Volume 3 Number 3 Article 9

1976

Homo Monstrosus: Lloyd Alexander’s Gurgi and Other Shadow Homo Monstrosus: Lloyd Alexander’s Gurgi and Other Shadow

Figures of Fantastic Literature Figures of Fantastic Literature

Nancy-Lou Patterson

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Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Patterson, Nancy-Lou (1976) "Homo Monstrosus: Lloyd Alexander’s Gurgi and Other Shadow Figures of Fantastic Literature," Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 3 : No. 3 , Article 9. Available at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol3/iss3/9

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Abstract Abstract Discusses Gurgi as the shadow archetype in Alexander’s Prydain Cycle and compares him to examples in other literature.

Additional Keywords Additional Keywords Alexander, Lloyd—Jungian analysis; Alexander, Lloyd. The Prydain Cycle; Alexander, Lloyd. The Prydain Cycle—Characters—Gurgi; Shadow (Psychoanalysis); Joe R. Christopher; Bg Callahan

This article is available in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol3/iss3/9

BOOK REVIEW: TH E NO T-W O RLD

many y e a r s ago and th o u g h t t h a t Mr. Swann m ig h t be on h i s way to p ro d u c in g a m a s te rp ie c e o f f a n t a s y some d ay . In s h o r t , i f Mr. Sw ann 's t a l e n t i s s t i l l im m atu re , i t h a s b een so f o r y e a r s , and may i n f a c t be a c a s e o f a r r e s t e d d e v e lo p m en t.

C e r t a in ly " im m a tu r i ty " c a n ' t b e a c o m p le te ly s a t i s f y i n g way o f d e s c r ib in g th e sh o r tc o m in g s o f The H o t-W o rld . I f we th in k o f a n o th e r f a n t a s y w r i t e r whose work shows s ig n s o f im m a tu r i ty , f o r in s t a n c e , we can s e e some im m ed ia te c o n t r a s t s . Ms. S an d e rs Anne L a u b e n th a l, f o r i n s t a n c e , i s a young f a n t a s y w r i t e r , known t o r e a d e r s o f M y th p r in t. Her f i r s t n o v e l , E x c a lib u r , p u b l i s h e d l a t e in 1973, was b o th a d e l i g h t f u l rom ance, and one c o n ta in in g many f a u l t s : a t t im e s , Ms. L a u b e n th a l seem ed im p e r f e c t ly i n com­mand o f h e r s t y l e and h e r p l o t . But th e rom ance was v ig o ro u s and in t e n s e i n i t s e v o c a t io n o f s t r a n g e a r e a s o f th e im a g in a t io n , d e s p i t e i t s w e a k n e sse s . I w ould p r e d i c t t h a t in t im e Ms. Lau­b e n th a l may be a p o w e rfu l n o v e l i s t in t h e G eorge M acD onald /L ew is/

C h a r le s W illiam s t r a d i t i o n . And th e p o in t t o b e made h e re i s t h a t i f Ms. L a u b e n th a l had w r i t t e n a b o u t a h a u n te d f o r e s t n e a r B r i s t o l , we would rem em ber th e f o r e s t a s a h a u n t in g im age. The w i tc h e s Ms. L a u b e n th a l would evoke would be s e a r in g m em ories, b e c a u se Ms. L a u b e n th a l b e l i e v e s in th e pow er b o th o f t h e dem onic and o f th e d iv in e .

A n o th er q u e s t io n r a i s e d by Mr. S w ann 's u n s a t i s f y in g n o v e l i s why th e w o rld o f f a n t a s y w r i t in g sh o u ld b e so d o m in a ted to d a y by women. T h is i s e s p e c i a l l y p e c u l i a r s in c e so many o f th e g r e a t f i g u r e s i n t h e t r a d i t i o n o f m y th o p o e ic f a n t a s y —M o rr is , M acDonald, T o lk ie n , E d d iso n , L ew is, W illia m s— have been men. Today, how ever n e a r ly a l l t h e v i r i l e w r i t i n g — i f t h e l a d i e s w i l l p e rm it su c h an a d j e c t i v e — i s b e in g done by women: E v a n g e lin e W alto n , Jo y C h a n t, K a th e r in e K u r tz , Mary S t e w a r t . . . The m ale m yth m akers seem to be in r e t r e a t o r o th e r f i e l d s .

— R eview ed b y Ed Chapman

Homo monstrous:L l o y d A l e x a n d e r ' s G u r g i a n

dother

S h a d o w F i g u r e s o f Fantastic Literature

b y

Nancy-Lou Patterson

IN HIS ANALYSIS o f human d ream s,C. G. Ju n g d e v e lo p e d th e te c h n iq u e o f a m p l i f i c a t i o n , i n w hich he s e a rc h e d th e l i t e r a t u r e o f m ytho­lo g y and f o l k lo r e f o r p a r a l l e l s , i n o r d e r t o u n d e r s ta n d m o t i f s w hich c o u ld n o t be e x p la in e d in te rm s o f memory o r w ish f u l f i l l m e n t . T h is m ethod h as g iv e n r i s e i n l i t e r a r y c r i t i c i s m to t h e s e e k in g o f a r c h e ty p a l s o u rc e s f o r c h a r a c t e r s and e v e n t s ; p e rh a p s m ost n o ta b ly i n N o rth ro p

F r y e 's A natom y o f C r itic is m . Som etim es a v e ry m inor e le m e n t in a work o f l i t e r a t u r e can e x e r t a c o m p e llin g pow er upon th e r e a d e r q u i t e o u t o f b a la n c e w ith th e sp a c e a f fo r d e d t o i t , and when t h i s h a p p e n s , a r c h e ty p a l c r i t i c i s m can h e lp to e x p la in why i t d o e s .

R e ad e rs o f L loyd A le x a n d e r 's f iv e -v o lu m e f a n t a s y c y c le o f P ry d a in — The Book o f T h re e , The B la c k C a u ld ro n , The C a s tle o f L ly r , T aran W anderer, and The H igh K in g — w i l l b e a b le t o l i s t th e com panions o f th e y o u th f u l p ig -k e e p in g h e r o , T a ra n . He i s p ro v id e d w ith a f u t u r e w if e , a m u s ic a l f r i e n d , a w ise o ld c o u n s e l lo r , and num erous a c q u a in ta n c e s , m e n to r s , e n e m ie s , and m a g ic a l b e in g s in t h e c o u rse o f s e e k in g o u t t h e s e c r e t o f h i s a n c e s t r y and becom ing High K ing. The co m p an io n sh ip i s more c a s u a l th a n th e F e llo w sh ip o f th e R ing i n J . R. R. T o lk i e n 's L o rd o f th e R in g s , and la c k s t h e b a s i s o f p h y s ic a l r e l a t i o n s h i p o f th e P even sey c h i ld r e n in C.S. L e w is 's N a rn ia n C h r o n ic le s , b u t i t f a l l s w e l l w i th in t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e . A much more m y s te r io u s f i g u r e among th o s e com panions h a s n o t b een m en tio n e d : t h i s i s G u rg i.

I r e a d th e P ry d a in s e r i e s a t one g u lp i n tandem w ith my tw e lv e - y e a r - o ld d a u g h te r . I t i s c e r t a i n l y t r u e t h a t A le x a n d e r i s e n d le s s ly i n v e n t iv e — b o th o f c h a r a c t e r s and e v e n t s — som etim es b r e a t h l e s s l y s o . In p o n d e r in g th e w hole e x p e r ie n c e , I f i n d t h a t

G urg i re m a in s m ost v i v i d . F fle w d d u r and h i s h a rp become a s i n g l e jo k e s t r a i n e d to t h e b r e a k in g p o i n t , E ilonw y exud es a f a i n t p erfu m e o f t h e s t e r e o t y p e , so t h a t h e r d e l i g h t f u l t r a i t s a r e g e n t ly p a t r o n iz e d ; and th e o ld m a g ic ia n D a llb e n n e v e r r i s e s , a s do M e r l in i n T. H. W h i te 's Once a n d F u tu re K in g , and G a n d a lf in T o lk i e n 's L o rd o f th e R in g s , t o t h e l e v e l o f t h e num inous.Even th e s p le n d id ly - c o n c e iv e d t r i p l e G o d d esses— O rddu, Orwen, and O rgoch— r e p e a t a m i ld ly g r i s l y ru n n in g gag ab o u t O rg o c h 's a p p e t i t e . I t i s a f a i l u r e o f t a s t e , I t h i n k , o r p e rh a p s a f a i l u r e o f n e rv e ; i n t h e end A le x a n d e r i s a r a t i o n a l i s t , whose h e ro m ust g e t on w ith r e a l l i f e , h a v in g r i d h im s e l f o f c h i l d i s h f a n t a s i e s — a l l h i s m a g ic a l com panions p a s s away in t o t h e Summer C o u n try e x c e p t f o r E ilo n w y , h i s f u t u r e w i f e , who i s re d u c e d in th e p r o c e s s .

