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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMVolume 9, Issue 13, December 201
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=13
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN
© IAEME Publication
IC-ENGINE PERFORMANCE
DISPERSED IN NON
AS BIO LUBRICANT: EX
Abdulmunem R.Abdulmunem, Mohammed Hassan Jabal and Hussain Saad Abd
Electromechanical Engineering, University of Technology,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
In recent years, researchers headed for finding , developing and
renewable bio-fluids in the different applications, because it's be biodegradable ,eco
friendly and green in nature, instead of the conventional energy resources (fossil)
which have bad effects on the humans and environment (non
Vegetable oils are one of these resources that can be extracted from non
surplus vegetables. In this work
lubricant (neat and blended with
with different concentration ratios 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%
a four stroke single cylinder diesel engine
and applied load. The experiment
sunflower oil led to reduction in brake specific fuel consumption and
temperature of the IC engine
mineral oil, while the increasing in brake thermal efficiency was about (7%).
additives of MWCNT to non
results of the engine performance
consumption about (10, 13
about (8, 12 and 16%) and
and 21%) for the concentration ratios 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% respectively.
Key words: Bio lubricant
oil.
IJMET/index.asp 1071 [email protected]
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) 2018, pp. 1071–1082, Article ID: IJMET_09_13_112
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=13
ISSN Online: 0976-6359
Scopus Indexed
ENGINE PERFORMANCE USING MWCNT
DISPERSED IN NON-EDIBLE SUNFLOWER OIL
AS BIO LUBRICANT: EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION
Abdulmunem R.Abdulmunem, Mohammed Hassan Jabal and Hussain Saad Abd
Electromechanical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
Mohammed Hassan Jabal
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
In recent years, researchers headed for finding , developing and application the
fluids in the different applications, because it's be biodegradable ,eco
friendly and green in nature, instead of the conventional energy resources (fossil)
which have bad effects on the humans and environment (non-biodegrad
Vegetable oils are one of these resources that can be extracted from non
In this work, performance ability of the non-edible sunflower bio
(neat and blended with multi-wall carbon nano tube (MWCNT) as additive
with different concentration ratios 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% was tested (experimentally) using
a four stroke single cylinder diesel engine under different test condition; engine speed
experimental results indicated that the using of t
reduction in brake specific fuel consumption and cylinder
engine bout (6 and 4% respectively) compared with the us
increasing in brake thermal efficiency was about (7%).
of MWCNT to non-edible sunflower oil give improvement in the
gine performance through; reduction of the brake specific fuel
about (10, 13 and 17%), reduction of the cylinder surface temperature
and increasing of the brake thermal efficiency about
for the concentration ratios 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% respectively.
Bio lubricant, MWCNT, Nano-oil, IC-Engine Performance
112
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=13
MWCNT
EDIBLE SUNFLOWER OIL
PERIMENTAL
Abdulmunem R.Abdulmunem, Mohammed Hassan Jabal and Hussain Saad Abd
Baghdad, Iraq
application the
fluids in the different applications, because it's be biodegradable ,eco-
friendly and green in nature, instead of the conventional energy resources (fossil)
biodegradable).
Vegetable oils are one of these resources that can be extracted from non-edible or
edible sunflower bio-
ube (MWCNT) as additive
tested (experimentally) using
under different test condition; engine speed
of the non-edible
cylinder surface
compared with the using of
increasing in brake thermal efficiency was about (7%).Also,
edible sunflower oil give improvement in the average
brake specific fuel
eduction of the cylinder surface temperature
increasing of the brake thermal efficiency about (11, 15
Performance, Sunflower
IC-Engine Performance Using MWCNT Dispersed In Non-Edible Sunflower Oil As Bio Lubricant:
Experimental Investigation
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Cite this Article: Abdulmunem R.Abdulmunem, Mohammed Hassan Jabal and
Hussain Saad Abd, IC-Engine Performance Using MWCNT Dispersed In Non-Edible
Sunflower Oil As Bio Lubricant: Experimental Investigation International Journal of
Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(13), 2018, pp. 1071–1082.
