7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
1/33
1University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
HOHOHOHOHO W TW TW TW TW TO AO AO AO AO AVVVVVO IO IO IO IO ID PD PD PD PD PLLLLLAAAAA GIARGIARGIARGIARGIARIIIIISM ASM ASM ASM ASM AH A N DH A N DH A N DH A N DH A N DBBBBBO O K FO O K FO O K FO O K FO O K FO R PO R PO R PO R PO R POOOOO SSSSSTTTTTG RG RG RG RG RA DUA DUA DUA DUA DUAAAAATETETETETE
SSSSSTUDTUDTUDTUDTUDEN TEN TEN TEN TEN TSSSSS
PRO FESSO R DR. A ZIRA H HA SHIM
(A DVISO R)
A SSO C. PRO FESSO R DR. KA REN KO W YIP CHEN G
(HEA D O F PRO JECT)
DR. JAW A KHIR M IO R JA A FA R
DR. STEFA N IE SHA RM ILA PILLA I
A N N ELIESE LUTG EN
BO N G M O O N YEE
ILA RIA CIA RA M ICO LI
M ISA KO TA KA DA
N A DIA A BDULLA H ZAW AW I
O N G LO K TIK RUTH
SUPRA M A N I SHO N IA H
FAC ULTY O F LA N G UAG ES A N D LIN G UISTICS
UN IVERSITY O F M A LAYA
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
2/33
2 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
3/33
3University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
TTTTTA BA BA BA BA BLE O F CLE O F CLE O F CLE O F CLE O F CON TEN TON TEN TON TEN TON TEN TON TEN TSSSSS
1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .00000 IIIIIN TRN TRN TRN TRN TRO D U C TO D U C TO D U C TO D U C TO D U C TIO NIO NIO NIO NIO N1 .1 A cademic Integri ty and Conduct 5
1 .2 Correct Resea rch Conduct for Students 6
1 .3 Your Role and Respo nsibi l i ty in Preventing Plagiarism 6
22222.....00000 AAAAA CA DCA DCA DCA DCA DEM IC M IEM IC M IEM IC M IEM IC M IEM IC M ISSSSSCCCCCO N D U C TO N D U C TO N D U C TO N D U C TO N D U C T
2.1 Plag ia rism 7
2.2 Penal ties for Plag iar ism 77777
33333 .....00000 IIIIIN TEN TEN TEN TEN TEG RG RG RG RG RAAAAA TTTTTIO N O F REIO N O F REIO N O F REIO N O F REIO N O F RESEARSEARSEARSEARSEARCHED ICHED ICHED ICHED ICH ED IN FN FN FN FN FO R M AO R M AO R M AO R M AO R M ATTTTTIO NIO NIO NIO NIO N
IIIIIN TN TN TN TN TO YO YO YO YO YO UR WO UR WO UR WO UR WO UR W O RKO RKO RKO RKO RK
3.1 A cts of Plag ia rism 8
3 .2 Techniques for Integ ra ting Resea rched Informa tion 8
3 .2 .1 Q uo ta tio n
3 .2.2 Paraphrase
3 .2 .3 Sum ma r y
3 .2 .4 Ci ta tio n
4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .00000 CICICICICITTTTTAAAAA TTTTTIO N M EIO N M EIO N M EIO N M EIO N M ETHODOLTHODOLTHODOLTHODOLTHODOLO GO GO GO GO G YYYYY
4 .1 Types of Cita tions 1 2
4.1.1 In- text Ci ta t ion
4 .1 .2 D i rect Q uote / C ita ti on
4.1.3 Paraphrase
4 .2 Different Ci ta tion Styles 1 4
4 .3 Reference List / Bib liog raphy 1 5
A PA PA PA PA PPPPPPEN DEN DEN DEN DEN DICEICEICEICEICESSSSS
A Kaedah-Kaed ah UM (Ta ta ter tib Pela ja r-Pela ja r) 1 999 1 7
B Types of Pla g ia rism 1 9
C List of Pla g ia rism O ffences 22
D In-Text Ci ta tions (A PA Style) 23
E Examples of Types of References for a Reference List 26
(APA Style)F Examp le of a Reference Page (A PA Style) 30
G Different Styles of Bib liography Entries 3 1
1
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
4/33
4 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
5/33
5University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .00000 IIIIIN TRN TRN TRN TRN TRO D U C TO D U C TO D U C TO D U C TOD U C TIO NIO NIO NIO NIO N
W elcome to the University of M ala ya.
In registering to be a post-graduate student, you have chosen to
study a s a sa sa sa sa stututututudddddeeeeennnnnt rt rt rt rt reeeeesssssea rea rea rea rea rccccchhhhheeeeerrrrr. A s a po st-gra dua te student, you arebound by a code of academic conduct. This means that you are
expected to fol low certain rules and regulations as part of the
aca demic/ scholarly comm unity of students an d staff. This code of
conduct (KKKKKaaaaa ededededed ah-kah-kah-kah-kah-kaaaaa ededededed ah UM (Tah UM (Tah UM (Tah UM (Tah UM (Taaaaa tttttaaaaa ttttteeeeert ib Prt ib Prt ib Prt ib Prt ib Peeeeellllla ja ja ja ja ja ra ra ra ra r-P-P-P-P-Peeeeellllla ja ja ja ja ja ra ra ra ra r) 1 9) 1 9) 1 9) 1 9) 1 9 99999 99999,,,,, )
states clearly what you can or cannot do in research as a post-
gra du ate student of the university.
1 .11 .11 .11 .11 .1 AAAAA cacacacaca ddddd eeeeemimimimimic Inc Inc Inc Inc In ttttteg reg reg reg reg ri ti ti ti ti ty a ny a ny a ny a ny a nd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cooooonnnnndud udud ud uccccctttttA ll post-g raduate students a re exp ected to have aaaaa cacacacaca dddddeeeeemimimimimic i nc i nc i nc i nc i nttttteg reg reg reg reg ri ti ti ti ti tyyyyy.
TTTTThis means this means this means this means this means thhhhhaaaaat yt yt yt yt yooooou a ru a ru a ru a ru a re ee ee ee ee expecxpecxpecxpecxpecttttted ted ted ted ted to po po po po prrrrrod uod uod uod uod uce oce oce oce oce orrrrriiiiig ing ing ing ing ina l aa l aa l aa l aa l acacacacacadddddeeeeem im im im imiccccc
wwwwwooooorrrrrkkkkk. This wo rk must be the result of your ow n thoug ht, research or
self-exp ression a t a ll times. However, you a re also expected to b ase
your work on the text , informat ion and ideas of experts and
authorities.
Therefore, it is necessar y that you know how to rea d, research a nd
refer to the wo rk of o ther p eople. You a re exp ected to know how toselect, o rga nize, summ arize, an d interpret the bo dy of in forma tion
ob tai ned, and more imp ortantly, how to a cknowledge them as your
sources of in forma tion.
If you ddddd o no no no no nooooot at at at at acccccknknknknknooooowwwww lllllededededed ggggg eeeee the work of others in your own work
(assignments, reports, thesis, dissertations, etc), you are guilty of
ppppp lllllaaaaa g ig ig ig ig ia ra ra ra ra rismismismismism wh ich is a serious form o f misconduct in the aca dem ic
world. The University of Malaya views plagiarism seriously. In the
UUUUUn in in in in ivvvvveeeeerrrrrsi t i dsit i dsi t i dsit i dsi t i da n Ka n Ka n Ka n Ka n Kooooollllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Un in in in in ivvvvveeeeerrrrrs i t i (UM Ts i t i (UM Ts i t i (UM Ts i t i (UM Ts i t i (UM Taaaaatttttaaaaattttteeeeer t i b P r t i b P r t i b P r t i b P r t i b P eeeeellllla ja ja ja ja ja r 1 9 a r 1 9 a r 1 9 a r 1 9 a r 1 9 9999999999)))))AAAAA ktktktktktaaaaa, K, K, K, K, Kaaaaaedededededah 6ah 6ah 6ah 6a h 6, P, P, P, P, Peeeeerrrrrkkkkka ra ra ra ra ra 1 2 a 1 2 a 1 2 a 1 2 a 1 2 states clear ly tha t:::::
1. A student sha ll no t p lag ia rize any idea, wr iti ng, da ta , o r
invention belong ing to a nother person.
2. For the purpose of th is rule, p lag iar ism includes:
a ) the act o f tak ing an idea , wri ti ng , da ta o r i nven tion o f
another person a nd claim ing that the idea, writing, data
or invention is the result of ones own findings or creation;
orb ) an a ttempt to make ou t o r the act o f mak ing out, in
such a w ay that one is the origi na l source or the creator
of an idea, w riting, d ata or invention w hich has actually
been taken from som e other source.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
6/33
6 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
(For further details of the Universitys policy on plagiarism, see
A ppendix A)
1 .21 .21 .21 .21 .2 CCCCCooooorrrrrrrrrrececececect Rt Rt Rt Rt Reeeeesssssea rea rea rea rea rccccch Ch Ch Ch Ch Cooooonnnnnd udud ududuccccct ft ft ft ft fooooo r Sr Sr Sr Sr Stututututuddddd eeeeennnnntststststsResearch conduct refers to how you carry out your research and
wha t you do with your da ta and information, as wel l as how you
write up and present your assignments, reports, projects, thesis,
d issertation, etc. It also includes your responsib ility to the com muni ty
and issues of confid entiality.
To achieve acad emic excellence, you shou ld p rod uce or igi na l wo rk
with ap prop riate and correct CICICICICITTTTTAAAAATTTTTIO NIO NIO NIO NIO N SSSSS of the wor k, information,
idea s tha t you ha ve taken from any source. This is correct researchconduct for all post-graduate students.
