground (MSG) Poison Trap/ Kumra Bis Fad
It is a popular trap using mainly in Pumpkin/Kumra field. Farmers of the study area who
cultivate sweet ground always use such types of trap (Figure 4.2). The poison MSG bait is
prepared by taking 100g of sliced and smashed ripe sweet gourd in an earthen small
container named “chara, shora or sanki” and mixed with 0.25g Mipcin 75WP or Sevin
85WP or Dipterex 80WP and around 100ml water. The earthen container, with the above
bait materials, is then placed in a Kumra field by mounting it on three bamboo sticks in
such a way that the container remains about half meter above the ground. Finally a flat
earthen plate, bigger than the poison containing earthen container, is placed at the top of
the three bamboo sticks to protect the bait materials from getting dried by solar heat or
wet from rains. A small amount of water should be added to the bait if it gets dried. The
MSG bait remains effective for 3-4 days at which time the bait should be replaced with
newly prepared MSG. in a ong ha vegetable field farmers use 12 to 15 trap according to
their choice and the equal distance is managegd.
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Figure 4.2: MSG trap/ Kumrar Bis Fad Source: Field study
In this trap the pest are attracted by the smell of the sweet ground and come to the trap.
They sit on the poisoned water mixed with sweet ground and killed. Both male and
female and some time beneficiary insects such as bee, spider, dragon fly etc. are also
killed in this trap. According the farmers the trap is very effective and thy get benefit for
the trap
4.2.3 Grafting of Eggplant/ Kolom chara
Grafting eggplant is very popular to the farmers of the study area. The majority numbers
of the farmers are eggplant cultivators. So they need disease free, pest free, healthy
vegetable. The economic return of these types of vegetable is also high. For that reason
the farmers like this technique. And they adopt this technique. Some of them graft the bud
of eggplant and sell them to other farmers. Not only eggplant, farmers are also graft
tomato plant for disease free vegetable plant. Grafting of eggplant is little bit tough.
Because the plant is grafted in to a wild eggplant (teet begun/ kata begun) root. At first a
eggplant plant is taken and its root is cut off in “V” shape. A wild eggplant tree is taken
and its shoot is also cut from the 2-3 inch from root in a “V” shape. Then the eggplant
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Poisoned water with mashed sweet ground
Earthen Pot as Roof
Earthen Pot Bamboo Stick
plant in grafted into the wild eggplant and the grafting place is attached with tread or
simple plastic clip. After that the plant are keep in side a plastic shade preventing it from
heat and rainwater. After 3- 5 days the grafted portions of the both plants are joined and
the plant is ready for the field.
Figure 4.3: Grafting of eggplant Source: Field study
Figure 4.4: Grafting plants are attached with plastic clip Source: Field study
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Eggplant tree
Wild Eggplant Root
Attached Place of two plants
Joint attached with plastic clip
Grafting is revolutionizing the business of producing eggplants of the study area. Grafting
technology is being used to control the devastating soil borne disease of eggplant known
as “bacterial wilt” and some other fungicide disease. In eggplant field, pheromone traps
are also use for the biological control. Before tree plantation the farmers prepare their
land by using tobacco dust into the field. Again tobacco dust is also spread in mature
eggplant plants and also in field. The irritating odor of tobacco dust keeps the pests away
for the vegetable field.
4.2.4 Organic soil amendment/ Jomi toyri/ Field Preparation
This is relatively a new technique for the vegetable farmers. This technique is applied
before tree plantation and during land preparation. We know that eggplant affected by
different soil induced disease. Different microorganisms, pest larva, pest insect live in the
soil. And after plantation they attacked to the plant and destroy the plant and vegetable
production. For that reason the new IPM techniques is introduces in the study area by
some NGOs. The technique is call soil amendment or field preparation.
Figure 4.5: With out land preparation process Source: Field study
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Weak Plants
HealthyPlants
Figure 4.6: With land preparation process Source: Field study
Locally available materials are used for this practice. For the land preparation the farmers
need well decomposed poultry refuse and mustard oil-cake both are available in that area.