http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=13
1. INTRODUCTION
The friction between the internal moving parts of automobile engine such as piston rings,
bearings and transmission parts is main causer in the useful power reduction. Lubricants are
supplied to reducing the losses in power due to these frictions and contribute in an engines
cooling [1]. The technology growth of engines is toward closer tolerances, smaller oil sump
capacity (due to space limitations), higher in speeds and operating temperatures. All of these
require improving in oils specifications for good lubrication. Additives in lubricants come
into effect under such conditions. Nan particulates dispersed in oils are comes as a new
technology for enhancing a lubricants specifications for reducing friction and engine wear,
less resistance for moving parts and provide better in engine cooling by improving the thermal
properties of lubricants. Several studies give the reducing on friction and wear performance of
engines sliding parts using boric acid and copper nanoparticles as additives in raw oil [2]. And
the operating parameters such as sliding speeds concentration and temperature were studied to
influence the performance of friction [3-5]. Through atomic force microscopic, scanning
electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopic analyses of boron nitride
nanoparticles dispersed in lubricant oil, it’s seen that the addition of boron nitride
nanoparticles to lubricant oil with a small amount gives excellent tribological performance
behavior [6].
While the good stability and solubility in the lubricant, and reducing in friction and wear
of multi-grade mineral engine oil using titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles as additives. The
tribological behavior was investigated with pin-on-disc under variable load and varying
concentrations of nanoparticles in lubricating oil[7]. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are very
important nanoparticle as a dispersible material in base fluids (water, oil and etc.) to produce
nano fluids because of its inherent high thermal conductivity [8].
The mineral and synthetics oils are most lubricants on the markets. Beside the effective of
these oils in lubrication but they are not friendly to environment. A new research was
investigated to ability of replacing the mineral and synthetic lubricants by the renewable ones.
Vegetable oils are one of the renewable resource lubricants that are less harmful to the
environment[9].
In addition, the vegetable oils are important for developing new lubricants, which meet the
current economic needs of the country and demands for improved quality of life and
protection of the environment[10].Theevaluation of the ability of using vegetable oils instead
of the mineral and synthetic oils was classified by many reserchers into four setes, tribological
attributes of pure vegetable oils [11,12], emulsion of vegetable oil [13], additives to
properities enhasment of vegetable oils[14,15], and the tribological characteristics of
vegetable oil as an additive [16].
Based on the literature, this work conducted to examine and evaluate (experimentally) the
effect of using non-edible sunflower oil as Bio-lubricant instead of the mineral oil on the IC
engines performance, such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption
(bsfc), and engine temperature. Furthermore; the effect the using multi-wall carbon nano tube
(MWCNT) as additive in this lubricant oil with different concentration ratios on this
performance.
Abdulmunem R.Abdulmunem, Mohammed Hassan Jabal and Hussain Saad Abd
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1073 [email protected]
2. METHODOLOGY
In this work, using of MWCNT with sunflower oil to produce nano-oil lead to changes in the
physical prosperities of the used sunflower oil. The important enhancement in sunflower oil
physical prosperities with using the MWCNT is in the thermal conductivity. The thermo-
physical properties of nano-oil can be calculated with the following correlations [17]:
Thermal conductivity of nano-oil (knano-oil),
(1)
The density of nano-oil ( oilnano−ρ ) can be calculated using
(2)
And the specific heatof nano-oil( oilnanoCp − ) is
(3)
Where, ɸ refers to the volumetric concentration ratio of the nanoparticles in used base
fluid, which is defined as follows:
(4)
The performance of the used IC Engine can be estimated with the fallowing equations [18-
20].
The power generated from fuel is expressed as:
�. � = �� ∗ �. (5)
Where the fuel consumption:
�. = (� ∗ �)��� (6)
The IC engine brake power can be calculated from:
�. � = 2� ∗ � ∗ �60 ∗ 1000 (7)
Then, the brake specific fuel consumption can be found using:
���� = �. �. � (8)
And the IC engine brake thermal efficiency:
"�.#$ = �. ��� ∗ �.