Hence, the best way to d o this and to a void p lag iarism is to a lways
a. take carefu l notes of where you get your ideas or in formation
from;
b . acknowledge o thers w ork cor rectly (phrases, quo ta ti ons,
ideas, graphics, diagrams, charts, tables and figures);
c. bor row assignments from fr iends and sen io rs.
1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .33333 YYYYYooooour Rur Rur Rur Rur Rooooo llllle a ne a ne a ne a ne a nd Rd Rd Rd Rd Reeeeessssspop opop opo nsibnsibnsibnsibnsib i l i ti l i ti l i ti l i ti l i ty in Pry in Pry in Pry in Pry in Preeeeevvvvveeeeennnnnti nti nti nti nti ng Pg Pg Pg Pg Plllllaaaaa g ig ig ig ig ia ra ra ra ra rismismismismism
As a student, you have a responsibility to prevent plagiarism. You
can do this in severa l ways:
a. Ensure that you have a sound knowledge of what p lag iar ism
is.
b. A sk questions to clear any doubts that you may have on
plagiarism.
c. C la r if y/ check what actions o f yours o r your peers could beinterpreted as pla gia rism.
d. Participate actively in any workshop or seminar on plagiar ism
orga nized b y yo ur faculty or the University.
e. Share your understanding and knowledge of the code of ethics
on research co nduct.
f. Expla in the consequences of p lag iarism to your peers who
are no t awa re tha t plag iarism is a serious aca demic o ffence.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
7/33
7University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
22222 .....00000 AAAAA CA DCA DCA DCA DCA DEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MIEMIC MISSSSSCCCCCO N D U C TO N D U C TO N D U C TO N D U C TO N D U C T
22222 .1.1.1.1.1 PPPPPlllllaaaaa g ig ig ig ig ia ra ra ra ra rismismismismism
As a postgraduate student, yyyyyooooou cannu cannu cannu cannu cannooooot tt tt tt tt ta ka ka ka ka keeeee, u, u, u, u, ussssseeeee, an, a n, an, a n, and p ad p ad p ad p ad p assssss os os os os off aff aff aff aff asssss
yyyyyooooour our our our our owwwwwn (in wn (in wn (in wn (in wn (in whhhhhaaaaattttteeeeevvvvveeeeer fr fr fr fr fooooorrrrrm) tm) tm) tm) tm) thhhhhe ie ie ie ie idddddeaeaeaeaeas ans ans ans ans and wd wd wd wd wooooorrrrrds ods ods ods ods of a nf a nf a nf a nf a nooooottttthhhhheeeeerrrrr, w, w, w, w, wi ti ti ti ti thhhhhooooouuuuuttttt
ppppprrrrrooooop ep ep ep ep er rr rr rr rr reeeeefffffeeeeerrrrreeeeennnnncecececece.
Simply stated, plagiar ism is cococococopppppyyyyyi ni ni ni ni ng sg sg sg sg sooooom eom eom eom eom eonnnnne ee ee ee ee elslslslslseeeee s w s w s w s w s wooooorrrrrd sd sd sd sd s,,,,,
infinfinfinfinfooooorrrrrmmmmmaaaaatititititiooooon on on on on or er er er er evvvvveeeeen in in in in idddddeaeaeaeaeas ws ws ws ws wi ti ti ti ti thhhhhooooouuuuut at at at at acccccknknknknknooooowwwwwllllledededededg ing ing ing ing ing tg tg tg tg thhhhhe se se se se sooooourururururce (tce (tce (tce (tce (thhhhheeeee
p ep ep ep ep errrrrsssssooooon ann a nn ann a nn and td td td td thhhhhe we we we we wooooorrrrrk)k)k)k)k).....
There are ma ny wa ys in w hich students p lag ia rize. Below a re som e
instances in w hich you could b e found guilty of pla gia rism:a . Copying any por ti on from books, journa ls and electron ic
sources without acknowledgement;
b . Copying o ther students work (sen tences o r pa ragraphs) ,
wi thout acknow ledg ement;
c. U si ng a n y p a r t o f a p revi ously m a rked w o r k i n a n ew
assign ment for the sam e/ ano ther tutor / lecturer.
(For further d eta ils and examples of the types of actions can constitutepla gia rism, p lease refer to the A pp endix B)
22222 .2.2.2.2.2 PPPPPeeeeennnnnaltialtialt ialt ialt ieeeees fs fs fs fs fooooo r Pr Pr Pr Pr Plllllaaaaa g ig ig ig ig ia ra ra ra ra rismismismismism
Plagiarism is a very serious academic offence, and can result in
serious consequences for you as a student includi ng :
a. A Fai l grade for your work (assignment, pro ject, thesis,
course).
b. Suspension of one semester or one academic session.c. Expulsi on from the Universi ty.
d. W ithd ra wa l of yo ur d eg ree.
33333 .....00000 IIIIIN TEN TEN TEN TEN TEG RG RG RG RG RAAAAA TTTTTION OF REION OF REION OF REION OF REION OF RESEARSEARSEARSEARSEARCHED ICHED ICHED ICHED ICHED IN FN FN FN FN FO R M AO R M AO R M AO R M AO R M ATTTTTI O N II O N II O N II O N II O N IN TN TN TN TN TO YO YO YO YO YO URO URO URO URO UR
WWWWW O RKO RKO RKO RKO RK
W hen you use the wo rds / tex t s o f an o t her p e rson w i t hou t
acknowledging them, it is wrong. It is also wrong if you presentsom eone elses pro g ram cod es, formu las, concepts, creative w orks
such as choreography, lyrics, musical scores, scripts, paintings,
designs, il lustrations, etc. as your own, without giving appropriate
credi t to the origina l author or source.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
8/33
8 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
33333 .1.1.1.1.1 AAAAA cccccts ots ots ots ots of Pf Pf Pf Pf Plllllaaaaa g ig ig ig ig ia ra ra ra ra rismismismismism
You can be a ccused of p lagia rism if you do not acknow ledg e the
sources of in forma tion.
D O N TD O N TD O N TD O N TD O N T
ta ke som eo ne else s id ea.
cut a nd p aste fro m w eb sites.
inser t phrases and par ts o f an orig ina l text into your ownwork.
p resen t as new and o ri g inal an idea o r p roduct der ived from
an existing w ork.
copy info rmation o r ideas from books, d icti onaries, journa ls,
m a g a z i n e s , n e w s p a p e r s , t e x t b o o k s , T V a n d r a d i oprog ramm es, movies and videos, p hotog raphs and draw ings,
charts an d gra phs, etc.
tra n sla te a n orig in al tex t o r pa r ts o f i t.
(For a more comprehensive list of plagiarism offences, refer to
A ppendix C)
33333 .2.2.2.2.2 TTTTTececececechnihn ihnihn ihniqqqqquuuuueeeees fs fs fs fs fooooor Inr Inr Inr Inr In ttttteg reg reg reg reg raaaaa ti nti nti nti nti ng Rg Rg Rg Rg Reeeeesssssea rea rea rea rea rccccchhhhhed Infed Infed Infed Infed Infooooorrrrrmmmmmaaaaa tititititi ooooonnnnnYou need to kno w how to i nclude the information you have taken
from other wo rks into your ow n w ork. You ca n d o this throug h the
use of techniques such as qqqqq uuuuuooooo tttttaaaaa tititititi ooooonnnnn, pa rpa rpa rpa rp a raaaaa ppppp hrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeee, summ, summ, summ, summ, summa ra ra ra ra r iiiiizzzzzeeeee and
ccccci ti ti ti ti taaaaa tititititi ooooo nnnnn.....
33333 .2.2.2.2.2.1.1.1.1.1 Q uQ uQ uQ uQ uooooo tttttaaaaa tititititi ooooonnnnn
A quotation is
a wo rd fo r word p resen ta tion o f wha t i s sa id o r w ri tten
in someo ne elses work.
p resented by usi ng quo ta tio n m a rks ( ).
the source of the quote must be ci ted i n the tex t and
reference li st.
someti mes refer red to as a d i rect quo te.
WWWWW hhhhhaaaaa t tt tt tt tt to do do do do d o :o :o :o :o :
Q uo te only when necessa ry the quo ted pa r t should
only be supplementary to your own work.
Copy the sentence(s) exactly the same as the or ig ina l.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
9/33
9University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
U se q uo ta tio n m a rks ( . ) a t th e b eg in ni ng a n d end
of the quote (For a long quote, use an indented block
set off from the main text).
Identi fy every source of the quote; wr i te its author, ti tleof art ic le/ journal / book, volume number, year and
pla ce of pub lication, p ublisher, p ag e numb er, w ebsite
address, etc.
http:/ / w w w.um.edu.my/ professiona lsind ex_professiona ls.php ?intPref
LangID=1&
WWWWW hhhhhaaaaa t N Ot N Ot N Ot N Ot N O T tT tT tT tT to do do do do d o :o :o :o :o :
Substi tu ti ng j ust a few words in the o rig ina l tex t and
p assing it off as your own.
Bo rro wi ng la rg e p o rtio ns o f th e o rig in al w o rk.
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
O rO rO rO rO riiiiig ing ing ing ing ina la la la la l Q uQ uQ uQ uQ uoooootttttaaaaa tititititi ooooonnnnn
The Ins t i t u te o f Pos tg raduateStudies acts as the administrationc e n t r e f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y spostgraduate programmes.