P e rh a p s t h i s i s t h e r e a s o n why P ry d a in f o r a l l i t s s p e c ­t a c u l a r v a r i e t y i s n o t a lw ay s q u i t e a s e c o n d a ry w o r ld , n o t a lw ay s a b s o l u te ly r e a l : t h e r e i s a c e r t a i n sw a sh b u c k lin g d i s ­r e g a r d o f d e t a i l . On th e one h a n d , e v e n ts p o u r o v e r u s to o r a p i d l y t o be rem em bered, and on th e o t h e r , com ic e f f e c t s a re s im p ly r e p e a te d from volum e to vo lum e. T h ere i s a te n d e n c y to e x a g g e r a t io n : when T a ra n i s m e r c i l e s s l y la s h e d by c a p to r s d ra g g in g him b e f o re t h e e n c h a n t r e s s A chren i n The B ook o f T h ree , t h e r e i s l i t t l e s e n s e o f h i s s u f f e r i n g , o f th e e x p e r ie n c e b e in g m ore th a n a s im p le i n c i d e n t in te n d e d to le n d dram a and c o lo u r t o th e t a l e . The same m o t i f becom es one o f i n t e n s e p a th o s when Frodo i s t r a p p e d i n th e to w e r o f C i r i t h Ungol i n The R e tu rn o f th e K ing ( y e t he r e c e i v e s b u t a s i n g l e s t r i p e ) . And when th e c law s o f A s la n m ark A ra v is w ith t e n s t r i p e s , in The H orse and H is B oy, h e r w hole l i f e i s ch an g ed . The " th ro w -a w ay " e f f e c t o f A le x a n d e r 's n a r r a t i v e d im in is h e s i t s r e a l i s m .

W ith t h e above comments I h av e e x h a u s te d my o b j e c t i o n s : th e y a r e m inor in t h e f a c e o f A le x a n d e r 's a c h ie v e m e n t, w hich i s a m a jo r and a u t h e n t i c work o f f a n t a s y , and my p u rp o se i s r a t h e r to show h i s u n d o u b te d pow er a t w ork. The a fo re m e n tio n e d n e g a t iv e a s s e r t i o n s m ig h t a l s o b e made a b o u t G u rg i— and y e t h e s t i c k s in t h e m ind— why? As C. S. Lewis s a i d , th e a rgum en t a d hom inem i s l i k e l y t o m is le a d u s , so I w i l l n o t t r y t o g u e s s w hat A le x a n d e r m eant by G u rg i. I n s t e a d , I w i l l lo o k a t w hat he t e l l s u s ab o u t him .SECTION INITIALS il lu m in a te d by Joe R. C h risto p h er

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M YTH L O RE 11

BRIEFLY STATED, G u rg i i s a m o n s te r , o f a s p e c i e s w e l l known i n l i t e r ­a t u r e and f o l k l o r e . He i s an a m b iv a le n t b e in g , h a l f an im a l and h a l f human, h a l f enemy and h a l f f r i e n d . When he f i r s t m ee ts T a ran he a t t a c k s h im , b u t i n t h e end o f The B ook o f T h re e i t i s he who f in d s th e o r a c u l a r p i g , Hen Wen.He a l s o f i n d s t h e m ira c u lo u s c a u ld ro n f o r w h ich T he B la c k C au ld ro n i s nam ed, and i n The H igh K in g he f i n d s th e c o f f e r in w hich

a r e h id d e n th e s e c r e t s o f human a r t s and s c i e n c e s . He i s , a s i t w ere , T a r a n 's l e f t h a n d , t h e means by w hich o c c u l t pow er comes to him . A lways h u n g ry ( a t f i r s t he even o f f e r s t o e a t T a ra n ) , he becom es th e p r o v i d e r , n o t o n ly by f in d in g th e ab o v e -m e n tio n e d m agic i te m s , b u t by c a r r y in g a m ira c u lo u s fo o d -b a g w hich i s a lw ays f u l l .

H ere i s A le x a n d e r 's a c c o u n t o f T a r a n 's f i r s t e n c o u n te r w ith G u rg i :

O v erh ead , th e b ra n c h e s r u s t l e d . As he s to p p e d and lo o k ed u p , so m e th in g f e l l h e a v i ly to th e g round b e h in d h im . Two h a i r y and p o w e rfu l h an d s lo c k e d a ro u n d h i s t h r o a t .

W hatever had s e iz e d him made b a rk in g and s n o r t i n g n o i s e s . T a ran fo rc e d o u t a c ry f o r h e lp . He s t r u g g le d w ith h i s u n se e n o p p o n e n t, t w i s t i n g , f l a i l i n g h i s l e g s , and th ro w in g h im s e lf from one s id e to th e o t h e r . 1

R e co v erin g from t h e a t t a c k , T a ran s t u d i e s h i s a d v e r s a ry : " . . .s p ra w le d u n d e r t h e t r e e was th e s t r a n g e s t c r e a t u r e T a ra n had e v e r s e e n . He c o u ld n o t be s u r e w h e th e r i t was a n im a l o r human" (p. 3 6 ) . On c l o s e r e x a m in a tio n ,

He d e c id e d i t was b o th . I t s h a i r was so m a tte d and c o v e re d w ith le a v e s t h a t i t lo o k e d l i k e an o w l 's n e s t i n need o f h o u s e c le a n in g . I t had lo n g , sk in n y w o o lly a rm s , and a p a i r o f f e e t a s f l e x i b l e and grim y a s i t s han d s ( p .3 7 ) .

An im m ed ia te e x p la n a t io n o f G u r g i 's r o l e i s p ro v id e d by N o rth ro p F ry e :

The c h a r a c t e r s who e lu d e th e m o ra l a n t i t h e s i s o f h e ro ism and v i l l a i n y g e n e r a l l y a r e o r s u g g e s t s p i r i t s o f n a t u r e .They r e p r e s e n t p a r t l y th e m o ra l n e u t r a l i t y o f th e in t e r m e d ia t e w o rld o f n a tu r e and p a r t l y a w o rld o f m y s te ry w h ich i s g lim p sed b u t n e v e r s e e n , and w h ich r e t r e a t s when a p p r o a c h e d .2

He c o n t in u e s :Such c h a r a c t e r s a r e , more o r l e s s , c h i l d r e n o f n a t u r e , who

can be b ro u g h t to s e rv e th e h e r o , l i k e C ru s o e 's F r id a y , b u t r e t a i n th e i n s c r u t a b i l i t y o f t h e i r o r i g i n . As s e r v a n t s o r f r i e n d s o f th e h e r o , th e y im p a r t th e m y s te r io u s r a p p o r t w i th n a tu r e t h a t so o f t e n m arks th e c e n t r a l f i g u r e o f rom an ce .The p a ra d o x t h a t many o f th e s e c h i l d r e n o f n a tu r e a r e " s u p e r ­n a t u r a l " b e in g s i s n o t a s d i s t r e s s i n g in rom ance a s in l o g i c , (pp. 196-197)

As an exam p le , F ry e o f f e r s t h e t a l e o f " S t . G eorge and Una in S p en se r [who] a r e accom pan ied by a d w a rf who c a r r i e s a hag o f 'n e e d m e n ts '. He i s n o t a t r a i t o r , l i k e t h a t o t h e r b a g - c a r r i e r Ju d a s I s c a r i o t , b u t he i s ' f e a r f u l ' , and u r g e s r e t r e a t when th e g o ing i s d i f f i c u l t " (p. 1 9 7 ). The o r i g i n a l p a s s a g e in S p e n se r r e a d s :

B ehind h e r f a r r e away a D w arfe d id l a g ,T hat l a s i e seem ed i n b e in g e u e r l a s t ,Or w e a r ie d w ith b e a r in g o f h e r bag Of needm en ts a t h i s b a c k e .3

The d w a r f 's c o w a rd ic e a p p e a rs i n V e rse 13 o f t h e same C a n to :F ly f l y (q u o th th e n

The f e a r e f u l l D w a rfe :) t h i s i s no p la c e f o r l i u i n g m en. ( p .1 2 ) G urgi e x h i b i t s t h e same b e h a v io u r i n The B ook o f T hree-.