(9)
ρρ
ρφ
oil
m oil
np
m np
np
m np
TV
npV
+
==
pfnf φρρφρ +−= )1(
( ) ( )( ) ( )pfnf
CpCpCp ρφρφρ +−= 1
( )( ) f
pffp
pffp
nf kkkkk
kkkkk ]
2
22[
φ
φ
−−+
−−+=
IC-Engine Performance Using MWCNT Dispersed In Non-Edible Sunflower Oil As Bio Lubricant:
Experimental Investigation
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Experimental Part
The experimental work aimed to show the effect of using non-edible sunflower oil as Bio-
lubricant instead of the mineral oil (SAE 20W-40) on the IC engines performance.
Furthermore; the effect the using multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) which specified
(purity>95wt%, ash<1.5wt%, 8-15 in outer diameter and 10-50 nm in length), as additive in
sunflower lubricant oil with different concentration ratios 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% on IC engine
performance. Therefore, the experimental procedure can be summarized to:
Preparing (MWCNT/sunflower) Nano-Oil
The amount of nanoparticles used to product (1) litters of (MWCNT/sunflower) nano-oil at
concentration ratios (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%) was (4.09,8.186 and 12.295 gm.) respectively. Digital
scale type (HR-250AZ) was used to scaling nanoparticles amount for the wanted
concentration ratios which delimited by equation (4).The (MWCNT/sunflower) nano-oil was
prepared using ultrasonic homogenizer type (JY92-IIN). The kinematic viscosity of the used
lubricant oil samples (mineral oil, sunflower oil and MWCNT/sunflower nano-oil) was
mesured experimentaly by a Cole-Parmer rotary viscometer. Fig.1 shows the used instruments
for preparing (MWCNT/sunflower) nano-oil samples.
IC Engine Tests
Under different loads and speeds, the performance was assessedusing a four stroke single
cylinder IC engine type (TD 212-UK/air cooled) with 232cm3 engine capacity and (22:1)
compression ratio as shown in the Fig.2. The engine maximum power and torque are (3.5 kW)
and (16 Nm) respectively at (3600 rev/min). A dynamo motor was provided as a variable
applied load on engine. The applied loads with engine speeds are changes by a digital
controller board. The engine’s fuel type is diesel (SP. gravity is 0.8304, API gravity is 37.1,
flash point is 72.8 oC, density is 838.8 kg/m
3, and calorific value is 10921 kal/kg ).
The first test was done using lubricant mineral oil, the second test was done using
sunflower oil instead of the mineral oil, and the other tests were done with the using 0.1, 0.2
and 0.3% of (MWCNT/sunflower) nano-oil.
Each one of the past five lubricant oil types was tested with different operation conditions,
to evaluate the IC engine performance with the used lubricant oil;
• Four tests are at constant engine speed (2000 rev/min) with different load 2, 4, 6 and 8N.m,
which applied on IC engine.
• Four tests are at constant engine load 2N.m with different engine speed 1500, 2000, 2500 and
3000 rev/min, which applied on IC engine.
With using the different types of lubricant oil, the IC engine surface cylinder temperatures
was mesured using (TM-946) digital thermometer with two K-type thermocouples that fixed
on the engine cylinder body.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table 1 shows the thermo-physical properties of the used material (mineral oil, sunflower oil,
MWCNT particles) and (sunflower nano-oil with different concentration ratios) at room
temperature. Before applied the used lubricants oil in engine tests, a rotary viscometer tests
results gives the kinematic viscosity of the used lubricants samples with rising in temperature
as shown in Fig.3. It seen that sunflower oil has less viscosity than the used mineral oil at low
temperatures test until 55oC. After (55
oC) the used sunflower oil has higher viscosity than
mineral oil in small ranges. These results give a good indicator for the ability of using the
sunflower oil in engines lubricant, because at starting a cold engine lubricated with high-
Abdulmunem R.Abdulmunem, Mohammed Hassan Jabal and Hussain Saad Abd
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viscosity oil is very difficult i.e.,(more work is required to pump it, and to shear it between
moving parts). This gives greater friction work, reducing in brake power and increasing in
fuel consumption rate. But in higher operation temperature, increasing in viscosity of
lubricant in suitable ranges is important for enhancing engines performance and keeps its
parts[1].