The Inst i tu te of PostgraduateStudies acts as the administrationc e n t r e f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y s
postgraduate p rog rammes.(UM , 2007)
ExExExExExa ma ma ma mamppppp llllle oe oe oe oe o f a lf a lf a lf a lf a looooonnnnng qg qg qg qg quuuuuooooo ttttteeeee
W i th m o r e th a n a t h o u sa n dinternationa l students from nea rly70 countries, IPS pro udly up ho ldsthe tradit ions and standards ofexcellence in teaching, researchand scholarships, by providingef fect ive and ef f i c ient s tudentserv i ces , oppor tun i t i es and aplatform for the sharin g & shapingof ideas.
A ccording to the mana gement ofthe University of M alaya,W ith moret han a t housand i n t e rna t i ona l students from nea rly 70 countries,IPS proudly upholds the traditionsand standards of excel lence int e a c h i n g , r e s e a r c h a n d schola rships, by p rovidi ng effectiveand ef f i c ient s tudent serv ices,opportunities and a platform for thesharing & shaping of ideas.
(UM , 2007)
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
10/33
10 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
33333 .2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2 PPPPPa ra ra ra ra raaaaa ppppp hrhrhrhrhraaaaa ssssseeeee
A pa raphrase is
a resta temen t o f wha t someone else w rote o r sa i d
(in your own w ords).
WWWWW hhhhhaaaaa t tt tt tt tt to do do do do d o :o :o :o :o :
Use your ow n words.
Your pa raph rased tex t can be shor ter o r longer than
the source.
The source of the paraphrase must be ci ted i n the tex t
and reference list.
WWWWW hhhhhaaaaa t N Ot N Ot N Ot N Ot N O T tT tT tT tT to do do do do d o :o :o :o :o :
Use the o r ig ina l words, phrases, and expression.
O m it d eta ils of the o rig ina l so urce.
Lose the o ri g ina l sense of the source.
Rep la ce o nly a few w o rd s i n the o rig in al.
Rea rra ng e the ord er o f w o rd s/ o r sentences.
33333 .2.2.2.2.2.....33333 SummSummSummSummSumma ra ra ra ra ryyyyy
A summary is
a sh or ten ed ver si on o f th e o rig i na l so urce w ith out
chang ing the meaning.
WWWWW hhhhhaaaaa t tt tt tt tt to do do do do d o :o :o :o :o :
Clea rly id enti fy the m a in p oints. Lea ve out d eta ils a nd exa mp les.
The source o f the summary must be ci ted .
The Inst i tu te of Postgraduate
Studies acts as the admi nistra tion
c e n t r e f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y s
postgraduate programmes.
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
O rO rO rO rO riiiiig ing ing ing ing ina la la la la l PPPPPara ra ra ra raaaaa ppppp hrhrhrhrhraaaaa ssssseeeee
The centre for administration of
programmes for post-graduate
s t ud i es i s t he I ns t i t u t e o f
Postgraduate Studies.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
11/33
11University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
WWWWW hhhhhaaaaa t N Ot N Ot N Ot N Ot N O T tT tT tT tT to do do do do d o :o :o :o :o :
Cha ng e th e o rig ina l m ea ning of the tex t
33333 .2.2.2.2.2.4.4.4.4.4 CCCCCiti ti ti ti taaaaa tititititi ooooonnnnn
A citation is
an i den ti fica tion of the source of a quo te, pa raph raseor summa ry.
A cad emic and professiona l wri ting requires a full citation:
a. in text;
b . i n a b i b liog raphy a t the end of the tex t;
c. i ncludes author and ti tle o f a r ticle/ jou rna l/ book,
vo lume number , year and p lace o f pub l i ca t i on ,
publi sher, p ag e numb er, website ad dress, etc.
(For an explanat ion on when and how to ci te, refer to 4.0 Citat ion
Methodology)
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllleeeee
O rO rO rO rO riiiiig ing ing ing ing ina la la la la l SummSummSummSummSumma ra ra ra ra ryyyyy
This institute administrates the
U n i v e r s i t y s p o s t g r a d u a t e
prog ram mes. In coop erat ion
w i t h a c a d e m i c s t a f f a n d
institutions in the University, IPS
a i ms t o ass i s t resea rch ,
e d u c a t i o n a n d t r a i n i n g i n
various fields for postgraduate
students.
The Ins t i t u te o f Pos tg raduate
Stud ies acts as the admi ni stratio n
c e n t r e f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y s
p o s t g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m m e s .
Drawing on the strengths of the
Faculties and Research Centres, as
well as on the ind ividua l exp ertise
available in the University, IPS
h o p e s t o h e l p p o s t g r a d u a t e
students achieve excel lence in
m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y r e s e a r c h ,
p o s t g r a d u a t e e d u c a t i o n a n d
t ra i n i ng t o mee t t he g row i ng
d e m a n d s o f t h e w o r l d s o f
academia, economics, pol i t ics,
science and technology and the
arts.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
12/33
12 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .00000 CICICICICITTTTTAAAAA TTTTTIO N M EIO N M EIO N M EIO N M EIO N M ET H OD OLT H OD OLT H OD OLT H OD OLT H OD OLO GO GO GO GO GYYYYY
As a research student, you will refer to original sources in your
aca demic wo rk. It is imp or tant tha t you g ive credit to the authors of
these sources for their w ork. Therefore a ccura te acknow ledg ementof the sources used in your academic work is necessary. This
acknow ledg ement is known as cit ing o r referencing.
The following sections present how you can cite or reference in
your text (in-text cita tion) a s well as in the reference list/ bib liog rap hy.
4 .14 .14 .14 .14 .1 TTTTTyyyyyp epep epep es os os os os o f Cf Cf Cf Cf Ci ti ti ti ti taaaaa tititititi ooooo nsnsnsnsns
To cite is to quote a passage, book or author. You need to collectthe details of your source and mention them in your text, and in a
reference l ist (bib l iogra phy) a t the end of your wo rk w hich gives all
detai ls of the works that you have referred to.
4 .1 .14 .1 .14 .1 .14 .1 .14 .1 .1 In-In-In-In-In -ttttteeeeex t cx t cx t cx t cxt ci ti ti ti ti taaaaa tititititi ooooonnnnn
W hen you refer to id eas or informa tion that you have found
and intend to use in your wo rk, you ind icate each reference
by mentioning the author and date of the publication youhave referred to or cited.
In-text citation may be done in various ways:
Q uotat ion / Ci tat ion
In order to support your argument, you can refer to the
authors words but do not want to quote direct ly. Such
citations are inserted in pa rag rap hs an d/ or sentences to
make it clear whose information you have cited and what
info rma tion you have used. This is a lso do ne to enab le theread ers to easily loca te the source of the inform a tion in the
reference list. This is In-text citatio n. The i n-text citation
states the authors last name and the year of publication in
parentheses.
In-In-In-In-In -ttttteeeeex t Cxt Cx t Cxt Cxt Ci ti ti ti ti taaaaa tititititi ooooonsnsnsnsns (Based on the APA style):
Single author
A uthor s last na me, year of p ublication:
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
13/33
13University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
O ne recent study find s a g eneric link to a lcoho lism (((((JoJoJoJoJonnnnneeeeesssss, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9 999997 )7 )7 )7 )7 ).....
If the author s last nam e is mentioned in the citation, on ly the year
is stated:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
Jones find s a genetic link to a lcoho lism (1 9(1 9(1 9(1 9(1 9 999997 )7 )7 )7 )7 ).....
Tw o a uthors
Both authors last names in parentheses:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e: (C(C(C(C(C ooooor tr tr tr tr tez & Joez & Joez & Joez & Joez & Jonnnnneeeeesssss, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9 999997 )7 )7 )7 )7 ).....
If the na mes are mentioned in the citation,
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
Cortez a nd Jones (1 9(1 9(1 9(1 9(1 9 9999977777))))) found that .
(For in-text citation of more than 2 authors and other types of sources,refer to A pp endix D)
4 .1 .24 .1 .24 .1 .24 .1 .24 .1 .2 ..... Di rDirDirDirDirececececect Q ut Q ut Q ut Q ut Q uooooottttte / Ce / Ce / Ce / Ce / Ci ti ti ti ti taaaaa tititititiooooonnnnn
Direct quoting refers to when you copy the exact words of
an other a uthor; the pa ge numb er must be p rovided.
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
As one writer put i t the darkest days were sti l l ahead
(W(W(W(W(W eeeeessssstttttooooonnnnn, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9, 1 9 88888 88888 , p, p, p, p, p. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4 55555 ))))).....
If the name appears in the text:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
W eston (1 9(1 9(1 9(1 9(1 9 88888 88888 ))))) argued that the darkest days were sti l l
ahead (p(p(p(p(p . 4. 4. 4. 4. 4 55555 ))))).....
4 . 1 .4 . 1 .4 . 1 .4 . 1 .4 . 1 .33333 . P. P. P. P. Pa ra ra ra ra raaaaa ppppp hrhrhrhrhraaaaa ssssseeeee
Paraphrasing is to state another authors ideas into your
own words. You need to ment ion the author , year o f
publication and page in your in-text reference. Providing
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
14/33
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
15/33
15University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
relevant to your faculty or discipline and use it consistently in all
your assignments / wo rk / research.
(For examples of the different styles of citation conventions for arts(humanities) and science - b ased discip l ines, refer to A pp endix G )
4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .33333 RRRRReeeeefffffeeeeerrrrreeeeennnnnce Lce Lce Lce Lce Lisisi sisist / Bi bt / Bi bt / Bi bt / Bi bt / Bi b lilil il il iog rog rog rog rog raaaaappppphhhhhyyyyy
A t the end of your wo rk, you need to acknow ledge the informa tion
that you h ave referred to in yo ur text by providin g a l ist of al l your
sources.