" . . . t h e c r e a tu r e s e t up a lo u d and p i t e o u s w h in in g , r o l l e d h i s e y e s , and b e a t th e g round w ith h i s p a lm s ," and a g a in , " th e c r e a tu r e w a ile d " ( p .3 7 ) . In The C a s tle o f L ly r , we r e a d ,"G u rg i f lu n g h im s e l f to t h e g ro u n d , c o v e re d h i s h ead w ith h i s h a n d s , and w him pered p i t e o u s l y . " 4The m o tif i s e x p re s s e d m ost f o r c e f u l l y i n T aran W anderer, w here G urgi f e a r s n o t d a n g e r b u t d e s e r t i o n :

B e fo re he c o u ld f i n i s h th e d o o r b u r s t open and a shaggy f ig u r e sp ed a c r o s s th e cham ber and f lu n g i t s e l f a t T a r a n 's f e e t . "No, n o , n o !" how led G urg i a t th e to p o f h i s v o i c e , ro c k in g back and f o r t h and w aving h i s h a i r y a rm s . . . . H is

f a c e was w r in k le d i n m is e ry and he sh ook h i s m a t te d h ead so v i o l e n t l y he n e a r l y sp ra w le d f l a t on th e f l o o r . "P o o r G u rg i w i l l be lo n e and lo r n w ith w h in in g s an d p i n i n g s ! " h e m oaned. "O h, he m u st go w ith m a s te r , y e s ! y e s ! " 5

A gain t h e r e i s a r e p e t i t i o n : "G u rg i b e g an s n u f f l i n g lo u d ly , w h im p erin g and m oaning m ore d e s p e r a t e ly th a n e v e r . . . " ( p . 1 4 ) . F i n a l l y , i n T he H igh K in g ,

H is com panion G u rg i, s h a g g ie r th a n th e pony h e r o d e , p u l l e d h i s w e a th e re d c lo a k a ro u n d h im , ru b b e d h i s f r o s t - n i p p e d e a r s , and b eg an g ro a n in g so w re tc h e d ly t h a t T a ra n a t l a s t r e in e d up th e s t a l l i o n . 6

G u r g i 's f e a r f u l n e s s (w h ich g iv e s o v e r t e x p r e s s io n t o t h a t w hich T a ra n n o t o n ly f e e l s , b u t f e a r s t o f e e l ) , i s acco m p an ied by h i s e v e r - p r e s e n t h u n g e r :

" C ru n c h in g s and m unch ings now, m ig h ty p r in c e ? " a sk e d G u rg i i n a h ig h , t i n y w h is p e r .

"As I p ro m ise d y o u ," s a id Gwydion."G u rg i w an ts th e s m a l le r one f o r m u n c h in g s ," s a id th e

c r e a t u r e , w i th a b ead y g la n c e a t T a ra n ."No, you do n o t , " Gwydion s a i d , "He i s an A s s i s t a n t P ig -

K eeper and he w ould d i s a g r e e w i th you v i o l e n t l y . " He u n b u c k le d a sa d d le b a g and p u l l e d o u t a few s t r i p s o f d r i e d m e a t, w h ich he to s s e d to G u rg i . "Be o f f now. Remember, I w ant no m is c h ie f from y o u ."

G u rg i sn a tc h e d th e f o o d , t h r u s t i t b e tw e e n h i s t e e t h , and s c u t t l e d up a t r e e t r u n k , le a p in g from t r e e to t r e e u n t i l he was o u t o f s i g h t . ( Book o f T h ree , p . 40)

As w ith O rg o ch , t h i s h u n g e r a t f i r s t e x te n d s t o s u g g e s t io n s o f c a n n ib a l i s m , t h e u b iq u i to u s s p e c t r e i n a w o r ld o f p r i m i t i v e h u n g e r . R e a d e rs who hav e n o t i c e d G u r g i 's G o l lu m -l ik e sp e e c h h a b i t s w i l l n o t b e s u r p r i s e d a t t h e n a t u r e o f h i s a p p e t i t e .The m o t i f a p p e a r s e x t e n s i v e l y i n t h e f o l k l o r e o f h u n te r p e o p le s w here th e f e a r o f d e a th by s t a r v a t i o n i s o m n ip re s e n t : n o te t h ef o l lo w in g q u o ta t i o n from a W ind igo s t o r y t o l d among t h e O jibw a

o f C anada ( th e com plex l a y e r s o f a m b iv a le n c e and c r o s s - i d e n t i t y w i l l become a p p a r e n t l a t e r ) :

Once upon a tim e an I n d ia n was i n h i s c a n o e , . . . He came to a g r e a t b ig cam p, and a man came o u t o f th e camp and s a id to h im , " I w ould n o t do a n y th in g to you m y s e lf , b u t my b r o t h e r i s th e one t h a t k i l l s a l l th e I n d i a n s . I t e l l you w h at w e ' l l d o .We hav e a b ig d i s h and I w i l l h id e you u n d e r i t . I w i l l p u t i t u p s id e dow n ." As so o n a s th e I n d ia n h id u n d e r t h i s b ig d i s h th e b ig W indigo cam e. H is b r o t h e r was o u t s i d e th e camp, he s a id to h i s b r o t h e r , " T h e r e 's somebody .h e r e . Now,I t e l l you w h at w e ' l l d o , we w i l l h av e a w r e s t l e , and i f you p u t me down I w i l l b e l i e v e y o u , t h a t t h e r e i s nobody h e r e . "They w r e s t l e d , and th e k in d - h e a r t e d man p u t t h i s b ig W indigo ( h i s b r o t h e r ) down, and th e W indigo s a i d , " I b e l i e v e you now; t h e r e i s no one h e r e . " So n e x t m o rn in g he w en t away a g a in to lo o k f o r som ebody t h a t h e 'd k i l l to e a t . 7

One t h in k s o f t h e G ollum /Sm eagol c o n - f l i c t i n The Two T o w ers.When he e a t s , G u r g i 's d e l i g h t i s fu lso m e : " G u rg i , s i t t i n g c r o s s - le g g e d , d ev o u red h i s fo o d w ith so many o u t c r i e s o f p l e a s u r e and lo u d sm a ck in g s o f h i s l i p s t h a t h e seem ed t o b e e a t i n g tw ic e a s much a s h e r e a l l y d i d . " (B ook o f T h re e , p . 105) T h e re i s a to u c h o f t h e C ook ie M o n ste r from Sesam e S t r e e t ( n o t by d i r e c t i n f lu e n c e , o f c o u r s e ) .

I t i s t h e m o t i f o f h u n g e r w h ich p r o v id e s th e t r a n s i t i o n o f t h e a m b iv a le n t G urg i from enemy t o f r i e n d :

On th e l e a f l a y G u r g i 's t i n y p o r t i o n o f h o n ey -co m b ."F o r g r e a t l o r d , " m urmured G u rg i, "G u rg i i s n o t h u n g ry f o r

c ru n c h in g s and m unch ings t o d a y ."T aran lo o k e d a t th e e a g e r f a c e o f G u rg i . F o r th e f i r s t

tim e th e y sm ile d a t one a n o th e r . (Book o f T h re e , p . 126)He i s re w a rd e d by Gwydion i n t h e end o f t h e f i r s t book i n a m anner a p p r o p r i a t e t o h i s n a t u r e : " 'T o f a i t h f u l and v a l i a n t G urg i s h a l l be g iv e n a w a l l e t o f fo o d w h ich s h a l l b e a lw a y s f u l l . G uard i t w e l l ; i t i s one o f t h e t r e a s u r e s o f P r y d a in '" (p. 2 1 8 ) .An e f f o r t t o d i s c o v e r t h e p o s s i b l e s o u rc e o f t h i s " t r e a s u r e o f P ry d a in " i n i t s p resum ed i n s p i r a t i o n , The M a b in o g io n , y ie ld e d th e f o l lo w in g : i n "P w y ll P r in c e o f D y fe d ," R h iannon g iv e s P w yll a m ag ic bag w ith t h e s e w o rd s: " 'a n d a s k n o th in g b u t t h e b ag f u l l o f fo o d ; and I w i l l b r in g i t a b o u t , ' s a id s h e , ' t h a t i f w hat m eat and d r in k a r e i n t h e s e se v e n c a n t r e f s w ere p u t i n t o i t , i t w ould b e no f u l l e r th a n b e f o r e . ' " 8 T h is b a g , i n s t e a d o f n e v e r b e in g em pty , can n e v e r b e f u l l ; i t i s u se d a s a m eans o f e n tra p m e n t in w hich a man, th in k in g he w i l l become i t s ow ner, en d s by b e in g

1 Lloyd A lexan d er, The Book o f T h ree , D e l l , Y e a r lin g Book (New York: 1 9 6 9 ), p. 36.

Northrop F rye, Anatomy o f C r i t i c i s m , Atheneum (New York: 1967), p. 196.

3 Edmund S p en ser , "The F a e r ie Queen," F ir s t Booke, Canto I , V erse 6 , in S e le c te d P o e tr y , ed .. I n tr o ., Leo Kirshbaum, H o lt , R ine­h a r t, and W inston (New York: 1 9 6 5 ) , p. 10 .