The farmers need 3 ton/ ha well decomposed poultry refuse and mustard oil-cake (300 kg/
ha). Both are mixed properly and then mixed with the field soil 15 days before planting of
the vegetable. Normal IPM techniques are followed during the other period. From the
figure (figure 4.5 and 4.6) we can easily compared the health and productivity status of
the following IPM techniques. It is found that the without following the land preparation
IPM techniques, the eggplant plants are less strong, brownish leaf, rolled leaf and the size
of the fruit is small. On the other hand, by following the IPM techniques the plant are
healthy, greener, strong and the size and shape of the fruit is also very good. So by
following this technique, farmers can get more production and economically also
benefited.
4.2.4 Other local pest control techniques
Some other local techniques are also use in the study area for the pest management. Their
name and acting process are given below.
4.2.4.1 Rodent/ Rat trap
Rodents mainly rat is very harmful for the vegetable. They eat, cut and make unwanted
canal in the vegetable field. By their attack the production of vegetable reduced. Trees are
also affected. For that local farmers use bamboo made traps, bait trap etc.
4.2.4.2 Light trap
It is a very common practice in our country. In the study are only few farmers using this
technique. A light is hanging on the vegetable field and beneath it a bowl or chari filled
with poisonous or detergent containing water placed. At night the insects are gathered
near the light and fall into the poisonous water and killed. Farmers having vegetable field
near their house some time practice this techniques.
4.2.4.3 Scarecrow
Scarecrow is used to drive out the birds form the vegetable field mainly from the korola
field. Because they make hole and destroy the vegetable. Scarecrow is made with bamboo
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stick, straw, old mud pot and torn shirt. A human like shape is formed for driving out the
birds. When wind blow it moves and birds became afraid and flew away.
4.2.4.4 Plastic, cassette tape
These are also used for driving out the birds. Plastic and cassette tape reflects light. By
watching this birds do not come near the vegetable field. For that plastic or tape are tie at
1-2 meter long bamboo stick and placed into the field. When wind blows the tape and
plastic are curing like snake and the birds become afraid and keep away form the
vegetable field.
4.3 Economic Status of the Farmers
4.3.1 Reduced pesticide use
A huge amount of pesticide is essential for the vegetable production. But the IPM
technique reduces the pesticide use. Form the study it is found that before using IPM they
use high amount of pesticide but after adopting IPM method the use of pesticide is
reduced almost 72% (Figure: 3.7) and table 3.1.
Table 4.1: No of bottle of pesticide use before and after using IPM
VegetableBefore IPM
Per ha
After IPM
Per ha
% of pesticide
use reduction
Total reduction
of pesticide use
Eggplant 10 2/3 75%
72%Korola 12 4 66%
Sweet Ground 8 2 75%
21Figure 4.7: Overall reduction in pesticide use
75%
66%
75%
72% 72% 72%
60%
62%
64%
66%
68%
70%
72%
74%
76%
Eggplant Korola Sweet Ground
Vegetable type
% R
ed
uced
From the above figure we found that for both eggplant and sweet ground field the
application of pesticide is reduced around 75% on the other hand for korola it is reduced
66% and overall reduction of pesticide use for the study area is reduced 72%.
4.3.2 Amount of money saved for less use of pesticide
Less amount of pesticide are uses after IPM technique of the study area. The prices of the
pesticides are very high. Less amount of pesticide cost less agricultural cost to the
farmers. The status of spend money for the pesticide of the study area is given here. It is
found that around 78% cost saved by using the IPM techniques of vegetables. In the
following table (table 3.2) the data are given.
Table 4.2: Pesticide cost saving of farmers before and after using IPM
Vegetable
Cost Before
IPM
Ha/ Taka
Cost After IPM
Ha/ Taka
% of money
savedOver all savings
Eggplant 1600 350 78%
78%Korola 1800 420 76%
Sweet Ground 1400 250 82%
22
Figure 4.8: Overall cost save by using IPM
78%
76%
82%
78% 78% 78%
73%
74%
75%
76%
77%
78%
79%
80%
81%
82%
83%
Eggplant Korola Sweet Ground
Vegetable type
% C
ost
Saved
From figure 4.8 we found that the overall cost saved 78% by using IPM
4.3.3 Amount of production increased by using IPM
IPM technique increased vegetable production of the study area. It is found that the sweet
ground production is increased very high around 2.5 times high than previous. For
eggplant the production increase almost double and for the korola the production
increased near about double. The following table (Table 3.3) shows the result.