This Reference List or Bib liog raphy should be based o n w hicheverpa rticular style your faculty uses.
(To write a proper reference list based on the APA style, refer to
Appendix E)
O nce you a re fami liar wi th the reference style, you need to note
that:
al l references in the reference list must be ci ted in the text;
al l references ci ted in the text must be included in the reference
list;
the reference li st shou ld sta r t w i th a new p age;
the ti tle of this l ist should be References/ Bibl iography, centred
at the top of the p ag e;
references are listed in alphabetical order by author s surname;
the reference li st should be doub le spaced w i th a hang ing
ind ent for the second and subsequent lines.
(For an exam ple of a reference page ba sed o n the A PA style, referto A pp endix F)
There a re d ifferent reference styles and each style presents the same
informa tion ab out a pa rticular source in d ifferent wa ys. There are
two tables available to help you understand and recognize the
d ifferent styles of bib liog ra phy entries. Tab le 1 features entries for
the Arts/ Huma ni ties while Tab le 2 features entries for the Sciences.
(For Tab les 1 and 2, refer to A pp endix G .)
Finally, we welcome you once again, as a post-graduate student, to the
acad emic research community of the University of M alaya. Hap py w orking.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
16/33
16 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
A PA PA PA PA PPPPPPEN DEN DEN DEN DEN DIIIIIX AX AX AX AX A
KAEDKAEDKAEDKAEDKAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDAH-KAEDA H U MA H UMA H U MA H UMA H UM
(T(T(T(T(TAAAAA TTTTTAAAAA TERTERTERTERTERTTTTTIIIIIB PB PB PB PB PELELELELELAAAAA JJJJJA RA RA RA RA R-P-P-P-P-PELELELELELAAAAA JJJJJA R) 19A R) 19A R) 19A R) 19A R) 19 99999 99999
AAAAA ktktktktkta Ua Ua Ua Ua Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti d a n Kan Ka n Kan Kan Kooooo llllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsit i 1 9sit i 1 9sit i 1 9sit i 1 9sit i 1 97 17 17 17 17 1
SeSeSeSeSeksksksksksyyyyyeeeeen 16C An 16C An 16C An 16C An 16C A ktktktktkta Ua Ua Ua Ua Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dan Kan Kan Kan Kan Kooooollllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Unininininivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti 1 9siti 1 9siti 1 9siti 1 9siti 1 97 1 (7 1 (7 1 (7 1 (7 1 (AAAAA ktktktktkta 3 0 )a 3 0 )a 3 0 )a 3 0 )a 3 0 )
Ba hBa hBa hBa hBa haaaaa g ig ig ig ig ian Ia n Ian Ia n Ia n II TI TI TI TI Taaaaa tttttaaaaa ttttteeeeert ib Art ib Art ib Art ib Art ib A mmmmm
LLLLLa ra ra ra ra ra na na na na nggggg an tan tan tan ta n teeeeerrrrrhhhhhaaaaa ddddd aaaaa p Pp Pp Pp Pp Plllllaaaaa g ig ig ig ig ia ra ra ra ra r isme 6 (1)isme 6 (1)isme 6 (1)isme 6 (1)isme 6 (1) , 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (2 ) a2 ) a2 ) a2 ) a2 ) a ,b,b,b,b,b , 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (, 6 (3) a-h3) a-h3) a-h3) a-h3) a-h
A ) KKKKKaaaaaedededededah 6ah 6ah 6ah 6a h 6, P, P, P, P, Peeeeerrrrrkkkkka ra ra ra ra ra 1 3 Aa 1 3 Aa 1 3 Aa 1 3 Aa 1 3 A ktktktktkta Ua Ua Ua Ua Unin inin inivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti dsiti da n Kan Ka n Kan Ka n Kooooollllleeeeej Uj Uj Uj Uj Uninininin ivvvvveeeeerrrrrsiti (UMsiti (UMsiti (UMsiti (UMsiti (UM
TTTTTaaaaatttttaaaaattttteeeeer t ib Pr t ib Pr t ib Pr t ib Pr t ib Peeeeellllla ja ja ja ja ja r 1 9 a r 1 9 a r 1 9 a r 1 9 a r 1 9 9999999999))))):
3 . A student sha ll no t p lag ia r ize any idea , wri ti ng , da ta , o r inven tion
belonging to another person.
4 . For the purpose o f th is rule, p lag ia ri sm includes:
a) the act o f tak ing an idea, wri ting, data or invention of another
person a nd claimin g that the idea, w riting, d ata or invention
is the result of ones own findings or creation; or
b ) an a ttempt to make ou t o r the act o f making out, in such a
wa y that one is the origi nal source or the creator of a n idea,writ ing, data or invention which has actually been taken
from some other source.
5 . W i th o ut p r ej ud i ce to th e g en er a li ty o f su b -r ule (2 ) a stu d en t
plagiarizes when he:
a) publishes, w i th h imsel f as the author, an abstract, ar ti cle,
scientif ic or academic paper, or book which is wholly or
pa rtly w ritten by some other person;
b) incorpora tes h imself o r a llows h imself to be incorpora ted asa co-author of an abstract, art icle, scientif ic or academic
p a p e r o r b o o k , w h e n h e h a s n o r m a d e a n y w r i t t e n
contribution to the abstract, article, scientific or academic
pap er, or b ook;
c) fo rces another person to i nclude h is name in the li st o f co-
researchers for a pa rticula r resea rch pro ject or in the list of
co-authors for a publication when he has not made any
contribution which may qualify him as a co-researcher orco-author;
d ) ex tr a cts a c a d em i c d a ta w h i ch a re resu lts o f resea r ch
undertaken by some other person, such as lab ora tor y findings
of f ie ld work f indings or data obtained through l ibrary
research, w hether pub lished or unpub lished, a nd incorpo rate
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
17/33
17University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
those data a s pa rt of hi s a cademic research w ithout giving
due acknowledgement to the actual source;
e) uses research data obta ined through co llaborative work wi th
some other person, whether or not that other person is asta ff memb er or a student of the University, as part of another
d i s t i nc t persona l academic research o f h i s , o r fo r a
pub lication in his own na me as sole author, w ithout ob tain ing
the consent of his co-researchers prior to embarking on his
persona l research or p rior to p ublishing the da ta;
f) transcr ibes the ideas or creations of another kept in whatever
form, whether w ritten, printed or available in electronic form,
or in slide form, o r in w hatever form of teaching or research
ap pa ratus, or i n other form, a nd clai ms wh ether directly or
indirectly that he is the creator of that idea or creation;
g ) transla tes the wr i ti ng o r crea tion o f ano ther person from
one language to another whether or not wholly or partly,
an d subsequently p resents the translation in wha tever from
or m anner a s his own wri t ing or creat ion; or
h ) ex tracts i deas from another persons wr iti ng o r c rea tion and
makes certain modifications without due reference to the
origi na l source an d rearra ng es them in such a wa y tha t i tap pears as if he is the creator of those ideas.
As already indicated above, the University sees plagiarism as a
serious academic offence and the University reserves the right to
dea l w ith this offence as it deems app rop ria te. For the investiga ting
procedure of cases of plagiarism, possible penalties and avenues
for a pp eal, see PrPrPrPrProcedurocedurocedurocedurocedureeeees ans ans ans ans and Md Md Md Md M ececececechhhhhanismanismanismanismani sm (web -site reference???)
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
18/33
18 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
A PA PA PA PA PPPPPPEN DEN DEN DEN DEN DIIIIIX BX BX BX BX B
TTTTTYPYPYPYPYPEEEEES O F PS O F PS O F PS O F PS O F PLLLLLAAAAA GI A RGI A RGI A RGI A RGI A RIIIIISMSMSMSMSM
Here are instan ces of how you could b e plag ia rizing in the way you use
your referenced i nforma tion.
1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . TTTTTooooottttta l / Pa l / Pa l / Pa l / Pa l / Part iart iart iart iart ia l Ca l Ca l Ca l Ca l Cooooopppppyyyyyinininininggggg
A . W hen you submi t an assignment, repor t o r p ro ject tha t you have
copied totally or pa rtial ly from a w ebsite, a friend s w ork, or som e
other sources, w ithout acknow ledgement, this is plag ia rism b ecause:
i. Yo u d id no t d o a ny o rig in al resea rch o r w ri ti ng .
i i. The work i s crea ted by someone else, and yet you put your
nam e on it.
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
Suppose you have been given an assignment on the topic -
Q uali tative Research. You d o a search on the Internet and d iscover
information o n the W ikip edia website. It gives a clear a nd interesting
explanation about qualitative research at the fol lowing address
http: / / en.wikipedia.org/ wiki / Q ual itat ive_research
If you w ere to copy this text, paste it into your d ocument and hand
it in as your assignment, you would be plagiarizing.
O rO rO rO rO riiiiig ing ing ing ing ina l Ta l Ta l Ta l Ta l Teeeeex tx tx tx tx t
Q ualitative research is one of the two ma jor ap pro aches to research
method ology in social sciences. Q ua litative research i nvolves an
indepth understanding of human behaviour and the reasons that
govern human behaviour. Unlike quantitative research, qualitative
research relies on reasons behind various aspects of b ehaviour.
B. If you were to change a few words, o r substi tu te some words/
phrases in the original text with your own, you would st i l l be
plagiar iz ing.