4 Lloyd A lexan d er, The C a s t le o f L ly r , D e l l , Y e a r lin g Book (New York: 1 9 6 9 ) , p. 112.

5 Lloyd A lex a n d er , Taran W anderer, D e l l , Y e a r lin g Book (New York: 1 9 6 9 ) , p. 13.

6 L loyd A lex a n d er , The High K in g , D e l l , Y e a r lin g Book (New York: 1 9 6 9 ) , p . 9 .

7 W indigo P s y c h o s is : A S tu d y o f a R e la t io n s h ip B etw een B e l i e f and B eh a v io u r Among th e In d ia n s o f N o r th e a s te rn C anada, by Morton I T e io h e r , American E th n o lo g ic a l S o c ie t y , ed. Verne F . Ray ( S e a t t le : 1 9 6 0 ) , p . 19 .

8 The M abin ogion , tr a n s . Gwyn J o n es and Thomas J o n e s ,J.M. Dent and Sons (London: 1 9 5 7 ) , p. 1 4 .

25

SHADOW FIGURES

t i e d up in s i d e . The same them e o f t r i c k e r y and e n c lo s u re a p p e a rs i n "B ranw en D au g h te r o f L ly r ," when th e I r i s h p la n a r u s e i n w hich arm ed men a r e h id d e n i n s i d e b ag s a f f i x e d t o p e g s on each o f t h e hu n d red p i l l a r s o f th e h o u se . The p l o t t e r s a r e d e f e a te d when E f n i s ie n sq u e e z e s t h e head o f each w a r r io r ( in t h e m anner o f M orgiana p o u r in g b o i l i n g o i l on t h e f o r t y t h i e v e s i n t h e j a r s ) and re m a rk s , " T h e re i s in t h e s e b a g s f l o u r o f a s o r t " (p. 3 6 ) .The h id in g o f th e In d ia n by th e W in d ig o 's b r o t h e r , t h e h id in g o f J a c k by th e B e a n s ta lk g i a n t ' s w ife (he was g o in g t o g r in d J a c k 's bon es to make h i s b re a d from w hat would hav e been " f l o u r o f a s o r t " ) , th e e n tra p m e n ts w i th in a bag o f i n a d v e r t e n t human food i n t h e M abinog ion : a l l th e s e g iv e e v id e n c e o f a f o l k lo r e s o u rc e f o r G u r g i 's b ag , i t s fo o d , and (p e rh a p s ) th e f a i n t w h if f o f c a n n ib a l is m . As Ju n g s a y s , " th e c o n te n t s o f th e c o l l e c t i v e u n c o n sc io u s a r e i n v a r i a b l y a r c h e ty p e s t h a t w ere p r e s e n t from th e b e g in n in g .” 9 He s t a t e s t h a t "On t h i s lo w er l e v e l w ith i t s u n c o n t r o l le d o r s c a r c e ly c o n t r o l l e d em o tio n s one b eh av es more o r l e s s l i k e a p r i m i t i v e , who i s n o t o n ly t h e p a s s iv e v ic t im o f h i s a f f e c t s b u t a l s o s i n g u l a r l y in c a p a b le o f m oral jud g em en t"( p .9 ) . I w ould have to p o in t o u t t h a t t h e " p r im i t i v e " t o w hich Ju n g i s r e f e r r i n g i s an a r c h e ty p a l o n e , f o r r e a l p r i m i t i v e p e o p le — f o r i n s t a n c e , th e O jibw a who o r i g in a t e d th e W indigo s t o r y — f i g h t d e s p e r a te ly a g a in s t t h e aw fu l t e m p ta t io n s o f s t a r ­v a t i o n , and ta k e a v ig o u r o u s ly m oral and d is a p p ro v in g a t t i t u d e to w ard c a n n ib a l is m . Such p e o p le c o n t r o l t h e i r em o tio n s by e l a b o r a t e s o c i a l m eans, o f w hich th e t e l l i n g o f W indigo s to r j .e s i s an exam ple.

T here i s a " p r i m i t i v e , " how ever, o f w hich w hat Ju n g sa y s i s p e r f e c t l y t r u e : i t i s t h a t o th e r s id e o f o u r s e lv e s w hich we r e f u s e o r f e a r t o s e e , and w hich Ju n g c a l l e d th e "S hadow ."G urgi em bodies T a r a n 's own f e a r , a s we hav e s e e n , and a l s o h i s h u n g e r , w hich i s more th a n p h y s i c a l . We may a p p ro a c h t h i s u n d e r s ta n d in g th ro u g h th e m o t i f o f th e b a g , w hich can b e g iv e n a F re u d ia n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , a s i t i s by A nton E hren zw eig :

I t may b e t h a t d e f e n s iv e hom osexual p h a n ta s y a c c e p ts th e c a s t r a t e d m ale as a t r u e e q u iv a l e n t o f th e d e v o u r in g m other o f whom he s ta n d s in e x c e s s iv e f e a r . The cu n n in g u n h e ro ic com panions o f th e h e ro a l s o s ta n d f o r th e t h r e a t o f o r a l c a s t r a t i o n . 10

F or " c a s t r a t e d , " one may r e a d " f e a r f u l ; " f o r " c u n n in g ," we r e a d in The Book o f T h re e , "A c r a f t y lo o k gleam ed i n G u r g i 's c l o s e - s e t l i t t l e e y e s " ( p .3 8 ) . He knows h i s own n a t u r e :

Once away from th e C ro ch an , G urg i r e g a in e d some o f h i s s p i r i t s . " C ra f ty G urg i found i t ! " he c r i e d . "Oh, y e s !He a lw ay s f i n d s w hat i s l o s t ! He h a s found p i g g i e s , and now he f i n d s a g r e a t c a u ld ro n o f w ick ed d o in g s and b re w in g s '. Kind m a s te r w i l l h o n o r hum ble G u rg i ." N e v e r th e le s s , h i s f a c e w r in k le d w ith f e a r . 11

He i s a f r a i d b e c a u se th e c a u ld ro n can cook d ead men b ack t o l i f e . Not s u r p r i s i n g l y , i t i s in t h e p o s s e s s io n o f t h e t h r e e e n c h a n t­r e s s e s : th e M other G oddess (who o f te n a p p e a rs in t r i p l e form ) g iv e s n o t o n ly th e f i r s t l i f e o f man from h e r womb, b u t th e second l i f e , from th e tom b. The " f e a r o f o r a l c a s t r a t i o n " can be se en a s a f i g u r e f o r d e a th , in w hich th e to m b 's m outh d e v o u rs n o t o n ly v i r i l i t y b u t l i f e . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t T a r a n 's s e a rc h f o r h i s p a r e n t s i s c o n c e n t r a te d upon h i s F a th e r ; p e rh a p s th e r o l e o f h i s M other i s ta k e n by th e t h r e e b e in g s whose " c h ic k e n " he i s .

E hren zw eig , d i s c u s s in g th e com panion f i g u r e in h i s m ost ex trem e form — th e d e v i l — s a y s ,

. . . th e y a r e t e r r i f y i n g , c u n n in g , and in p o s s e s s io n o f m agic k now ledge, b u t a t th e same tim e th e y a r e c lu m sy , r i d i c u lo u s and p o s s ib ly m u t i l a t e d . The re a s o n f o r th e s e c o n t r a d i c to r y a s p e c ts i s th e sam e: t h e i r c a s t r a t i o n . The t e r r i b l e c l e v e r d e v i l i s a l s o th e p o o r s i l l y d e v i l who g e t s h im s e l f tr a p p e d in a l l s o r t s o f c a s t r a t i o n sy m b o ls , su c h a s b a g s ... (p . 2 4 0 ) .

G urgi i s b o th "c lu m sy "— "G u rg i waved h i s arm s so w i ld ly he n e a r ly tum bled from th e s a d d le " — and a g i l e — "B e fo re E ilonw y had f i n i s h e d , a h a i r y f i g u r e , c o v e re d w ith l e a v e s and tw ig s , popped up a t t h e window, and w ith g r e a t a g i l i t y c lam b ered o v e r th e s i l l . " 12 The e x te n s io n o f th e co m p a n io n 's a m b iv a le n c e t o th e p o in t o f th e d e v i l f i g u r e i s e x p la in e d by J . R. R .T o lk ie n in h i s c l a s s i c e s s a y on B e o w u lf:

M o n ste rs o f m ore o r l e s s human sh a p e w ere n a t u r a l l y l i a b l e to dev e lo p m en t on c o n ta c t w i th C h r i s t i a n id e a s o f s i n and s p i r i t s o f e v i l . T h e ir p a ro d y o f human fo rm ...becom es sym bol­i c a l , e x p l i c i t l y , o f s i n , o r r a t h e r t h i s m y th ic a l e le m e n t, a l r e a d y p r e s e n t i m p l i c i t and u n r e s o lv e d , i s e m p h a s iz e d .13

B e o w u lf’ s a d v e r s a ry G ren d e l ( o f whom more below ) i s n e v e r th e l e s s n o t y e t a d e v i l o r m a lig n a n t s p i r i t b u t " a n o g re , a p h y s ic a l m o n s te r ," a c c o rd in g t o T o lk ie n ( p .3 8 ) .