Table 4.3: Yield of farmers before and after using IPM
VegetableBefore IPM
Tons/Ha
After IPM
Tons/Ha
% of production
change
Over all
Yield increased
Eggplant 4 7 175% 189%
(Almost
double)
Korola 12 20 166%
Sweet Ground 3.5 8 228%
From the figure 4.9 it is found that the overall yield production increase by using IPM is
almost double.
4.3.4 Economic retunes of the vegetable farmers
23
Figure 4.9:% of yield increased by using IPM
175%
166% 228%
189% 189%189%
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
Eggplant Korola Sweet Ground
Vegetable type
% Y
ield
in
crea
sed
From the study it is found that the economic returns of the farmers are increasing. But the
farmers are not eager to give the data of economic status. According to the farmers it is
found that only 20 to 40 incomes increased. But it is not match with the other results. Its
may due to reluctance to give economic data or etc. but it is found that the economic
status is increasing around 30% by using the IPM technique. Again they said increased
vegetable production reduce the price of vegetable and for that the interest is also
reduced. Probably this is the main cause of less benefit. The following table (table 4.4)
Table 4.4: % of interest increased by using IPM of vegetable farmers
Vegetable
Interest before
IPM
Taka/Ha
Interest after
IPM
Taka/Ha
% of t change
Over all
Interest
increased
Eggplant 450 600 33%
38%Korola 500 700 40%
Sweet Ground 700 1000 43%
From the above figure 4.10 it is found that the overall economic benefit increase only
38% according to the vegetable farmers.
24
Figure 4.10:% of interest increased by using IPM
33%43%
40%
38%
38%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Eggplant Korola Sweet Ground
Vegetable type
% i
nte
rest
in
crea
sed
4.4 Discussions
It is found that in study area mainly four types of IPM techniques are used. Those are
Pheromone trap, Mashed sweet ground trap, grafting of eggplant and Organic soil
amendment. Some other local IPM practices are also used. Againg it is found that the
amount of pesticide use reduced 72%, 78% cost saved by using IPM, crop production
increase almost 200% or double and the overall economic return increased 38%. These
results are matched with the national standard and few other IPM study conducted by
BARI. So the results are considered as reliable.
25
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusion
Until few years back most farmers in Bangladesh relied solely on pesticides for protecting
their crops from pest damage. They were unaware that all insects were not harmful to
crops, nor that certain insects did benefit crops by damaging harmful insects and that
blanket application of pesticides also killed the majority of beneficial insects. IPM trained
farmers are able to identify the pests and beneficial insects (predators and parasites) and
in making correct decisions in crop production practices to get higher yields. They are
confident that reduced or no pesticide use, could guarantee higher yields, better crop
management practices and show a positive impact on the rural economy as well as
poverty alleviation. Practicing green farming could mean a better environment.
In the study area farmers are very much interested about IPM. They are ready to accept
this technique because of its economic benefit, higher yield, reduction of pesticide use
etc. So it is essential to spread this technology to the vegetable farmer of whole country,
then we can increase our food production and it will help us to alleviate poverty of our
country.
26
References
1. Islam, M. 1999. Integrated pests (insects) management of vegetables. Consultancy
Report. AVRDC-USAID Bangladesh Project. HRC. BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur.
2. Islam, S. 2005. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Green Farming in Rural
Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh. Presented by hahidul, Department of
Agricultural Extension and Project Manager, Command Area Development
Project, Part-B, Bangladesh.
3. Hossain M I, (et al) 2006. Diffusion of IPM Technologies of Vegetables in
Selected Areas of Bangladesh,.
4. National Integrated Pest Management Policy, 2002, Ministry of Agriculture
Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh,
5. Rahman, M. M. 2005. IPM technologies of different crops potential for field trial
generated at the Department of Entomology, BSMRAU, Gazipur. Paper presented
at IPM Operators Workshop organized by the DANIDA-DAE-SPPS project and
held on March 30 at DAE, Khamarbari, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
6. Satter, M. A. and K. S. Uddin. 1996. Country Paper on Integrated Pest
Management Activities in Bangladesh, DAE, Khamarabari, Dhaka.
7. Internet:
Wekipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPM
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