PPPPPlllllaaaaag ig ig ig ig ia ra ra ra ra r iiiiizzzzzed Ted Ted Ted Ted Teeeeext wx t wxt wx t wxt w iti ti ti ti th wh wh wh wh wooooo rrrrrd cd cd cd cd chhhhha na na na na ngggggeeeeesssss (r(r(r(r(rededededed, i t, i t, i t, i t, i ta lia lia lia lia liccccciiiiizzzzzed )ed )ed )ed )ed )
Q ualitative research is a n aan aa n aan aa n apppppppppprrrrroaoaoaoaoaccccchhhhh to research methodology in
socia l sciences. Q ua litative research invo lves a da da da da deeeeeeeeeepppppunderstanding
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
19/33
19University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
of human behaviour and the reasons that cococococonnnnntrtrtrtrtrooooolllll human. ItItItItIt relies
on reasons behind various aspects of behaviour.
22222 ..... CCCCCuuuuut ant a nt ant a nt a nd Pd Pd Pd Pd PaaaaasssssttttteeeeeAnother type of plagiarism involves copying large chunks of text
from one or more original sources and inserting them into the
assignment.
For example, suppose you are doing the above assignment on
Q ua litative Research an d yo u include a few sentences from the
W ikip edia website. Unless you present the sentences as a q uote
wi th ful l citation, you a re committing plag iarism.
O rO rO rO rO riiiiig ing ing ing ing ina l ta l ta l ta l ta l teeeeextx tx tx tx t
Simp ly put, i t investiga tes the w hy a nd how of d ecision m aki ng, a s
comp ared to what, where, and w hen of qua ntitative research. Hence,
the need is for sma ller b ut focused samp les rather than la rge ra ndom
samples. From which, qualitative research categorizes data into
pa tterns as the pri ma ry ba sis for org an izing an d repor ting results.
PPPPPlllll aaaaa g ig ig ig ig i a ra ra ra ra r iiiii zzzzz ed Ted Ted Ted Ted Teeeeex tx tx tx tx t (r(r(r(r(rededededed, i t, i t, i t, i t, i ta l ia l ia l ia l ia l iccccciiiiizzzzzed )ed )ed )ed )ed ) = i nser ted tex t w i th noacknow ledg e of source
There are two ways in which a researcher can do research -
qualitative and quantitative. However, in the social sciences, the
qua litative method allow s in-d epth study of the subject or a rea of
research. This method o f research a llows investiga tion of reason s
behind various aspects of b ehaviou r. SimSimSimSimSimpppppllllly py py py py puuuuuttttt, i t in, i t in, i t in, i t in, i t invvvvveeeeessssstititititigggggaaaaattttteeeees ts ts ts ts thhhhheeeee
wwwwwhhhhhy any a ny any a ny and hd hd hd hd hooooow ow ow ow ow offfff dddddecececececisiisiisiisiisiooooon mn mn mn mn mak in ak in ak in ak in akinggggg, a, a, a, a, as cos cos cos cos commmmmpa rpa rpa rpa rp a red ted ted ted ted to wo wo wo wo whhhhhaaaaattttt, w, w, w, w, whhhhheeeeerrrrreeeee,,,,,
a na na na na nd wd wd wd wd whhhhheeeeen on on on on of qf qf qf qf quuuuua na na na na nti tti tti tti tti taaaaatititititivvvvve re re re re reeeeesssssea rea rea rea rea rccccchhhhh. He. He. He. He. Hennnnncecececece, t, t, t, t, thhhhhe ne ne ne ne need i s feed i s feed i s feed i s feed i s fooooor smr smr smr smr sma lla lla lla lla lleeeeerrrrrbbbbbuuuuut ft ft ft ft focococococuuuuusssssededededed sssssa mama mama mpppppllllleeeeesssssrrrrraaaaattttthhhhheeeeer tr tr tr tr thhhhha n lan la n lan la n la ra ra ra ra rgggggeeeee rrrrra na na na na ndddddooooom sm sm sm sm sa ma ma ma ma mpppppllllleeeeesssss..... It is from
these samples of data that patterns can be drawn. TTTTThhhhheeeeessssse p ae p ae p ae p ae patttttttttteeeeerrrrrnsnsnsnsns
a ra ra ra ra re te te te te thhhhhe pe pe pe pe prrrrrimimimimima ra ra ra ra ry b ay b ay b ay b ay basis fsis fsis fsis fsis fooooor or or or or orrrrrggggganianianiania niz inz inz inz inz ing a ng a ng a ng a ng and rd rd rd rd reeeeepop opop op ort inrt inrt inrt inrt ing rg rg rg rg reeeeesultssultssultssultssults.....
N ON ON ON ON O TE:TE:TE:TE:TE:
If yIf yIf yIf yIf yooooou turu turu turu turu turn in a pan in a pan in a pan in a pan in a pap ep ep ep ep er wr wr wr wr whih ih ih ih iccccch coh coh coh coh connnnntttttains all qains all qains all qains all qains all quuuuuooooottttteeeeesssss, m, m, m, m, mooooossssstltltltltly qy qy qy qy quuuuuooooottttteeeeesssss,
you will stil l be cheating even if you properly cite them all.
First, a ny a cad emic assign ment shshshshshoooooulu lu lu lu ld ind ind ind ind inccccclululululuddddde oe oe oe oe orrrrriiiiig ing ing ing ing ina l wa l wa l wa l wa l wooooorrrrrkkkkk,,,,, such
as an original evaluation of sources or an original comparison of
texts. Second , if yo u q uote too much o f any one text, you could a lso
be vvvvviiiiiooooolllllaaaaatinti ntinti nting cog cog cog cog copppppyyyyyrrrrriiiiighghghghght lt lt lt lt laaaaawwwwwsssssin addit ion to plagiarizing.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
20/33
20 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
33333 ..... InInInInInaaaaa ppppp ppppp rrrrrooooo ppppp rrrrr iiiiiaaaaa ttttte Pe Pe Pe Pe Pa ra ra ra ra raaaaa ppppp hrhrhrhrhraaaaa ssssseeeee
A more subtle type of plag iarism is the inap prop riate pa rap hrase.
In this form of plagiarism, the quoted text is
i . a ltered only slightly from the orig ina l and no acknowledgmentof the origina l author is given, or
i i. ex tensively paraphrased bu t w i th acknowledgement o f the
original author/ s.
N ON ON ON ON O TE:TE:TE:TE:TE:
If yIf yIf yIf yIf yooooou turu turu turu turu turn i n a pa n in a pan i n a pa n in a pan i n a pa p ep ep ep ep er wr wr wr wr wh ih ih ih ih iccccch coh coh coh coh connnnntttttai ns tai ns t ai ns tai ns t a ins thhhhheeeeessssse te te te te tyyyyyp ep ep ep ep es os os os os of par f par f par f par f par aaaaappppphrhrhrhrhraaaaassssseeeeesssss,,,,,
you will stil l be cheating even if you properly cite them all.
You can not subm it a pa per w hich merely pa rap hrases one or tw o
sources even if you acknowledge them. You do have to provide
original input in order for your work to be considered authentic
and or ig inal.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
21/33
21University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
A PA PA PA PA PPPPPPEN DEN DEN DEN DEN DIIIIIX CX CX CX CX C
LILILILILISSSSST O F PT O F PT O F PT O F PT O F PLLLLLAAAAA GI A RGI A RGI A RGI A RGI A RIIIIISM O FFEN CESM O FFEN CESM O FFEN CESM O FFEN CESM O FFEN CESSSSS
You are plag iarizin g if you do any of the fol lowing wi thout acknowledg ing
the source or rightful ow ner/ s:
Choose top ic/ ti tle fo r your report/ coursework/ essay/ d i sser ta ti on /
thesis same a s some other co mp leted work
Use someone elses work even w i th verba l consent o f its r igh tfu l
author
Submit as your own someone elses unpub li shed work, ei ther w i th
or w ithout permission Use even i f unpublished work (such as another students dissertation/
course wo rk)
Use g ra phs, d ia gra ms, cha rts of o thers
Use vi sua l i mages d raw ings, models, p i ctu res, photog raphs,
movies, etc - of others
Present g ra phics b a sed on da ta / ta ble o f o thers
Ex tr act/ i nco rp o ra te so meo ne else s a ca d em ic d a ta
Use resea rch da ta ob ta i ned th rough co llabo ra tive wo rk w ithout
obtaining the consent of co-researchers
Pub li sh an abstract, a r ti cle, scien ti fi c o r academic paper, o r book
w hich is w holly or pa rtly w ritten by some other p erson a s its author
or co -author
A sk someone else to w r ite or revi se a repo r t/ d i sser ta tion/ thesi s
for you
Purchase a p re-wri tten paper (ei ther by ma i l o r electron ica lly ) o r
dow nloadin g a pa per from a free si te
Pu rchase someone else s repo r t/ d i sser ta tion/ thesi s Force o thers to i nclude your name as co- researcher / co-author
wi thout contribution
A ttemp t to m ake o ut to b e o rig ina l/ sole a utho r
Do a course work, w ri te an a r ticle, answer exam ina tion questions
for other p eople
Sub m it o ne s ow n p revio us w o rk a g a in (m ulti -p o sti ng )
Tu rn in th e sa m e p a p er fo r mo re th a n o ne cla ss w i th out th e
perm ission of b oth lecturers Fabr ica te references o r using incor rect references
Rewri te a p lag ia rized text
Fab rica te resu lts o f su rvey / sta ti stics/ tab les/ g raphs.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
22/33
22 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
A PA PA PA PA PPPPPPEN DEN DEN DEN DEN DIIIIIX DX DX DX DX D
IIIIINNNNN -----TETETETETEXXXXXT C IT CIT C IT CIT C ITTTTTAAAAA TTTTTIO NIO NIO NIO NIO N S (BS (BS (BS (BS (BAAAAA SED O N A PSED O N A PSED O N A PSED O N A PSED O N A PA SA SA SA SA STTTTTYLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)
Three, four, or five authors
In the first citation, cite all names and publication year:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
(Cortez, Jones, Go ld, & Ham mond, 1 99 8 ).