THE COMPANION i n t h i s form h a s found i t s m ost s i g n i f i c a n t e x p r e s s io n in A m erican l i t e r a t u r e ( in w hich L loyd A le x a n d e r 's w orks m ust b e in c lu d e d ) in t h e f i g u r e o f th e In d ia n and th e N egro . The a m b iv a le n c e o f th e t r e a tm e n t a c c o rd e d th e s e f i g u r e s (n o t t o m e n tio n t h e i r r e a l - l i f e c o u n t e r p a r t s ) i s w e l l known.Among o th e r ex a m p le s , two a r e e s p e c i a l l y d i s c u s s e d by L e s l i e F i e d l e r , whose id e a s r e f l e c t t h e same so u rc e a s do th o s e o f E h ren ­

zw eig q u o te d ab o v e : Sigmund F re u d . F i e d l e r a l s o e x p r e s s e s a d e b t to C. S. Lew is who " ta u g h t me a t th e ag e o f e ig h te e n th e s e n s e i n w hich lo v e i s an i n v e n t io n and th e p o e t s i t s i n v e n t ­o r s , " 14 a s w e l l a s M arx, J u n g , and D. H. L aw rence.

S t a t e d a t i t s c o a r s e s t , we r e a d i n F i e d l e r o f h i s " th e o r y .. .a b o u t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw een s e n t im e n ta l l i f e i n A m erica and th e a r c h e ty p a l im ag e , fo u n d i n o u r f a v o u r i t e b o o k s , i n w hich a w h ite and a c o lo r e d A m erican m ale f l e e from c i v i l i z a t i o n in t o e ach o t h e r 's a rm s" (p. x ) . He d e t a i l s t h e c o n c e p t : " C o o p e r 's r e d men had an i n i t i a l a d v a n ta g e i n t h e i r d u sk y s k i n s , f o r i n th e dream s o f C a u c a s ia n s f o rb id d e n im p u lse s a r e t y p i c a l l y p r o j e c t e d in d a rk - s k in n e d f i g u r e s " ( p . 1 7 0 ) . I t i s o f c o u r s e n o t a p h y s i ­c a l hom osexual d e s i r e w hich i s m ean t— we a r e n o t t a l k i n g a b o u t T q ran and G urg i a s p o t e n t i a l l o v e r s — and F i e d l e r e x p la in s , " t h e In d ia n , t h e d i s p o s s e s s e d s c a l p e r , t h e d i s a p p e a r in g p r i m i t i v e , i s th e sym bol i n t h e L e a th e r s to c k in g T a le s f o r w hat we c a l l th e u n c o n s c io u s , w hat t h e o r th o d o x o n ce c a l l e d h e l l ; h e i s t h e e x - D evil a s r a is o n n e u r , p e rh a p s t h e m ost r h e t o r i c a l o f a l l i d - f i g u r e s i n l i t e r a t u r e " (p. 1 9 0 ) . We do n o t f i n d t h i s r a t i o n a l e le m e n t i n G u r g i 's sp e e c h , b u t n o n e th e le s s h e i s t h e b e a r e r o r a t l e a s t th e d i s c o v e r e r o f w isdom— " s e c r e t s o f f o r g in g and te m p e r in g o f m e ta l s , o f s h a p in g and f i r i n g p o t t e r y , o f p l a n t i n g and c u l t i v a t i o n " (The H igh K in g , p . 2 9 8 ) .

"And G urg i found i t , " sh o u te d G u rg i, s p r in g in g in t o th e a i r and m adly w h i r l in g a b o u t . "Y es , oh y e s ! B o ld , c l e v e r , f a i t h f u l , v a l i a n t G u rg i a lw ay s f i n d s t h in g s ! Once he found a l o s t p ig g y and on ce h e fo u n d e v i l b la c k c a u ld ro n ! Now h e f i n d s m ig h ty s e c r e t s f o r k in d ly m a s te r ! "

T aran sm ile d a t th e e x c i t e d G u rg i ( p .2 9 9 ) .T h a t , i n c i d e n t a l l y , i s t h e l a s t t h a t we h e a r o r s e e o f G u rg i i n th e P ry d a in c y c le .

F i e d l e r i s e s p e c i a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e r a c i a l a s p e c t s o f t h i s sym bol— he w r i t e s , "C ooper t e l l s p r e c i s e l y t h e same s o r t o f t r u t h a b o u t t h e In d ia n t h a t Mrs. Stow e was t o t e l l a b o u t t h e N egro , i n each i t i s g u i l t t h a t s p e a k s , t h e g u i l t o f th e w hole com m unity ( p . 1 9 1 ) . N e v e r th e le s s h e g iv e s a t t e n t i o n t o t h e w id e r sy m b o lic e le m e n ts i n t h e f i g u r e o f N ig g e r J im i n Mark T w a in 's H u c k le b e rry F in n — w hich i s som etim es s u g g e s te d a s t h e g r e a t e s t h e r o - q u e s t - rom ance i n A m erican l i t e r a t u r e :

Jim i s a l l th in g s to h im : f a t h e r and m o th e r and p la y m a te and b e lo v e d , a p p e a r in g n aked and begowned and b e w h isk e re d and p a in te d b lu e , and c a l l i n g Huck by th e names a p p r o p r i a t e to t h e i r m u lt i fo rm r e l a t i o n s h i p : "H u ck ," o r "h o n ey " o r " c h i l e " o r " b o s s , " and j u s t o n c e , " w h ite genlm an" ( p .5 8 5 ) .

T here i s s u r e l y a ch im in g h e r e w ith " f a i t h f u l G u rg i" [The H igh K in g , p p .6 -7 ) who c a l l s T a ran h i s " k in d m a s te r " and " g r e a t l o r d . "

The c o m p le x ity o f t h i s a m b iv a le n t im age o f lo v e and h a te h a s found r i c h e x p r e s s io n i n t h e w hole h i s t o r y o f ro m an ce , from e a r l i e s t t im e s . As enemy, th e a b o v e -m e n tio n e d f i g u r e o f G ren d e l i s p e rh a p s m ost c o m p e llin g :

The g rim demon who was c a l l e d G re n d e l, a n o to r io u s r a n g e r o f th e b o r d e r la n d s , who in h a b i te d th e f a s t n e s s e s o f m oors and f e n s . T h is unhappy b e in g had lo n g l i v e d i n th e la n d o f m o n s te r s , b e c a u s e God h a s damned him a lo n g w ith th e c h i ld r e n o f C a in .15

T o lk ie n s a y s t h a t G ren d e l i s n o t an a l l e g o r y ( th o u g h he r e p r e s e n t s ch ao s r e a d y to b re a k i n t o t h e u n e a sy o r d e r w rough t by m e n ): r a t h e r , h e " i n h a b i t s th e v i s i b l e w o r ld ...h e e n t e r s t h e i r h o u se s by th e d o o rs " (B e o w u lf, th e M o n ste rs a n d th e C r i t i c s , p . 2 3 ) . Nor i s h e , a s m e n tio n e d ab o v e , f u l l y a d e v i l : "The ch an g es w hich p ro d u ced (b e fo re AD 1066) th e m ediaeval d e v i l a r e n o t c o m p le te i n B eo w u lf,

9 C. G. Jung, A io h , R e sea rch es i n t o th e Phenom enology o f th eS e l f , tr a n s . R .F .C .H u ll, B o llin g e n S e r ie s XX (1 9 5 9 ), V o l .9 ,P art E . p . 8 .

10 Anton E hrenzw eig, The Hidden O rder o f A r t , W eidenreldand N ic h o lso n (London: 1 9 6 7 ) , p .2 4 5 .

11 Lloyd A lexan d er, The B la ck C a u ld ro n , D e l l , y e a r l in g Book (New York: 1 9 6 9 ) , p. 146.

12 Lloyd A lexan d er, The C a s t l e o f L ly r , p. 13; The B lack C a u ldron , p. 5 .

13 J. R. R .T o lk ie n , B e o w u lf, th e M o n sters and th e C r i t i c s ,The P ro ceed in g s o f th e B r i t i s h Academy, Volume XXE, Oxford U n iv e r s ity P r e ss (London: r e p r in te d 1 9 6 0 ) , p . 36 .

14 L e s l i e A. F ie d le r , Love and D eath in th e A m erican N o v e l, M eridian Books, World P u b lish in g Company (C levelan d : 1 9 6 2 ) , p .x i i .

15 B eo w u lf, tr a n s . David W right, Penguin Books (B a ltim ore: 1 9 5 7 ), p . 29 .

26

M Y T H L O R E 11

b u t i n G re n d e l ch an g e and b le n d in g a r e , o f c o u r s e , a l r e a d y a p p a r e n t" ( p . 3 6 ) . G re n d e l i s d r iv e n mad by t h e sound o f th e h a rp r e c o u n t in g t h e s t o r y o f th e C r e a t io n , w h i le h e i s " l u r k i n g j o y l e s s in th e d a rk w i th o u t" ( p . 28) and h e i s ra v e n o u s f o r human f l e s h , " t h e g rim and g re e d y demon" (B e o w u lf, p. 2 9 ) — h i s h u n g e r i s th u s b o th p s y c h ic ( h i s i n t o l e r a b l e l o n e l i n e s s ) and p h y s i c a l ( h i s aw fu l and i l l i c i t h u n g e r ) .

