How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
[Module 1]
City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
2Module 1: Basics
City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
What is urban sanitation?
Status and common threats of sanitation in Indian cities
NUSP and former policy schemes targeting sanitation
Rationale and added value of a CSP
Rating of sanitation in your city
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
3Module 1: Basics
Sanitation – Definition
Safe management of human excreta including its safe
confinement, collection, treatment, disposal and
associated hygiene-related practices (NUSP).
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
4Module 1: Activities
Sanitation and public health Quiz: Are you aware of the faecal - oral transmission route
Faeces
Food New
host
P
P
S
S
Primary barrier e.g.:• safe excreta disposal
(toilets), • protecting water
sources• water handling• hand washing at critical
times• food hygiene
Secondary barrier e.g:• food hygiene (cover
food, wash, cook vegetables before use),
• avoid barefoot walking,- use slippers,
• deal with pets & animals with care
P
P
S
Modified & developed (Dabrase, Pramod; Bank, Peter , 2012) after (1)
The scheme shows the faecal – oral transmission route of pathogens which can cause severe problems for public and individual health.
The four ellipses in the center symbolize four possible transmission paths for pathogens. These can be controlled by various strategies making use of primary and secondary barriers.
Assign the following four terms to the correct transmission paths considering the effects of possible primary and secondary barriers:
Fingers, Fields, Flies, Fluids
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
5Module 1: Activities
Sanitation and public health Answer to quiz: Are you aware of the faecal - oral transmission route
Faeces
Fields
Flies
Fluid
Fingers
Food New
host
1 gram of excreta can contain• 1,00,00,000 viruses • 10,00,000 bacteria • 1,000 parasite cysts • 100 parasite eggs
Each time an adult human defecates about 250 gram of excreta
P
P
S
P
S
Modified & developed (Dabrase, Pramod; Bank, Peter , 2012) after (1)
Common diseases are: Diarrhoea, Cholera, Malaria, Intestinal worms, Hepatitis, Typhoid, Polio, Ascariasis
Food sanitation and improved sanitation can reduce diarrheal morbidity – Hand washing with soap: 30% Point of use Water treatment : 39% Sanitation (toilet): 32%
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
6Module 1: Basics
Impacts of inadequate sanitation Human health
• Global death toll: more than 2.2 million people per year, mostly children under age of 5 years
• 17% of total deaths among children under age of 5
• In India more than 2,000 children below 5 years die every day
Economy• More than 2 billions of human hours lost
annually
• Economic costs related to health care expenses = INR 212 billion/year
• Productivity loss due to helath problems caused by inadequate sanitation = INR 217 billion/year
Gender aspects• Women & girls face drudgery & serious health
disorders – due to lack and dirtiness of toilets, lack of private places, long waiting time
• Girls lose school days, discontinue schools
• High rate of crimes and violence against women - when they are out for defecation
Indirect impacts• Contamination and eutrophication of the
environment (soils, ground water, water bodies)
• Reduced ecosystem services
• Reduced value of properties,
• Reduced income from tourism
• Reduced scenic beauty
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
7Module 1: Activities
Quiz: Are you aware of the economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India?
71.7%
7.8%
20.0%
0.5%Economic Impact
HealthWaterAccess timeTourism
Overall annual costs sum up to Rs. 2.4 Trillion (approx. US$ 53.8 Billion), equal to annual state incomes of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu or Gujarat and equal to 6.4% of India‘s GDP in 2006.
Diagram shows distribution of costs to 4 sectors. Which sectors are displayed?
Select from the following list and assign to the respective sector:
IndustryTourismAgricultureHealthWater supplyWaiting time / access to servicesEducationTrade
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
8Module 1: Activities
Answer to quiz: Are you aware of the economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India?
71.7%
7.8%
20.0%
0.5%
Economic Impact
Health
Water
Access time
Tourism
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
9Module 1: Activities
Answer to quiz: Are you aware of the economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India?
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
10
Module 1: Basics
Waters to be managed by urban sanitation
Grey water consists of waste water from bathroom, laundry, etc.
Black water consists of waste water from toilets. Major difference between grey water and black water is its pollution load (carry diseases causing pathogens) making black water harmful to human beings
Storm water runoffcan be polluted / loaded with septic tank overflow, faeces, pet waste, oil, heavy metals, organic pollutants etc.
