Ostham 1
IBTISAM OSTHAM
EE457 PROJECT REPORT
SPRING 2015
Ostham 2
Part A:
Map of the system:
Figure 1: Map of Eagle Power System
Ostham 3
One-line Diagram of the System:
Figure 2: One Line Diagram
Ostham 4
Table of Positive-sequence Impedances and Zero-sequence Line Impedances:
Table 1: Sequences impedances of positive and zero sequences from chapter 10
Ostham 5
List of Transformers Impedances:
Transformer (from bus 9 – to bus 17) at Siskin : 0.1333
Transformer (from bus 15 – to bus 16) at Crow : 0.1333
5(a)
Three Phase Fault
THREE PHASE FAULT AT BUS 1 ['OWL' 161.00]:
SEQUENCE RE(V0) IM(V0) RE(V+) IM(V+) RE(V-) IM(V-) RE(3V0)
IM(3V0)
PHASE RE(VA) IM(VA) RE(VB) IM(VB) RE(VC) IM(VC)
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 1 ['OWL' 161.00]:
1 -0.0000 -0.0000 2.0791 -52.6139 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
-0.0000
'OWL' 161.00 2.0791 -52.6139 -46.6045 24.5063 44.5254 28.1075
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 2 ['SHIFT' 161.00]:
2 0.0000 -0.0000 15.6505 -53.7232 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-0.0000
'SHIFT' 161.00 15.6505 -53.7232 -54.3509 13.3079 38.7004 40.4153
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 3 ['PARROT' 161.00]:
3 0.0000 0.0000 17.0455 -48.0355 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000
0.0000
'PARROT' 161.00 17.0455 -48.0355 -50.1227 9.2559 33.0772 38.7796
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 4 ['LARK' 161.00]:
4 0.0000 0.0000 6.6400 -20.9193 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000
0.0000
'LARK' 161.00 6.6400 -20.9193 -21.4367 4.7092 14.7966 16.2101
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 5 ['JAY' 161.00]:
5 0.0000 0.0000 10.6892 -29.8379 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000
'JAY' 161.00 10.6892 -29.8379 -31.1850 5.6619 20.4958 24.1761
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 6 ['RAVEN' 161.00]:
6 0.0000 -0.0000 7.8916 -20.5536 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-0.0000
'RAVEN' 161.00 7.8916 -20.5536 -21.7458 3.4425 13.8541 17.1112
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 7 ['WREN' 161.00]:
7 0.0000 -0.0000 8.3217 -22.3914 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-0.0000
'WREN' 161.00 8.3217 -22.3914 -23.5524 3.9889 15.2307 18.4025
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 8 ['ROBIN' 161.00]:
Ostham 6
8 0.0000 -0.0000 8.5287 -23.0310 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-0.0000
'ROBIN' 161.00 8.5287 -23.0310 -24.2098 4.1294 15.6810 18.9016
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 9 ['SISKIN1' 161.00]:
9 -0.0000 0.0000 4.0840 -18.9410 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
0.0000
'SISKIN1' 161.00 4.0840 -18.9410 -18.4454 5.9337 14.3614 13.0074
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 10 ['JUNCO' 69.000]:
10 -0.0000 0.0000 0.9070 -3.3321 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000
0.0000
'JUNCO' 69.000 0.9070 -3.3321 -3.3392 0.8805 2.4322 2.4516
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 11 ['QUAIL' 161.00]:
11 0.0000 0.0000 7.8681 -26.4569 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000
0.0000
'QUAIL' 161.00 7.8681 -26.4569 -26.8463 6.4145 18.9783 20.0424
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 12 ['HERON' 161.00]:
12 0.0000 -0.0000 10.1762 -26.9728 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-0.0000
'HERON' 161.00 10.1762 -26.9728 -28.4472 4.6735 18.2710 22.2993
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 13 ['EGRET' 69.000]:
13 0.0000 0.0000 1.0083 -3.0993 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000
'EGRET' 69.000 1.0083 -3.0993 -3.1882 0.6765 2.1799 2.4228
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 14 ['GULL' 161.00]:
14 0.0000 0.0000 5.1939 -19.9137 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000
'GULL' 161.00 5.1939 -19.9137 -19.8427 5.4588 14.6488 14.4549
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 15 ['CROW1' 161.00]:
15 0.0000 0.0000 7.0230 -18.7853 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000
'CROW1' 161.00 7.0230 -18.7853 -19.7801 3.3106 12.7570 15.4748
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 16 ['CROW2' 69.000]:
16 0.0000 -0.0000 1.3227 -5.9727 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000
-0.0000
'CROW2' 69.000 1.3227 -5.9727 -5.8339 1.8408 4.5112 4.1319
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 17 ['SISKIN2' 69.000]:
17 0.0000 0.0000 0.6758 -6.0348 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000
0.0000
'SISKIN2' 69.000 0.6758 -6.0348 -5.5642 2.4322 4.8884 3.6027
Ostham 7
Single Line-To-Ground Faults LINE TO GROUND FAULT AT BUS 1 ['OWL' 161.00]:
SEQUENCE RE(V0) IM(V0) RE(V+) IM(V+) RE(V-) IM(V-) RE(3V0)
IM(3V0)
PHASE RE(VA) IM(VA) RE(VB) IM(VB) RE(VC) IM(VC)
1 (P.U.) -0.0532 0.0009 0.9010 -0.0131 -0.1049 0.0070 -0.1596
0.0027
'OWL' 161.00 0.7429 -0.0052 -0.4686 -0.8673 -0.4339 0.8751
SEQUENCE RE(I0) IM(I0) RE(I+) IM(I+) RE(I-) IM(I-) RE(3I0)
IM(3I0)
PHASE RE(IA) IM(IA) RE(IB) IM(IB) RE(IC) IM(IC)
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 1 ['OWL' 161.00]:
1 -0.0384 -5.5030 -0.0384 -5.5030 -0.0384 -5.5030 -0.1153
-16.5091
'OWL' 161.00 -0.1153 -16.5091 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 2 ['SHIFT' 161.00]:
2 1.2581 -5.3998 1.2581 -5.3998 1.2581 -5.3998 3.7743
-16.1993
'SHIFT' 161.00 3.7743 -16.1993 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 3 ['PARROT' 161.00]:
3 1.5160 -5.2095 1.5160 -5.2095 1.5160 -5.2095 4.5481
-15.6284
'PARROT' 161.00 4.5481 -15.6284 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 4 ['LARK' 161.00]:
4 0.5440 -2.8251 0.5440 -2.8251 0.5440 -2.8251 1.6321
-8.4754
'LARK' 161.00 1.6321 -8.4754 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 5 ['JAY' 161.00]:
5 0.7182 -3.5452 0.7182 -3.5452 0.7182 -3.5452 2.1547
-10.6356
'JAY' 161.00 2.1547 -10.6356 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 6 ['RAVEN' 161.00]:
6 0.7347 -2.8407 0.7347 -2.8407 0.7347 -2.8407 2.2041
-8.5222
'RAVEN' 161.00 2.2041 -8.5222 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 7 ['WREN' 161.00]:
7 0.6886 -2.9750 0.6886 -2.9750 0.6886 -2.9750 2.0658
-8.9251
'WREN' 161.00 2.0658 -8.9251 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 8 ['ROBIN' 161.00]:
8 0.7660 -3.0381 0.7660 -3.0381 0.7660 -3.0381 2.2979
-9.1142
'ROBIN' 161.00 2.2979 -9.1142 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Ostham 8
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 9 ['SISKIN1' 161.00]:
9 0.3563 -2.6499 0.3563 -2.6499 0.3563 -2.6499 1.0690
-7.9496
'SISKIN1' 161.00 1.0690 -7.9496 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 10 ['JUNCO' 69.000]:
10 0.0844 -0.3538 0.0844 -0.3538 0.0844 -0.3538 0.2533
-1.0613
'JUNCO' 69.000 0.2533 -1.0613 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 11 ['QUAIL' 161.00]:
11 0.6499 -3.3190 0.6499 -3.3190 0.6499 -3.3190 1.9497
-9.9570
'QUAIL' 161.00 1.9497 -9.9570 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 12 ['HERON' 161.00]:
12 0.9251 -3.3769 0.9251 -3.3769 0.9251 -3.3769 2.7754
-10.1307
'HERON' 161.00 2.7754 -10.1307 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 13 ['EGRET' 69.000]:
13 0.1180 -0.4720 0.1180 -0.4720 0.1180 -0.4720 0.3541
-1.4161
'EGRET' 69.000 0.3541 -1.4161 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 14 ['GULL' 161.00]:
14 0.5532 -2.8089 0.5532 -2.8089 0.5532 -2.8089 1.6597
-8.4268
'GULL' 161.00 1.6597 -8.4268 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 15 ['CROW1' 161.00]:
15 0.7381 -2.6616 0.7381 -2.6616 0.7381 -2.6616 2.2142
-7.9848
'CROW1' 161.00 2.2142 -7.9848 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 16 ['CROW2' 69.000]:
16 0.2716 -1.6195 0.2716 -1.6195 0.2716 -1.6195 0.8148
-4.8586
'CROW2' 69.000 0.8148 -4.8586 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
FAULT CURRENT AT BUS 17 ['SISKIN2' 69.000]:
17 0.2695 -1.6176 0.2695 -1.6176 0.2695 -1.6176 0.8134
-0.9152
'SISKIN2' 69.000 0.8134 -4.7565 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Ostham 9
Table 2: 3 phase fault current and the single line-to-ground fault current
5 (b)
By comparing both table above, we can see that the bus with the highest fault current is Bus 2 of the 3-
phase fault. The bus with the lowest fault current is Bus 13 of the single line-to-ground fault.
If we do the fault analysis for DLG and LL, we can compare those faults current. DLG faults has the
highest faults current while LL has the lowest fault current. The rank of the fault types from highest to
lowest fault current: DLG, 3-Phase, SLG, LL
Bus DLG 3-Phase SLG LL
1 59.42939 52.65496 16.5095 13.36825
Table 3: Fault current of DLG, 3-phase, SLG and LL
The sequence voltages for the SLG fault at the fault bus (polar form) in per unit:
Bus (form) Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence
1 (rectangular) 0.909 – j0.0135 -0.097 + j0.0065 -0.0492 – j0.0009
1 (polar) 0.9091 ∠ - 89.15 0.0972 ∠-86.17 0.04921 ∠-79.63 Table 3: Sequences voltages for the SLG fault
Bus 3 Phase Fault Current
Real Imag Magnitude
1 2.0791 -52.6139 52.65496
2 15.6505 -53.7232 55.95641
3 17.0455 -48.0355 50.97017
4 6.64 -20.9193 21.94782
5 10.6892 -29.8379 31.69478
6 7.8916 -20.5536 22.01654
7 8.3217 -22.3914 23.88777
8 8.5287 -23.031 24.55943
9 4.084 -18.941 19.37629
10 0.907 -3.3321 3.453337
11 7.8681 -26.4569 27.60208
12 10.1762 -26.9728 28.82858
13 1.0083 -3.0993 3.259192
14 5.1939 -19.9137 20.57989
15 7.023 -18.7853 20.05517
16 1.3227 -5.9727 6.117408
17 0.6758 -6.0348 6.072521
Bus SLG Fault Current
Real Imag Magnitude
1 -0.1153 -16.5091 16.5095
2 3.7743 -16.1993 16.63318
3 4.5481 -15.6284 16.27673
4 1.6321 -8.4754 8.631116
5 2.1547 -10.6356 10.85167
6 2.2041 -8.5222 8.80261
7 2.0658 -8.9251 9.161056
8 2.2979 -9.1142 9.399414
9 1.069 -7.9496 8.021153
10 0.2533 -1.0613 1.091109
11 1.9497 -9.957 10.14609
12 2.7754 -10.1307 10.504
13 0.3541 -1.4161 1.459701
14 1.6597 -8.4268 8.588688
15 2.2142 -7.9848 8.286116
16 0.8148 -4.8586 4.926448
17 0.8134 -4.7565 4.825548
Ostham 10
The Thevenin Equivalent positive and zero sequence impedances (rectangular form) in per unit:
Bus Positive Sequence Zero Sequence
1 0.001128+j0.019079 0.00010+j0.00967 Table 5: Thevenin Equivalent of positive and zero sequences impedances
Phase a line current (polar form) for SLG fault: Bus 1 is connected to bus 9, 11, and 14
Bus 9 Bus 11 Bus 14 Total
Phase a current 0.73 ∠-59.73 1.31 ∠-63.15 1.59 ∠-66.58 3.63 ∠-26.06 Table 6: The phase a line current
From table above, we can conclude that the total line current is not equal to Bus 1’s phase a current.