B oth a s p e c t s sy m b o liz e h i s e s s e n t i a l d e p en d en c e upon m ankind w hich a t o n ce r e j e c t s him and s e r v e s him f o r fo o d : B eow ulf i s n e c e s s a ry to G re n d e l and h e i s n e c e s s a r y t o B eow ulf. The im age o f t h e l i g h t e d h a l l o f H e o ro t , o u t s i d e o f w hich G re n d e l lu r k s in m is e ry , and i n t o w hich h e s t r i d e s in r a g e , d e p i c t s th e human c o n d i t i o n , i n w hich th e sm a ll l i g h t e d i n t e r i o r o f t h e c o n s c io u s mind f l i c k e r s on t h e ed g e o f " t h e m oors and m i s t - r i d d e n f e l l s "( p .4 3 ) . When G re n d e l b u r s t s i n t o t h e h a l l , t h a t l i g h t r e f l e c t s in h i s " h o r r i b l e f i r e l i t e y e s " ( p . 4 4 ) — i t i s a c o n f r o n t a t i o n o f th e c o n s c io u s ego w ith i t s own shadow . B eow ulf d e s t r o y s G ren d e l by l i t e r a l l y d i s - a r m in g h im , b u t i n t h e end o f th e poem, o f c o u r s e , an even m ore t e r r i b l e b e in g from th e o t h e r w o r ld — a d ra g o n , n o t m a n - l ik e a t a l l — d e s t r o y s him .

PERHAPS THE OLDEST o f s t o r i e s a b o u t th e com panion a s f r i e n d i s The E p ic o f G ilg a m esh . The h e ro G ilgam esh f i r s t d o e s b a t t l e w ith E n k id u , b r e a k in g d o o r p o s ts and sh a k in g w a l l s u n t i l E nk idu i s th ro w n , and th e y em brace and become f r i e n d s .The h a l l - w r e c k in g b a t t l e o f B eow ulf and G ren d e l comes t o m ind , and th e r e a d e r may r e f e r b ack t o T a r a n 's f i r s t e n c o u n te r w ith G u rg i , g iv e n a b o v e . E n k id u 's c h i e f t r a i t i s h i s h a i r i n e s s :

H is body was ro u g h , he had lo n g h a i r l i k e a w o m an 's ; i t waved l i k e th e h a i r o f N is a b a , th e g o d d e ss o f c o r n . H is body was c o v e re d w i th m a t te d h a i r l i k e S a m u q a n 's , th e god o f c a t t l e . He was in n o c e n t o f m an k in d ; he knew n o th in g o f th e c u l t i v a t e d l a n d . 16

T h is h a i r i n e s s , o f c o u r s e , i s a t r a i t o f G u rg i a s w e l l : T a ran "was c o v e re d w ith G u r g i 's sh e d d in g h a i r , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e d i s t r e s s i n g o d o r o f a w et w o lfh o u n d " (B ook o f T h re e , p . 3 7 ) . F fle w d d u r r e f e r s t o G u rg i a s " y o u r h a i r y f r i e n d " ( p . 1 2 5 ) , and D o li c a l l s him " a sh a g g y w h a t - i s - i t " ( p . 1 8 1 ) , w h i le i n The C a s tle o f L ly r , " S h a g g y -h a ire d G u rg i, a s t r i d e h i s p o n y , lo o k e d as m o u rn fu l a s an owl w ith a s to m ac h a c h e " ( p . 1 1 ) . T h e re i s a t l e a s t one s o u rc e f o r t h i s h a i r i n e s s i n The M a b in o g io n , i n "C ulhw ch and O lw en :" "M o rfra n so n o f T eg id (no man p la c e d h i s w eapon in him a t C am lan, so e x c e e d in g ly u g ly was h e ; a l l th o u g h t h e was a d e v i l h e lp in g . T h e re was h a i r on him l i k e t h e h a i r o f a s t a g ) " ( p . 1 0 2 ). The many a n im a l c o m p a r iso n s— "o w l" and "w o lfh o u n d " f o r G u rg i, " c a t t l e " f o r E n k id u , and " s t a g " f o r M o rf ra n — rem in d u s o f th e p o s s i b l e o r i g i n o f t h e d e v i l im ag e , o r a t l e a s t f o r h i s h a i r i n e s s , in t h e a n c i e n t b e a s t - g o d s o f P a l e o l i t h i c E u rope (and e l s e w h e r e ) .

In com m enting on t h e i d e a o f a h a i r y m o n s te r , in p a r t i c u l a r th e S a s q u a tc h , who i s a P a c i f i c N o rth w e s t r e l a t i v e o f th e Hima­la y a n A bom inab le Snowman, t h e y e t i , Mary Young w r i t e s :

S o c ia l s c i e n t i s t s h av e lo n g b e e n aw are o f th e l in k a g e w h ich can e x i s t in th e m inds o f p e o p le b e tw e e n th e s t r a n g e h a b i t s and p h y s i c a l a p p e a ra n c e o f th o s e rem oved from them i n s p a c e , tim e and by s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e . The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ich hav e been a t t r i b u t e d to " m o n s te rs " a r e a l s o o f t e n a p p l ie d to su ch g ro u p s ; l a s c i v io u s n e s s , p r o m is c u i ty , la c k o f r e l i g i o n and a bad s m e l l . 17

The f i r s t o f t h e s e t h r e e t r a i t s a r e e x p r e s s iv e o f t h a t "m o ra l n e u t r a l i t y " (a s F ry e c a l l s i t ) w h ich i n some f i g u r e s grow s i n t o th e d e v i l - im a g e , b u t th e "b ad s m e l l” i s p r e c i s e l y G u rg i: "T a ra n came t o h i s s e n s e s on a p i l e o f d i r t y s t r a w , w hich sm e lle d a s th o u g h G u rg i and a l l h i s a n c e s to r s h ad s l e p t on i t " (B ook o f T h re e , p . 6 3 ) . When T a ra n and G u rg i becom e f r i e n d s , " t h e w et w o lfhound o d o r d id n o t seem a s o b j e c t i o n a b l e a s b e f o r e " ( p . 1 2 6 ).

Mary Y o u n g 's s o u rc e f o r t h e i d e a o f m o n s te r s w h ich sh e u se s in d i s c u s s in g th e S a s q u a tc h i s A nnem arie de Waal M a l e f i j t ' s a r t i c l e , " Homo M o n stro s u s , " w h ich d e s c r i b e s t h e d ev e lo p m en t o f th e m o t i f :

When C a r l von L in n e (L in n a e u s ) w orked o u t h i s m onum ental c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f n a t u r a l th in g s i n th e 1 8 th c e n tu r y , he in c lu d e d th e s p e c i e s Homo m o n s tr o su s . By Homo m o n stro su s he m eant a s p e c i e s r e l a t e d to Homo s a p ie n s b u t m a rk ed ly d i f f e r e n t i n p h y s i c a l a p p e a ra n c e . To do L in n a e u s f u l l

j u s t i c e , he was q u i t e aw are t h a t t h e r e w ere men on a l l c o n t in e n t s who b e lo n g e d to th e s p e c ie s Homo s a p ie n s . He n o n e th e le s s b e l i e v e d , a s many o f h i s c o n te m p o ra r ie s and p r e d e c e s s o r s d i d , t h a t i n re m o te a r e a s t h e r e w ere m a n lik e c r e a t u r e s w ith w e ird c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . 18

A c c o rd in g t o t h i s a c c o u n t , t h e i d e a p e r s i s t e d f o r two th o u sa n d y e a r s , and r e s e m b le s m odern s o c i a l p r e j u d i c e s . H ero d o tu s l i s t s many m o n s t r o s i t i e s — s t r a n g e c o m b in a tio n s o f fo rm s , o n e -e y e d b e in g s and so o n . T h ese b e in g s a lw ay s l i v e d on t h e o u t e r edge o f known la n d s .