Additive MWCNT to sun flower oil at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% concentration ratios led to
enhancing on its kinematic viscosity for both low and high ranges of temperature. Fig.4 gives
the recorded engine’s temperatures data from starting to the end of tests time, for the each
types of lubricant oils that used in engine at 2 N.m and 2000 rev/min of applied load and
engine speed. Based on the viscosity of the used lubricants, the sunflower oil is contributed to
reducing in engine temperature. Furthermore, the used MWCNT additives at 0.1, 0.2 and
0.3% concentration ratios led to more drooping in engine temperatures. The results
demonstrated that nanoparticle additives can effectively improve the oil lubricating properties,
because nanoparticles enter the friction zone along with the flow of lubricant, and convert
sliding friction into rolling friction [21]. This led to helps to cool the engine. The used
lubricate oil in engine also helps to cool the engine. Because of its location, a piston gets very
little cooling from the coolant in the external finned surface of an air cooled engine or the
water jacket of a water cooled engine [1].Figures (5, 6) show the engine temperatures at the
end of each test with the different operation conditions.Fig.7 shows that brake specific fuel
consumption (bsfc) at constant applied load on engine (2 N.m) with different engine speeds.
The (bsfc) is decreased from the higher values at lower speeds of engine, reaches to minimum
then increases as engine speed increases. Because of, at low engine speed gives longer time
per cycle, and this allows more heat loss (fuel consumption goes up). While, at a high engine
speeds, the greater friction losses gives higher in brake specific fuel consumption (1).The
increasing in the engine’s applied load with constant engine speed (2000 rev/min) lead to
increases in the knock that heard from the engine, which contributes increases in brake power
losses then brake specific fuel consumption gradually, as showed in Fig. 8.
It’s obvious from figures 7& 8 the effect of the types of lubricant oils on the brake specific
fuel consumption which that affected on the viscosities enhancements that discussed in Fig. 3.
IC engine brake thermal efficiency depends on brake power generated and fuel
consumption rate of IC engine i.e. (related on brake specific fuel consumption). The increases
in friction losses due to high speeds led to decreases in brake thermal efficiency, using the
sunflower lubricant oil led to enhancing in the brake thermal efficiency due to effect of its
suitable viscosity comparatives with the used mineral lubricant oil. Furthermore, the used
MWCNT as additives to sunflower oil with (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%) concentration ratios led to
more enhancements in the brake thermal efficiency, as showed in Figures 9&10. From the
above discussed figures, it can listed the percentage of engine performance enhancements
using sunflower oil lubricant with MWCNT additives in average form, comparative with used
mineral oil lubricant in Table2.