The effect of a three phase fault on out-ages lines connected to the bus is:
Outage line 9 11 14
Fault current 48.9336 48.2920 47.9810
Table 7: Outages line fault current
5(C)
Apparent Impedance seen by a relay after selecting a rural 161kV line:
Phase a with 3-phase fault = 0.0119 + j0.0675
Phase a with SLG fault = 0.1502 + j0.1972
Phase b & c with LL = 0.1065 + j0.1312
Phase b & c with DLG = 0.0409 + j0.056
OUTPUT FOR ZONE 1 [RURAL ]
9 (P.U.) -0.0000 0.0000 0.2850 0.0565 -0.0000 0.0000
-0.0000 0.0000
'SISKIN1' 161.00 0.2850 0.0565 -0.0936 -0.2750 -0.1914 0.2185
SEQUENCE RE(Z0) IM(Z0) RE(Z+) IM(Z+) RE(Z-) IM(Z-)
PHASE RE(ZA) IM(ZA) RE(ZB) IM(ZB) RE(ZC) IM(ZC)
TO 1 CKT 1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0119 0.0675 0.0000 0.0000
'OWL' 161.00 0.0119 0.0675 0.0119 0.0675 0.0119 0.0675
Ostham 11
Part B:
1) Apparent Impedance seen by a relay after selecting a rural 161kV line: (same as part a)
Phase a with 3-phase fault = 0.0119 + j0.0675
Phase a with SLG fault = 0.1502 + j0.1972
Phase b & c with LL = 0.1065 + j0.1312
Phase b & c with DLG = 0.0409 + j0.056
2) Compare the apparent impedance with the zone 1, zone 2 and zone 3 of an impedance relay based on
the positive sequence line impedance:
Apparent impedance:
Zone 1 = 0.8*0.0684 = 0.05472
Zone 2 = 1.2*0.0684 = 0.08208
Zone 3 = 1.2*0.0684 + 1.5*0.0536 = 0.1625
Load impedance:
= (0.9704*161*1000/271)/259.21 = 2.224
Figure 3: Figure showing impedance relay zones and the apparent and load impedances
Ostham 12
Part C:
Fault at transformer 3
The system when fault is at bus 103, stabilze it by cutting the connection of bus 15 to bus 3.
Series 3 is angle 3 – angle 1
Series 4 is angle 2- angle 1
Ostham 13
Fault at transformer 2
The system when fault is at bus 102, stabilize it by cutting the connection of bus 14 to bus 2.
Series 3 is angle 3 – angle 1
Series 4 is angle 2 – angle 1
Fault at transformer 1
The system when fault is at bus 101, stabilize it by cutting the connection of bus 9 to bus 1.
Ostham 14
Series 3 is angle 1 – angle 3
Series 4 is angle 2 – angle 3