In The C i t y o f God S t. A u g u s tin e d e a l t w i th th e q u e s t io n o f th e r e a l i t y o f su c h b e in g s . I f , he w r o te , th e s t o r i e s a b o u t mon­s t e r s a r e n o t p l a i n l i e s , su c h b e in g s e i t h e r a r e n o t men a t a l l o r , i f th e y a r e m en, th e y a r e , l i k e o th e r m en, d e s c e n d a n ts o f Adam. S t .A u g u s t in e te n d e d to f a v o r th e l a s t p o s s i b i l i t y .(p . H 5 ) _

O th e r l a t e r w r i t e r s s u g g e s te d t h a t su c h b e in g s had d e g e n e ra te d by d i a b o l i c a c t i o n : N e b u ch a d n ezza r had become a " b e a s t - l i k e c r e a t u r e , " th e y n o te d . S t i l l o th e r s th o u g h t th e y had b een c r e a t e d s e p a r a t e l y by th e d e v i l . " I t was u n d e r s to o d t h a t mon­s t e r s had m o n s tro u s h a b i t s : th e y w ere n a k e d , l a s c i y i o u s , p ro m i­sc u o u s and f i l t h y ; th e y h ad a bad sm e ll and no r e l i g i o n " ( p . 1 1 5 ) .

To th e f i f t e e n t h c e n tu r y , o f c o u r s e , th e m ost fa r-a w a y p la c e was th e New W orld , w h ich some o f i t s e a r l y d i s c o v e r e r s th o u g h t was t h e u t t e r m o s t E a s t . A lth o u g h Columbus r e p o r t e d t h a t th e I n d ia n s w ere "w e ll-m a d e men who w e re ... g e n e ro u s w ith t h e i r p o s s e s s io n s " and "handsom e o f f a c e and f i g u r e and i n t e l l i g e n t "( p . 1 1 6 ) , he a l s o so le m n ly r e p o r t e d m o n s tro u s d o g -h ead ed r a c e s .The l a t t e r m o t i f c o n t in u e d to a p p e a r in r e p o r t s o f t h e New W orld and i s r e f l e c t e d i n t h e s i x t e e n t h c e n tu r y in t h e c h a r a c t e r o f C a lib a n , i n S h a k e s p e a r e 's The T em p est ( M a l e f i j t , p . 1 1 7 ) . He i s " d i s p r o p o r t i o n 1d , " " b r u t i s h , " o f a " v i l e r a c e , " a " m o n s te r ," s m e lls l i k e a f i s h , and i s m is ta k e n f o r a d e v i l . H is name i s e x p la in e d by A nnem arie de Waal M a l e f i j t a s an anagram o f " c a n [ n ] i b a l , " w hich d e r iv e s from " c a r i b a l , "— t h a t i s , a C a r ib b e a n — t h e New W orld a r e a th o u g h t to have "d o g -h e a d e d " b e in g s in i t , a s we have s e e n . G u r g i 's d o g g ish c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h av e a l r e a d y b een n o te d , and w i l l b e r e f e r r e d to a g a in below : h e i s " f a i t h f u l " and s m e l ls l i k e a w et w o lfh o u n d .

A p u p i l o f L in n a e u s s u b d iv id e d th e m o n s te r s and d e p ic te d them a s m a n lik e b u t h a i r y — a s ape-m en , in f a c t . The id e a had s u r v iv e d th e d ev e lo p m en t o f e v o lu t io n a r y th e o r y and th e s c ie n c e o f g e n e t i c s in t h e p o p u la r n o t io n o f a " m is s in g l i n k , " and many laym en do n o t y e t know t h a t " t h e a n c e s to r s o f men a r e n o t r e p r e s e n t e d among c o n te m p o ra ry ap e s p e c i e s " ( M a l e f i j t , p . 1 1 8 ). T h a t i s t o s a y , man i s n o t d e sc e n d e d from any o f th e a p e s . The id e a o f th e m o n s te r p e r s i s t s i n t h e A bom inable Snowman and h i s New W orld r e l a t i v e th e S a s q u a tc h , and h a s , o f c o u r s e , been s u c c e s s f u l l y t r a n s p l a n t e d to t h e new p e r ip h e r y o f m a n k in d 's w o r ld , t h e p l a n e t s , w here th e l i t t l e g re e n men and th e b u g -ey ed m o n s te r s s t i l l p l a y . "Homo m o n s tr o su s" and "Comments on 'S a s - q u a t c h e r y '" c o n ta in a c o n c e rn f o r th e r a c i s t o v e r to n e s o r im p l i ­c a t i o n s o f t h i s k in d o f t h in k in g , j u s t a s F i e d l e r 's book d o e s . T h a t p a r t i c u l a r e le m e n t i s n o t p a r t o f my a rg u m e n t, e x c e p t in a g e n e r a l way.

IN JUNG'S THOUGHT, th e Shadow " in v o lv e s r e c o g n iz in g t h e d a rk a s p e c t s o f th e p e r s o n a l i t y a s p r e s e n t and r e a l " (A io n , p . 8 ) . P e o p le who c a n n o t b e a r t o f a c e t h e i r own l e s s e r s e lv e s a r e condemned to do e x a c t l y t h a t , f o r th e y p r o j e c t t h e t r a i t s th e y have r e j e c t e d in t o o th e r p e o p le , e s p e c i a l l y i n t o p e o p le whose a p p e a ra n c e ( c o lo u r , r a c e , n a t i o n ­a l i t y , o r w h a t-h a v e -y o u ) a r e d i f f e r e n t from t h e i r own. Ju n g c o n t in u e s , " C lo s e r e x a m in a tio n o f t h e d a rk c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s — t h a t i s , t h e i n f e r i o r i t i e s c o n s t i t u t ­

in g th e shadow — r e v e a l s t h a t th e y have an e m o tio n a l n a t u r e , a k in d o f au tonom y, and a c c o r d in g ly an o b s e s s iv e o r , b e t t e r , p o s s e s s iv e q u a l i t y " ( p . 8 ) . G u rg i e x p r e s s e s t h e em o tio n s w hich T a ran w ish e s t o s u p p re s s i n h im s e l f . Ju n g s t a t e s t h a t th e shadow " i s a lw ay s o f th e same se x a s th e s u b je c t " (w hich a c c o u n ts f o r t h e "h o m o sex u a l" e le m e n t i n t h e com panion f i g u r e ) , and " r e p r e s e n t s f i r s t and fo re m o s t t h e p e r s o n a l u n c o n s c io u s"( p . 1 0 ) . T hu s, " w i th a l i t t l e s e l f - c r i t i c i s m one can s e e th ro u g h t h e shadow — so f a r a s i t s n a tu r e i s p e r s o n a l" (p . 1 0 ) . Ju n g c o n t in u e s , "B u t when i t a p p e a r s a s an a r c h e ty p e , one e n c o u n te r s . . . d i f f i c u l t i e s . . . . In o th e r w o rd s , i t i s q u i t e w i th in t h e bounds o f p o s s i b i l i t y f o r a man t o r e c o g n iz e t h e r e l a t i v e e v i l o f h i s n a t u r e , b u t i t i s a r a r e and s h a t t e r i n g e x p e r ie n c e f o r him to g a z e i n t o t h e f a c e o f a b s o lu te e v i l " (p. 1 0 ) . T h is s h a t t e r i n g e x p e r ie n c e i s t h a t o f B eow ulf c o n f r o n t in g G re n d e l; i t i s n o t

16 The E p ic o f G ilg a m esh , N. K .S an d ars, t r a n s . , Penguin Books (Harmondsworth: 1 9 6 0 ) , p. 61 .

17 Mary M. Young, "Comments on ' S a sq u a tc h e r y ' ," The W esternCanadian J o u rn a l o f A n th ro p o lo g y , V ol. 1 , No. 2 (J u ly , 1 9 7 0 ) , p . 8 8 .

18 Annemarie de Waal M a le f i j t , "Homo m o n stro su s ," s c i e n t i f i c A m erican (O ctob er, 1 9 6 8 ) , V ol. 21 9 , No. 4 , p . 113.

27

SHADOW FIGURES

ask ed o f T a ran . In h i s f i n a l e n c o u n te r w ith Arawn D ea th -L o rd in The H igh K in g , T aran m e re ly c le a v e s a s e r p e n t i n tw a in . H is shadow h as been s u i t e d to h i s s i z e .

G urg i em bod ies, th e n , T a r a n 's s e l f - e m a s c u la t i n g f e a r , h i s h u n g e r ( f o r s e lf -k n o w le d g e and i d e n t i t y ] — o f w hich h i s b e in g a p ig - k e e p e r i s p e rh a p s an ec h o , f o r th e p r o d ig a l so n , f a r from h i s b i r t h p l a c e , and s t a r v i n g , became a sw in e h e rd and a t e h u sk s w ith h i s p i g s — and h i s d o g l ik e d ep en d en cy : "h ad G urg i owned a t a i l , T aran was s u r e he w ould have wagged i t f r a n t i c a l l y " (Book o f T h re e , p . 3 8 ) . When T aran r e a c h e s m a tu r i t y , G urg i (and th e o th e r m a g ic a l— t h a t i s t o s a y , u n c o n s c io u s — com pan ions) w ith d ra w s:

"Y es! y e s !" sh o u te d G u rg i. " A ll go to th e la n d o f no s ig h in g s and no d y in g s ! " He bounded jo y o u s ly and waved h i s arm s in th e a i r , sh e d d in g a good p o r t io n o f w hat h a i r rem ain ed to him ."Y es, oh y e s ! A ll to g e th e r f o r e v e r ! And G u rg i, to o , w i l l f in d w hat he s e e k s . Wisdom f o r h i s p oor te n d e r h e a d !" ( The High K in g , p . 2 8 2 .)