If the na mes are mentioned in the text:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:Cortez, Jones, G old, and H amm ond (199 8 ) found that .
Subsequent citations of the same authors:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
(Cortez et al ., 1 998 )
If the names appear in the text:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:Cor tez et al. (1 9 98 ) found that
Six or more authors
Use the first authors surname followed by et al. and the year of
publication from the first citation:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
(Cortez et al ., 1 998 )
M ention the nam es of a ll six a utho rs (with et a l. if there are more
author s) in the reference list.
Different author s w ith the same surna me
Use their first and middle initials:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:(B.A. Jones, 1998); (R.F. Jones, 1998)
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
23/33
23University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
More than one work by the same author
W hen you cite the works tog ether, use the author s surna me o nce
an d then the yea rs of each p ublication:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
(Stai rs, 1 99 2, 19 93 ).
If the name appears in the text:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
Stair s (19 92, 1 99 3 ) said
Multiple authors cited together
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
(Jones, 1 9 98 ; Heckels, 1 9 96 ; Stolotsky, 1 99 2 )
G roup or corpo rate authors
If the name of the organisation is an abbreviation, write the ful l
name in the first citation, and use the short form in subsequent
citations:
First citation:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
(N ational Insti tute of M ental Health [N IM H], 1 9 99 )
Subsequent citation:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle :e :e :e :e :. .. (N IM H, 19 99 )
If no na me of author is availa ble
If author is unknow n, use a sho rt form of the title.
If the title is The Effects of A spi rin on Hea rt A ttack
Victims, use the followi ng format:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllleeeee
( The Effects, 1 995 )
If the author is mentioned as A nonym ous, then use
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
24/33
24 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
(A nonymous, 199 9)
Persona l comm unica tionAs personal communications are not cited in the reference list in
A PA style, they need clear in- text citation:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
(H. J. Simpson, personal communication, September 29,
1 9 9 9 )
Cita tion o f a second ar y sourceTha t is, a source is referred to i n a nother p ublica tion:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
(Farrow, 19 68 , as ci ted in W ard & Decan, 19 88 )
If the name appears in the text:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
Farrow (1 96 8, as ci ted in W ard & Decan, 19 8 8 ) finds .
Citation from an electronic sou rce
Use paragraph numbers where page numbers are not provided:
ExExExExExa ma ma ma ma mppppp llllle:e:e:e:e:
(Sturt, 20 01 , para. 2 )
(Sturt, 2 0 0 1 , 2) w here stand s for pa ragra ph.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
25/33
25University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
BBBBBO O KO O KO O KO O KO O KSSSSS A PA PA PA PA PAAAAA
Boo k (no author or
editor)M erriam-W ebsters collegia te dictiona ry (1 0 th
ed.) . (19 93 ) . Spr ingfie ld, M A : M err iam
W ebster.
Book (one author) Bad deley, A . D. (1 99 9 ). Essentials of human
memory. Hove, England: Psychology Press.
Book (two authors) Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family
mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects.
W ash ing ton , DC: A mer ican Psycho log ica l
Association.
C o r p o r a t e a u t h o r ,
author a s pub lisherA u s t r a l i a n B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s . ( 1 9 9 1 ) .
Estimated resident pop ulation by ag e and s
ex in sta tistical lo cal a reas. N ew South W ales,June 19 9 0 (no. 32 09.1 ). Canberra, Austral ian
Capital Territory; Author.
Edited book G ib bs, J. T., & Hua ng, L. N . (Eds.). (19 9 1 ).
Chi ldren of color: Psycholog ical interventions
wi th minority youth. San Fra ncisco: Jossey-Bass.
EEEEESSSSSSSSSSAAAAAYYYYYS O RS O RS O RS O RS O R
C H A PC H A PC H A PC H A PC H A PTERTERTERTERTERS IS IS IS IS IN EDN EDN EDN EDN EDIIIIITEDTEDTEDTEDTED
BBBBBO O KO O KO O KO O KO O KSSSSS
O ne a uthor, Two
editorsBjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibit ion as an
adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H.
L. Roed ig er III & F. I. M . Cra ik (Eds.), Varieties
of memory & consciousness ( pp . 309-330) .
Hillsda le, N J: Erlba um.
EN CEN CEN CEN CEN CYYYYYCLCLCLCLCLO PO PO PO PO PEDEDEDEDED IAIAIAIAIA SSSSS
O R DO R DO R DO R DO R D IC TIC TIC TIC TIC TIO NIO NIO NIO NIO N A RA RA RA RA RIIIIIEEEEESSSSS
A N D EN TRA N D EN TRA N D EN TRA N D EN TRA N D EN TRIIIIIEEEEES IS IS IS IS INNNNN
A N EN CA N EN CA N EN CA N EN CA N EN CYYYYYCLCLCLCLCLO PO PO PO PO PEDEDEDEDEDIAIAIAIAIA
A PA PA PA PA PPPPPPEN DEN DEN DEN DEN DIIIIIX EX EX EX EX E
EEEEEXXXXXA M PA M PA M PA M PA M PLELELELELES O F TS O F TS O F TS O F TS O F TYPYPYPYPYPEEEEES O F REFEREN CES O F REFEREN CES O F REFEREN CES O F REFEREN CES O F REFEREN CESSSSS
FFFFFO R A REFEREN CE LIO R A REFEREN CE LIO R A REFEREN CE LIO R A REFEREN CE LIO R A REFEREN CE LISSSSST (T (T (T (T (A PA PA PA PA PA SA SA SA SA STTTTTYLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
26/33
26 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
E nc y c loped ia s e t o r
dict ionaryS ad ie , S . ( E d . ) . ( 1990 ) . T he new G r ov e
dictionary of music and musicians(6 th ed., Vols.
1-20). London: Macmil lan.
Encycloped ia ar ticle Bergm a n, P. G . (1 993 ). Relativity. In The new
encyclopedia Br itannica (Vo l . 26, pp. 501-
50 8 ). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
JO URNJO URNJO URNJO URNJO URN A LSA LSA LSA LSA LS,,,,,
M AM AM AM AM A GGGGG A ZIA ZIA ZIA ZIA ZIN EN EN EN EN ESSSSS, A N D, A N D, A N D, A N D, A N D
N EWN EWN EWN EWN EW SPSPSPSPSPA PA PA PA PA PERERERERERSSSSS
Journal article, one
authorMellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative
p leasure o f consequences . Psycho log ica l
Bul letin, 126 , 9 10 -924.
Journal article, two
authorsKlimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA
and t he h i r i ng p r oc es s i n o r gan i z a t i ons .
Con sulting Psycholog y Journ al: Practice and
Research, 45 (2) , 10 -36.
Journal article, more
than two authors
Say w itz, K. J., M anna rion, A . P., Berliner, L.,
& Cohen, J. A . (20 0 0 ). Treatment for sexually
ab used children a nd ad olescents..... American
Psychologist, 55 , 104 0 -1049.
M agazine ar t icle Kand el, E. R., & Squi re, L. R. (20 0 0 , N ovemb er
1 0 ). N euroscience: Breaking do wn scienti f ic
b arriers to the study of b ra in and mind.
Science, 290 , 1113 - 1120 .
N ewspa per a rt ic le, no
authorN ew d rug a pp ears to sharp ly cut r isk of dea th
f r o m h e a r t f a i l u r e . ( 1 9 9 3 , J u l y 1 5 ) . Th e
W ashing ton Post, p . A 12 .
N ewspa per a rticle, on e
author , d iscont inuous
pages
Schwar tz, J. (19 93 , Septemb er 30 ). O besity
a ffects econom ic, socia l sta tus. TheW ashington
Post, pp. A 1 , A 4 .
AAAAA U DU DU DU DU D IO - V IIO - V IIO - V IIO - V IIO - V ISSSSSUUUUUA LA LA LA LA L
M EDM EDM EDM EDM ED IAIAIAIAIA
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
27/33
27University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
Videocassette G arm on, L. (Prod ucer a nd Director), & A psell,
P. (Executive Producer). (1 994 ). Secret of the
wild chi ld[Vid eocassette]. Boston, M A : W G BH
Educational Foundation.
Audio recording Costa, P. T., Jr. (Speaker). (19 98 ). Personality,
continuity, and changes of adult life (Cassette
Recording N o. 2 07-433-8 8A -B) . W ashington,
DC: American Psychological Association.
M otion picture Scorsese, M. (Producer ) , & Lonergan, K .(Wr i ter / Director ). (20 00 ) . You can count on
me [M otion Picture]. U nited States: Para mount
Pictures.
Television bro ad cast Cr ystal, L. (Executive Prod ucer). (1 993 , O ctob er
11) . The M acN eil/ Lehrer news hour [Television
broa dcast] . N ew York and W ashing ton, DC:
Public Broadcasting Service.
Television series M i l l e r, R. ( Pr o d u c er ) . ( 1 9 8 9 ) . T he m ind
[Television series]. N ew York: W N ET.
ELEELEELEELEELEC TRCTRC TRCTRC TRO NO NO NO NO N ICICICICIC
M EDM EDM EDM EDM ED IA A N D O N LIIA A N D O N LIIA A N D O N LIIA A N D O N LIIA A N D O N LIN EN EN EN EN E
SSSSSO U RO U RO U RO U RO U RC EC EC EC EC ESSSSS
Music recording Schocked, M . (19 92 ). O ver the w aterfall. O n
A rkan sas traveller [CD]. N ew York: PolyG ram
M usic.
