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Human Osteology

•  Study of the Skeleton •  Systematic Anatomy •  Regional Anatomy •  Cartilage •  Bones •  Ligaments

Normal Anatomical Position

•  The skeleton is positioned as it would be in a living person who is standing on two feet, eyes and head forward, hands at the side with the palms turned outward. The skeleton’s right side is your right side etc.

Anatomical Planes •  FRONTAL (or coronal)

separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts MEDIAN (or midsagittal) separates body into Right and Left parts HORIZONTAL separates the body into Superior and Inferior parts SAGITTAL any plane parallel to the median plane

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Anatomical Terms •  Superior: above •  Inferior: below •  Anterior: toward/from

front (ventral: toward belly)

•  Posterior: toward/from back (dorsal: quadrupeds)

•  Medial: toward midline •  Lateral: toward/from the

side (way from midline)

Proximal/Distal

•  proximal: nearest axial skeleton ; end of the bone is the closest to the skull or its attachment to the trunk or axial skeleton

•  distal: farther away from axial skeleton; the end that is furthest away from the skull and axial skeleton

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Skeleton

•  Axial Skeleton •  Appendicular Skeleton

Parts of Skeleton

•  Skull •  Infracranial or

Postcranial skeletons

The Skull

•  thinking, speaking, hearing, seeing, breathing, smelling, eating (mastication), and tasting …

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Parts of the Skull

•  Skull •  Cranium (skull minus

mandible) •  Calvarium (vault) •  Calotte (skull cap) •  Mandible (lower jaw)

22 Skull Bones

•  6 unpaired and 8 paired •  8 Cranial •  14 Facial •  + 6 ear bones (incus, stapes, malleous)

Frankfurt Horizontal Plane

•  The line from inferior edge of the left eye socket to the top of the bony ear hole (external auditory meatus) parallel to a level surface

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Frontal

Left Lateral

Basal or Inferior

Posterior

Superior

Major Cranial Sutures

Basal Suture

•  Spheno-occipital synchrondrosis: betweem sphenoid and occipital bone

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Bones of the Vault •  Frontal Bone (1) •  Parietal bone (2) •  Occipital bone (1) •  Temporal bone (2) •  Sphenoid bone (1)

Bones of the Face/Eye Socket

•  Maxilla (2) •  Nasal bone (2) •  Zygomatic bone (2) •  Mandible (1) •  Ethmoid bone (1) •  Lacrimal bone (2)

Bones of the Skull

•  Palatine bone (2) •  Zygomatic bone (2)

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More Bones of the Skull

•  Inferior nasal concha (2)

•  Vomer (1)

Ear Ossicles

•  Incus •  Malleous •  Stapes

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Features

•  External Auditory Meatus

•  Zygomatic arch •  Temporomandibular

joint (TMJ)

Basal View

•  Foramen magnum •  Occipital condyles

Mandibular Anatomy

•  Body •  Ramus •  Head of condyle •  Coronoid process

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Special Features

•  Superciliary arches (brow ridges)

•  Galbella •  Nasion •  Canine fossa •  Anterior nasal spine

Other features •  Temporal Line •  Mastoid process •  Supraorbitial notch/foramen

Superior nuchal line •  External occipital protuberance

Teeth

•  Part of the digestive system

•  Homodont •  Heterodont

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Teeth

•  Deciduous (primary) •  Permanent (secondary)

Deciduous Teeth

•  Incisors (2) •  Canines (1) •  Molars (2) •  Total = 20 Deciduous Dental

formula: 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 = X 2 = 20

Permanent (Adult) Teeth

•  Incisors (2) •  Canines (1) •  Premolars (2) •  Molars (3) •  Total teeth: 32 Permanent dental formula: 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 = 16 X 2 = 32

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Tooth Anatomy

•  Enamel •  Dentin •  Pulp •  Cementum

Forensic Sex

Names these Bones?

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Names these Bones?