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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Module 1: Basics
Sanitation scheme
Leach Pit
Land Application
decentralized on-site sanitation
User Interface /toilet
Conveyance Sewage Treatment Plant
Drying Beds
centralized off-site sanitation
Emptying Transportation
Leaching field
decentralized on-site / off-site sanitation
Septic Tank
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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Module 1: Extras
Sanitation scheme in future – ecological sanitation: from linear to closed loop
Source: Water and Wastewater in Asia - The Imperative for New Approaches to Urban Water and Wastewater Management, ADB & Partners Conference, Manila, 12 October, 2010, Paul Reiter, Executive Director, International Water Association
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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Module 1: Basics
Status and challenges for sanitation in Indian cities
Source: Centre for Science and Environment (2012): Excreta Matters – A profile oft he water and sewage situation in 71 Indian cities (Citizen’s Seventh Report on the State of India’s Environment)
• between 28-40% of the households are connected to a sewage system, whilst 34-46% rely on often uncontrolled on site disposal,
• This ends up in safe disposal of human excreta of only 18-52% of Indian households, whilst excreta of 48-82% of the households are disposed unsafe
17%9%
74%
Sanitation in households
open defecation
community toilet
household toilet
Source: MoUD (GTZ-ASEM Consultation workshop on City Sanitation Plans, April 16th, 2010, New Delhi):
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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Module 1: Basics
http://www.cstindustries.com/applications/industrial/
Status and challenges for sanitation in Indian cities
Infra-structure
Access to service
Institutional Arrangeents
Service usage
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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Module 1: Basics
Funding schemes before NUSP
IDSMT• 1979• small towns• sanitation
amongst others
ILCSS• 1980• reduce
manual scavenging
• improve latrines
Mega City Scheme• 1993• sanitation
amongst others
JNNURM• since 2005• 35 + 28
cities• integrated
infrastructure development
• basic services for urban poor
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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Module 1: Basics
Introduction to National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP)
1. Awareness Generation and Behaviour Change
2. Achieving Open Defecation Free Cities
3. Achieving Integrated City-Wide Sanitation
All cities & towns become
1. totally sanitized, healthy and liveable ,
2. and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens
3. with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women.
Vision
MOUD, GOI launched a NUSP to address all aspects related to urban sanitation in a comprehensive manner on November 12, 2008.
Specific goals
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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Module 1: Basics
NUSP - Implementation strategy
NUSP
State Sanitation Strategies
City Sanitation
Plans
Detailed Project Reports
Implementation
Instruments GoI
• Assistance to prepare DPRs• PPP for key projects• Funding of projects under existing
schemes:• national and state level, • PPP,• external funding agencies
• Support clarification of institutional roles and responsibilities
• National information, education and communication strategy
• National capacity building strategy• M&E: Periodic rating of cities
State Rewards Scheme
CitiesStates
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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Module 1: Basics
CSP as a framework to formulate solutions for the illustrated problem areas
Access to toilets
Waste water management
River pollution and storm water
mamnagement
Water supply
Solid waste management
Governance and institutional fram
ework
Capacity
building
Aw
are
ne
ss g
en
era
tion
&
be
ha
viou
ral
cha
ng
e
Financial
sustainability
Technology
options
Components
Support pillars
Base line
Strategy
Action plan
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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Module 1: Basics
Inception
Phase I: Diagnosis
Phase II: Consultation, analysis and evaluation
Phase III: Strategy development
Finalisation
Ca
pac
ity
bu
ildin
g
CSP as a framework to formulate solutions for the illustrated problem areas
City Sanitation Planning as a participatory planning process
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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Module 1: Basics
Responsibilities and tasks of municipalities related to sanitation
(as per 74th Constitutional Amendment)
Sector ULBs
Water supply Water supply for domestic/industrial/commercial purpose
Sanitation including solid waste
Public health,
Sanitation conservancy
SWM
Public amenities including public conveniences
Urban planning Urban planning including town planning
Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings
Planning for economic and social development
Socio-economic development and poverty alleviation
Safeguarding interests of weaker sections of society
Slum improvement and upgradation
Environmental protection Protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects
Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries
State • Policy formulation, regulatory role, and institutional provisions• Financial provisions• Establishing & administrating the specific boards • Monitoring and rewards
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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Module 1: Activities
Activity: Rating of sanitation in your hometown – status of achievement of NUSP goals
Rate the implementation of urban sanitation services / status of achievement of NUSP goals in your municipality marking the specific rating score
The scores have the following meaning:-2: item not existing-1: item requires remarkable
improvement0: situation reasonable+1: good situation / performance+2: best practice example, should be
shared
Transfer your individual rating to the poster
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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Module 1: Activities
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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Module 1: Activities
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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Module 1: Activities
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
Module 1: Basics 25
Indo-German Environment Programme (IGEP)Deutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Sustainable Urban HabitatB-5/2, First Floor, Safdurjung Encalve, New Delhi-110029, Tel: +91-11-49495300/01/02
Thank you very much