Internet articles based
o n a p r i n t s o u r c e
(ex is ts in pr i n t a nd
online)
V a n d e n B o s , G . , K n a p p , S . , & D o e , J .
( 2 0 0 1 ) . R o l e o f r e f e r e n c e e l e m e n t s i n
t hes e lec t i on o f r es ou r c es by ps y c ho logy
undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journalof Bibliographic Research, 5 , 117-123.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
28/33
28 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
Article in an Internet-
onl ine journalFrederickson, B. L. (20 0 0 , M arch 7 ). Cultivating
po sitive emotions to o ptimize health a nd w ell-
be i ng . Prevent ion & Treatment, 3 , A r t i c l e
0001a. Retr ieved November 20, 2000, f romhttp: / / journals.apa.org/ prevention/ volume3/
pre0030001a.h tm l
Art ic le from an onl ine
encyclopediaBergm an, P. G . & Ed itors of Encyclop edia
Britannica O nline. (19 94 -19 99 ). Relat ivi ty.
Encyclop ed ia Bri tann i ca O nl ine. Retrieved
A ugust 4, 1 99 9, from Encyclop edia Britannica
O n li n e o n th e W o r ld W i d e W eb : h ttp : / / search.eb.com/ bol / topic/ eu=11 7376& sctn=1
Professional website American Psychological Associat ion. (1999,
J u n e 1 ) . E l e c t r o n i c p r e f e r e n c e f o r m a t s
recommended by the American Psychological
A ssociatio n. Retrieved July 1 8 , 19 9 9, from the
W o r ld W i d e W eb : http : / / w w w .a p a .o rg /
journa ls/ w eb ref.htm l
Document avai lableon university pro gra m
or dep ar tment site
Chou, L., M cClintock, R., M oretti, F., & N ix,D. H. (1993). Technology and educat ion:N ew w ine in new bo ttles: Choosing pastsand i ma gini ng educational futures. RetrievedA ugust 24, 2 0 0 0 , from Columbia Universi ty,Institute for Learni ng Techno log ies W eb site:h ttp : / / w w w.i lt. co lumbia.edu/ publications/
pap ers/ new wine1.html
Content of lecture /
classTakada , M i sako , Pen t e r j emahan Ama l i Dua Ha l a , Bahasa Jepun . F e b r u a r y 2 ,2 0 0 7 , U n i v e r s i t y M a l a y a , F a c u l t y o fLanguages and Linguistics.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
29/33
29University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
A PA PA PA PA PPPPPPEN DEN DEN DEN DEN DIIIIIX FX FX FX FX F
EEEEEXXXXXA M PA M PA M PA M PA M PLE O F A REFEREN CE PLE O F A REFEREN CE PLE O F A REFEREN CE PLE O F A REFEREN CE PLE O F A REFEREN CE PAAAAA G E (G E (G E (G E (G E (A PA PA PA PA PA SA SA SA SA STTTTTYLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)YLE)
RRRRReeeeefffffeeeeerrrrreeeeennnnncececececesssss
A erob ic exercise. (2 0 0 0 ). A merican A cademy of O rthopaedic Surgeons.
Retrieved Januar y 17, 2 0 0 6, from http:/ / orthoinfo.aaos.org/
Bryce, J. (Producer/ Director), & G ault, M . (Director). (19 89 ). Spo rts Clinic
Soccer [Motion picture]. (Available from Best Film and Video
Corporation, Great N eck, N Y 11 02 1)
Bynum, M . (20 0 4, A ugust). Paving the way. Athletic Business, 28, 40 -42.
Cap oz zi, C .K. (2 0 0 5 ). M y first collab ora tive unit-lessons learned. Library
M edia Connection, 24(2), 3 8 -39. Retrieved O ctob er 15 , 20 0 5 from
A cad emic Search Premier d atab ase.
Cra fts, V.R. & Scott, P.M . (1 96 4 ). Track and field for girls and women:
Strategies for success. N ew York: M eredi th Publishing Comp any.
Foster, M . (2 0 0 4 , Sep t 3). Tw o qua rterb acks sti l l in mix at LSU. The
G reenvil le N ews, p. C6.
G am ble, P. (20 0 4 ). Physical p repa ration for elite-level rugby union football.Strength and Cond it ioning Journa l, 4 , 10-23.
The Harper Coll ins dictionary of biology (1 st ed.). (19 9 1 ). N ew York:
Harper Perennial.
M enke, F.G . (Ed.). (1 96 9 ). The encyclop edia of spo rts(5 th ed., Vols. 1 -3 ).
South Brunsw ick, N J: A .S. Ba rnes.
Yoder, D.G. (1996) Commercialization. In D. Levinson & K. Christensen
(Eds.), Encyclop edia o f wo rld spo rt: From ancient times to the present
(Vol.1 , pp. 1 9 1 -1 95 ). Santa Barb ara, CA : A BC-CLIO .
Source: w w w.ap astyle.org/ ab outstyle.html
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
30/33
30 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
APAPAPAPAPPPPPPEND
END
END
END
ENDIIIIIX
G
X
G
X
G
X
G
X
G
DDDDDIFFERENTS
IFFERENTS
IFFERENTS
IFFERENTS
IFFERENTSTTTTTYLE
YLE
YLE
YLE
YLESOFBI
SOFBI
SOFBI
SOFBI
SOFBIBBBBBL
IOGR
L
IOGR
L
IOGR
L
IOGR
L
IOGRAPAPAPAPAPHYENTR
HYENTR
HYENTR
HYENTR
HYENTRIIIIIEEEEESSSSS
TTTTTABABABABABLE1
(
LE1
(
LE1
(
LE1
(
LE1
(ARARARARARTTTTTS/
HUMAN
S/
HUMAN
S/
HUMAN
S/
HUMAN
S/
HUMANIIIIITTTTTIIIIIEEEEES)S)S)S)S)
APAPAPAPAPAAAAA
HAR
HAR
HAR
HAR
HARVVVVVARD
ARD
ARD
ARD
ARD
MLMLMLMLMLAAAAA
TUR
TUR
TUR
TUR
TURABIAN
ABIAN
ABIAN
ABIAN
ABIAN
Boo
Boo
Boo
Boo
Book(o
k(o
k(o
k(o
k(onnnnneeeee
aaaaauuuuuttttthhhhhooooorrrrr)))))
Scott,
J.C.
(1985).Weapons
of
theweak:everydayformsof
peasantresistance.
NewHaven
an
d
London:Yale
University
Pre
ss.
Scott,
J.C.
1985,
Weapons
of
theWeak:EverydayForms
of
Peasant
Resistance,
Yale
University
Press,
New
Hav
en
andLondon.
Scott,
J.C.
W
eaponsofthe
W
eak:Everyday
Form
sof
PeasantResistance.
New
Haven
and
London:
Yale
UniversityPress,1985.
Scott,
J.C.
Weaponsofthe
Weak:Everyday
Forms
of
PeasantResistance,N
ew
Haven
and
London:Yale
University
Press,
1985.
Boo
Boo
Boo
Boo
Book
(t
k
(t
k
(t
k
(t
k
(twwwwwooooo
aaaaauuuuuttttthhhhhooooorrrrrs)s)s)s)s)
Sa
mover,L.A.
&
Porter,R.
E.
(1
991).
Communication
be
tweencultures.BelmontCA:
W
adsworthPublishingCo.
Samover,L.A.
&
Porter,R.
E.
1991CommunicationBetwe
en
Cultures,
W
adsworth
PublishingCo.,
BelmontCA
.
Samover,L.A.
andPorter,R.
E.
Communication
Between
Cultures,
Belmont
CA:
W
adsworth
Publishing
Co.,
1991.
Sam
over,
L.
A.
and
Porte
r,
R.
E.
Communication
Between
Cultures,
Belmo
nt
CA:
W
adsworth
Publis
hing
Co.,
1991.
InInInInInttttteeeeerrrrrnnnnneeeeettttt
sssssooooourururururcececececesssss
(j(j(j(j(jooooourururururnnnnnalo
alo
alo
alo
alonnnnn
wwwwweeeeebbbbbsitsitsitsitsite)e)e)e)e)
Capozzi,C.
K.
(2005).My
fir
stcollaborativeunit-lesson
le
arned.
Library
Media
Connection,
24(2),38-3
9.
Re
trieved
October15,
2005
from
Academic
Search
Pr
emierdatabase.
Capozzi,
C.
K.
Myfirstcollaborativeunit-
lessonlearned,
LibraryMedia
Connection,
24(2)
pp.3
8-39,
viewed
15
Oct.,
200
5,
Academic
Search
Premier
database.
Capozzi,C.
K.
My
first
collaborative
unit-le
sson
learned.
Library
M
edia
Connection,
24(2)(20
05):
38-3
9,
15
October2
005.
AcademicSearch
Pre
mier
database.
Capozzi,
C.
K.
2005.
Myfirstcollaborative
unit-
lesson
learned.
Library
MediaConnection,24
(2)38-3
9.
Internet.
Availab
le
from
Academic
Search
Premier
database;accessed1
5October
2005.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
31/33
31University of Malaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
Scott,
J.C
-n-n-n-n-na
meo
a
meo
a
meo
a
meo
a
meofafafafafauuuuuttttthhhhhooooorrrrr
JOURN
JOURN
JOURN
JOURN
JOURN
AL:
AL:
AL:
AL:
AL:Triandis,
H.