IC-Engine Performance Using MWCNT Dispersed In Non-Edible Sunflower Oil As Bio Lubricant:
Experimental Investigation
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Table 1.Thermo-physical properties of the used material
Specification Mineral
oil S.F. oil
MWCNT
Nanoparticles
S.F. oil +
0.1%
MWCNT
S.F. oil +
0.2%
MWCNT
S.F. oil +
0.3%
MWCNT
Density (kg/m3) 929.4 919.6 2100 920.7804 921.9608 923.1412
Specific heat
(J/kg.K) 2.13 2.124 843 4.041764 5.954618 7.862579
Thermal
conductivity
(W/m.K)
0.1631 0.161 2800 0.161161 0.161321 0.161481
Table 2. Percentages of average enhancements in engine performance using sunflower oil lubricant
with MWCNT additives comparative with used mineral oil lubricant
Specification Test Type
Lubricant Oil Type
S.F. oil
S.F. oil +
0.1%
MWCN
T
S.F. oil +
0.2%
MWCN
T
S.F. oil +
0.3%
MWCN
T
Reduction of bsfc
(%)
At (2N.m) with
different speed -7% -11% -14% -17%
At (2000 rev/min)
with different applied
load
-5% -9% -13% -17%
Average reduction of bsfc (%) -6% -10% -13% -17%
Reduction of
cylinder surface
temperature (%)
At (2N.m) with
different speed -5% -9% -13% -17%
At (2000 rev/min)
with different applied
load
-4% -7% -11% -15%
Average reduction of cylinder surface
temperature (%) -4% -8% -12% -16%
Increasing of brake
thermal efficiency
(%)
At (2N.m) with
different speed 8% 12% 16% 21%
At (2000 rev/min)
with different applied
load
6% 10% 15% 20%
Average increasing of brake thermal
efficiency (%) 7% 11% 15% 21%
Abdulmunem R.Abdulmunem, Mohammed Hassan Jabal and Hussain Saad Abd
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Fig.1. Instrument used for preparing (MWCNT/sunflower) nano-oil samples.
Fig.2 Photograph of the used engine
Fig.3 Kinematic viscosity for the lubricants samples under various temperature
IC-Engine Performance Using MWCNT Dispersed In Non-Edible Sunflower Oil As Bio Lubricant:
Experimental Investigation
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Fig.4 Engine temperatures under 2 N.m and 2000 rev/min
Fig.5 Engine temperatures under 2 N.m forvarious engine speeds
Fig.6 Engine temperatures under 2000 rev/min for various applied loads
Abdulmunem R.Abdulmunem, Mohammed Hassan Jabal and Hussain Saad Abd
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Fig.7 bsfc of engine under 2 N.m for various engine speeds
Fig.8 bsfc of engine under 2000 rev/min for various applied loads
IC-Engine Performance Using MWCNT Dispersed In Non-Edible Sunflower Oil As Bio Lubricant:
Experimental Investigation
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Fig.9 Brake thermal efficiency under 2 N.m for various engine speeds
Fig.10 Brake thermal efficiency under 2000 rev/min for various applied loads
4. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the experimental evaluation of IC engine performance which lubricated with neat
and blend bio-lubricant in this work, could be concluded the following:
• Due to the best viscosity at low and high temperatures of the non-edible sunflower oil than the
mineral, it can be using the non-edible sunflower oil as IC engine’s Bio-lubricant instead of
the mineral oil, which contributes to enhancing the IC engine performance such as reducing
the brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and also helps to cool the engine.
• Employ of MWCNT additives with sun flower oil in0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% concentration ratios led
to increasing in its kinematic viscosity of this oil for both low and high ranges of temperatures
that led as reducing the brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and decreasing in the engine’s
temperature.
• Used of the non-edible sunflower oil as engine’s lubricant caused increasing in brake power
thermal efficiency due to reducing the lost in power as the results of the best viscosity
Abdulmunem R.Abdulmunem, Mohammed Hassan Jabal and Hussain Saad Abd
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comparative with the mineral oil, also using of MWCNT as additive to non-edible sunflower
oil led to increasing in this efficiency.
Nomenclatures
b.p Brake power (kW).
bsfc Brake specific fuel consumption (g/kW.hr)
C' Fuel higher calorific value of the used fuel (10921kcal/kg) or (45693.46 kJ/ kg).
I.p Indicated power(kW).
m). Consumption of fuel (g/s).
N Engine speed (rpm).
P.F Power generated from fuel (kW).
S.F. Sunflower.
T Engine toque (N.m).
t+ Time needed to empty the fuel burette (s).
V) Used volume of fuel (8 ×10-6
m3)
.
η+../ Brake thermal efficiency (%).
� Fuel density (kg/ m³).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors of this paper are highly grateful to the University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
and the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for their support in completing this study.
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Experimental Investigation
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