C.
etal
-nnnnnameo
ameo
ameo
ameo
ameofafafafafauuuuuttttthhhhhooooorrrrr
(1
985)
-----yyyyyearo
earo
earo
earo
earofpfpfpfpfpuuuuubbbbblililililicacacacacatititititiooooonnnnn
(1986)
-yyyyyearo
earo
earo
earo
earofpfpfpfpfpuuuuubbbbblililililicacacacaca
tititititiooooonnnnn
W
eaponsoftheweak
-titltitltitltitltitl
eoeoeoeoeofboo
fboo
fboo
fboo
fbookkkkk
Themeasureoftheet
hic
-titl
-titl
-titl
-titl
-titleoeoeoeoeofarti
farti
farti
farti
farticccccllllleeeee
Everydayformsof
aspectsofindividualisma
nd
peasantresistance
collectivisma
crosscultures
N
ew
HavenandLondon
-p-p-p-p-plllllaaaaa
ceo
ceo
ceo
ceo
ceofpfpfpfpfpuuuuubbbbblililililicacacacacatititititiooooonnnnn
AustralianJournalof
-titltitltitltitltitleoeoeoeoeofjfjfjfjfjooooourururururnnnnnalalalalal
Psychology
YaleUniversityPress.
-p-p-p-p-puuuuu
bbbbblish
lishlish
lishlisheeeeerrrrr
38
-isisisisissususususuenenenenenumbe
umbe
umbe
umbe
umberrrrr
257-2
67
-papapapapagggggenenenenenumbe
umbe
umbe
umbe
umberrrrrsssss
JoJoJoJoJourururururnnnnnalalalalal
Triandis,
H.
C.
et.al.(1986).
Th
e
measure
ofthe
ethic
as
pectsofindividualisma
nd
co
llectivism
acrosscultures.
Australian
Journal
of
Ps
ychology,
38,
257-2
67.
Triandis,
H.
C.
etal.1986,
The
measure
ofthe
eth
ic
aspectsofindividualism
an
d
collectivism
acrosscultures.
Australian
Journal
of
Psychology,vol38,
pp.
25
7-
267.
Triandis,
H.
C.
etal.
The
measureoftheethicaspects
of
individualism
and
collectivism
acrosscult
ures.
Australian
Journal
of
Psychology38(1986):
257-
267.
Triandis,
H.
C.
etal.The
measureoftheethic
aspectsof
individualism
and
collectivism
acrosscultures.
Australian
JournalofPsycholog
y38257-
267,
1986.
LELELELELEGEND
GEND
GEND
GEND
GEND
BBBBBOOK:
OOK:
OOK:
OOK:
OOK:
APAPAPAPAPPPPPPEND
END
END
END
ENDIIIIIX
G
X
G
X
G
X
G
X
G
(Continued)
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
32/33
32 University of M alaya is committed to the fight against plagiarism
TTTTTABABABABABLE2
(S
LE2
(S
LE2
(S
LE2
(S
LE2
(SCICICICICIENC
E)
ENC
E)
ENC
E)
ENC
E)
ENC
E)
APAPAPAPAPAAAAA
HAR
HAR
HAR
HAR
HARVVVVVARD
ARD
ARD
ARD
ARD
MLMLMLMLMLAAAAA
TUR
TUR
TUR
TUR
TURABIAN
ABIAN
ABIAN
ABIAN
ABIAN
B
o
o
B
o
o
B
o
o
B
o
o
B
o
o
kkkkk
(sin
(sin
(sin
(sin
(singlglglglgleeeee
aaaaauuuuuttttthhhhhooooorrrrr)
Ho
rber,J.K.
H.
(2002)Atomic
fo
rce
microscopy
in
cell
bi
ology.
San
Diego:
Academic.
Horber,J.K.
H.
2002,
Atom
ic
ForceMicroscopyinCe
ll
Biology,
Academic,
NewYor
k.
Horber,J.K.
H.
AtomicF
orce
MicroscopyinCellBiology.
SanDiego:Academic,2
002.
Horber,J.K.
H.
200
2.
Atomic
Force
Microscopy
in
Cell
Biology.SanDiego:Academic.
Boo
Boo
Boo
Boo
Book
(t
k
(t
k
(t
k
(t
k
(twwwwwooooo
aaaaauuuuuttttthhhhhooooorrrrrs)s)s)s)s)
W
ilson,
J.&
Hunt,T.
(2002).
Molecularbiologyofthecell,
Fo
urthEdition:A
problems
ap
proach.
NewYork:Garland
Science.
W
ilson,
J.&
HuntT.
2002,
MolecularBiologyoftheCe
ll,
FourthEdition:A
Problem
s
Approach,
GarlandScienc
e,
New
York.
W
ilson,
J.
and
T.
H
unt.
MolecularBiologyofthe
Cell,
Fourth
Edition:A
Prob
lems
Approach
.
New
Y
ork:
GarlandScience,
2002.
W
ilson,
J.,
andT.
Hunt.2002.
MolecularBiologyo
ftheCell.
FourthEdition:A
Problems
Approach.
New
York:Garland
Science.
InInInInInttttteeeeerrrrrnnnnneeeeettttt
sssssooooourururururcececececesssss
(j(j(j(j(jooooourururururnnnnnalo
alo
alo
alo
alonnnnn
wwwwweeeeebbbbbsitsitsitsitsite)e)e)e)e)
Ba
kerJ.C.
(1995,
October).
Re
vealing
the
effects
of
or
ientation
in
composite
qu
asarspectra.
Astrophysical
Jo
urnal,
452.
Retrieved
Se
ptember29,
1995,
from
http://www.a
as.o
rg/ApJ/
v4
52n2/5309/5309.h
tml
Baker,J.C.
Revealingth
e
effects
of
orientation
in
composite
quasarspectra,
Astrophysical
Journal
,
October452,
pp.
232-2
45,
viewed29Sept1995,
http:/
/www.
aas.
org/ApJ
/
v452n2/5309/5309.h
tml
Baker,Joanne.
Revea
ling
theeffectsoforientatio
n
in
compositequasarspec
tra.
AstrophysicalJournal
452
(1995):232-2
45
par
s.2
9
September
1995http://
www.
aas.
org/AP.
J/
v452n2/5309/5309.ht
ml
Baker,
JoanneC
.
1995.
Revealing
the
e
ffects
of
orientationincompositequasar
spectra.
Astrophysic
alJournal
452
(October).
Internet.
Available
from
http://
www.a
as.o
rg/ApJ/v452n2/
5309/5309.h
tml;ac
cessed29
September1995.
7/31/2019 How to Avoid Plagiarism a Handbook for Postgraduate Students
33/33
JoJ
oJoJ
oJ
ourururururnnnnnalalalalal
Pa
rikh,
Mihir
(2002),
UtilizingInternetTechnologies
to
SupportLearning:An
Empirical
Analysis.
In
ternationalJournalof
InformationManagement,22,
27
-46.
Parikh,
M.
&Verma,
S2002,
Utilizing
Internet
Technologies
to
Suppo
rt
Learning:
an
empirical
analysis.
International
Journal
of
Informatio
n
Management,vol.22,
no.1
,
pp.
27-4
6.
Parikh,
Mihir.
Utilizing
internetTechnologie
s
to
Support
Learning:
An
Empirical
Analysis.
International
Journa
l
of
Information
Management,
22(2002):27-4
6.
Parikh,
Mihir.
Utilizinginternet
Technologies
to
Support
Learning:
An
Empirical
Analysis.
Internation
alJournal
ofInformation
Management,
22(2002):27-4
6.
EEEEEGEND
GEND
GEND
GEND
GEND
OOK:
OOK:
OOK:
OOK:
OOK:
Horbe
r,J.K.
H.
-n-n-n-n-nameo
ameo
ameo
ameo
ameofafafafafauuuuuttttthhhhhooooorrrrr
J
OURN
J
OURN
J
OURN
J
OURN
J
OURNAL:
AL:
AL:
AL:
AL:Parikh,
Mihir
-nnnnnameo
ameo
ameo
ameo
ameofafafafafauuuuuttttthhhhhooooo
rrrrr
(2002
)
-----yyyyyearo
earo
earo
earo
earofpfpfpfpfpuuuuubbbbblililililicacacacacatititititiooooonnnnn
(
2002)
-yyyyyearo
earo
earo
earo
earofpfpfpfpfpuuuuubbbbblililililic
a
cac
a
cacatititititiooooonnnnn
Atomicforcemicroscopy:
-titltitltitltitltitleoeoeoeoeofboo
fboo
fboo
fboo
fbookkkkk
U
tilizinginternettechnologie
s
-titl
-titl
-titl
-titl
-titleoeoeoeoeofarti
farti
farti
farti
farticccccllllleeeee
incellbiology
tosupportlearning:Anempirical
a
nalysis
SanDiego
-p-p-p-p-plllllaaaaaceo
ceo
ceo
ceo
ceofpfpfpfpfpuuuuubbbbblililililicacacacacatititititiooooonnnnn
InternationalJournalof
-titltitltitltitltitleoeoeoeoeofjfjfjfjfjooooourururururnnnnnalalalalal
Academic
-p-p-p-p-puuuuubbbbblish
lishlish
lishlisheeeeerrrrr
InformationManagement
2
2
-isisisisissususususuenenenenenumbe
umbe
umbe
umbe
umberrrrr
2
7-4
6
-pa
-pa
-pa
-pa
-pagggggenenenenenumbe
umbe
umbe
umbe
umberrrrrsssss
AB
ABA
BA
BA
BLE2
(S
LE2
(S
LE2
(S
LE2
(S
LE2
(SCICICICICIENC
E)
ENC
E)
ENC
E)
ENC
E)
ENC
E)Continued