J o la n d e J a c o b i d i s c u s s e s m aking c o n s c io u s th e u n c o n s c io u s c o n ­t e n t s (o f w hich th e shadow f i g u r e i s a c t u a l l y t h e m ost sh a llo w and im m e d ia te )— th e sym bol may be b ro u g h t to a c e r t a i n l e v e l o f c o n s c io u s n e s s " b u t w ith o u t b e in g w h o lly fa th o m e d , so t h a t i t c o n t in u e s t o be ' a l i v e ' and e f f e c t i v e ; " 19 i t may be " c o m p le te ly fa thom ed and e x p lo r e d ." becom ing " a m ere a l l e g o r y , a ' s i g n , ' o r

a c o n c e p tu a l ly unam biguous c o n te n t o f c o n s c io u s n e s s " (C om plex/ A rc h e ty p e /S y m b o l, p . 1 2 1 ) ; ( " s h e d d in g ," a s i t w e re , "w h a t h a i r r e m a in e d " ) o r i t may " n o t be u n d e r s to o d a t a l l , " r e s u l t i n g i n " a n au tonom ous s p l i n t e r p s y c h e , . . . t h a t i s , i n a l l k in d s o f n e u r o t i c and p s y c h o t ic sym ptom s" (p. 121) — su ch a b e in g a s G re n d e l. W hatever t h e r e s u l t , t h e shadow m ust be re c k o n e d w i th . T a ra n m ust a g re e w ith h i s h a i r y a d v e r s a r y , and ta k e him a lo n g a s a com panion . As A le x a n d e r s a y s i n in t r o d u c in g h i s se co n d boo k , " r e a d e r s who h av e a l r e a d y jo u rn e y e d w ith T a ran a r e a s s u r e d . . . t h a t G u rg i, d e s p i t e sh a k in g s and q u a k in g s and f e a r s f o r h i s p o o r t e n d e r h e a d , i n s i s t e d on j o i n i n g t h i s new a d v e n tu re " (The B la c k C a u ld ro n , I n t r o . , n. p. ) .

T h e re i s one l a s t p l a c e t o lo o k f o r l i g h t on G u rg i, th e shadow , and o u r s e lv e s : t h i s i s a su p e rb L i t t l e G olden Book,The M o n ster a t th e E nd o f T h is B o o k, w h ich s t a r s " lo v a b le , f u r r y o ld G ro v e r ," one o f a r a c e o f m o n s te r s f a m i l i a r t o t h e a u d ie n c e o f Sesam e S t r e e t . In t h i s s t o r y G ro v e r r e a d s t h e t i t l e , and e x c la im s "D id t h a t sa y t h e r e w i l l be a M o n ste r a t t h e end o f t h i s b ook??? IT DID? Oh, I am so s c a r e d o f M o n s t e r s ! ! ! " 20 A f te r a s e r i e s o f d e s p e r a te a t t e m p ts t o p r e v e n t t h e r e a d e r from tu r n in g th e p a g e s and r e a c h in g t h e l a s t p a g e , G ro v er m akes h i s d i s c o v e ry : "W ell lo o k a t t h a t ! T h is i s t h e end o f t h e book and th e o n ly one h e r e is ...M E . I , l o v a b le , f u r r y o ld GROVER, am th e M o n ste r a t t h e end o f t h i s b o o k ." T h is sums up my t h e s i s a d m ir­a b ly : we a r e o u r s e lv e s t h e m o n s te r s , w h e th e r we know i t o r n o t .The shadow we c a s t i s o u r own.

Nancy-Lou PattersonF e a s t o f S t . P h il ip a n d S t . Jam esAD 1 9 7 3 , W a te rlo o , O n ta rio

19 Jo lande J a c o b i, C om plex /A rch etype/S ym bol in th e P sych o­lo g y o f C .G .Jung. B o ll in g e n S e r ie s LVH, P r in c e to n U n iv e r s ity P r e ss (New York: 1 9 5 9 ) , p. 121.

20 Jon S to n e , The M onster a t th e End o f T h is B ook, L i t t l e Golden Books (1 9 7 1 ), n o t p a g in a te d .

A n Enlargem ent of B eing( c o n t in u e d f r o m p a g e 9)

th e S o c i e t y 's f u l l e r m a t u r i t y a s a l i t e r a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n — b a la n c e d , u n i t e d in i n t e l l e c t u a l h o n e s ty , a n d w o r t h i ly f u l f i l l i n g i t s s t a t e d c o m m i t m e n t . W h a t I s a y i s n o t in a n y w a y d i r e c t e d to w a r d s p e c i f i c i n d i v i d u a l s , b e c a u s e I r e c o g n i z e t h a t n o s i n g l e p e r s o n t h a t I k n o w o f p e r s o n a l l y i s a n e m b o d im e n t o f e i t h e r e r r o r . R a t h e r , r e a l p e o p le a r e c o n s t a n t ly a n d s u b t ly a l t e r i n g t h e i r o w n p o s i t i o n s on t h e s e a n d m a n y o t h e r q u e s t i o n s . I b e l i e v e t h e r e i s a r e a s o n f o r l i t e r a r y e x p e r i e n c e — w h e th e r o r n o t t h e in d iv id u a l a c k n o w le d g e s a l in k w ith s p i r i t u a l e x p e r i e n c e — in w h ic h I h o p e w e m a y a n d c a n a l l f in d a g r e e m e n t . I n g iv in g a j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r r e a d i n g g r e a t l i t e r a t u r e , C .S . L e w is s a y s i n t h e E p i lo g u e o f A n E x p e r i m e n t in C r i t i c i s m :

W h a t t h e n i s th e g o o d o f — w h a t i s e v e n th e d e f e n c e f o r — o c c u p y in g o u r h e a r t s w ith s t o r i e s o f w h a t n e v e r h a p p e n e d a n d e n t e r i n g v i c a r i o u s l y in to f e e l i n g s w h ic h w e s h o u ld t r y to a v o id h a v in g in o u r o w n p e r s o n ? . . . T h e n e a r e s t I h a v e y e t g o t to a n a n s w e r i s t h a t w e s e e k a n e n l a r g e m e n t o f o u r b e in g . W e w a n t to b e m o r e th a n o u r s e l v e s . E a c h o f u s b y n a t u r e s e e s t h e w h o le w o r ld f r o m o n e p o in t o f v ie w w ith a p e r s p e c t i v e a n d a s e l e c t i v e ­n e s s p e c u l i a r to h i m s e l f . A n d e v e n w h e n w e b u i ld d i s i n t e r e s t e d f a n t a s i e s , th e y a r e s a t u r a t e d w i th , a n d l i m i t e d b y , o u r ow n p s y c h o lo g y . . . . W e w a n t to s e e w ith o t h e r e y e s , to im a g in e w ith o t h e r i m a g i n a t i o n s , to f e e l w i th o t h e r h e a r t s , a s w e l l a s o u r o w n . . . . T h e p r i m a r y i m p u l s e o f e a c h i s to m a i n t a i n a n d a g g r a n d i s e h i m s e l f . T h e s e c o n d a r y i m p u l s e i s to g o o u t o f th e s e l f , to c o r r e c t i t s p r o v i n c i a l i s m a n d h e a l i t s l o n e l i n e s s .T h o s e o f u s w h o h a v e b e e n t r u e r e a d e r s a l l o u r l i f e s e l d o m f u l ly r e a l i s e th e e n o r m o u s e x t e n s i o n o f o u r b e in g w h ic h w e o w e to a u t h o r s . W e r e a l i s e i t b e s t w h e n w e t a l k w i th a n u n l i t e r a r y f r i e n d . H e m a y b e f u l l o f g o o d n e s s a n d g o o d s e n s e b u t h e i n ­h a b i t s a t i n y w o r ld . In i t , w e s h o u ld b e s u f f o c a t e d . T h e m a n w h o i s c o n te n t to b e o n ly h i m s e l f , a n d t h e r e f o r e l e s s a s e l f , i sin p r i s o n ------ L i t e r a r y e x p e r i e n c e h e a l s th e w o u n d , w ith o u tu n d e r m in in g th e p r i v i l e g e , o f i n d iv id u a l i t y . T h e r e a r e m a s s e m o t io n s w h ic h h e a l th e w o u n d ; b u t t h e y d e s t r o y th e p r i v i l e g e .In t h e m o u r s e p a r a t e s e l v e s a r e p o o le d a n d w e s in k b a c k in to s u b - i n d i v i d u a l i t y . B u t i n r e a d i n g g r e a t l i t e r a t u r e I b e c o m e a th o u s a n d m e n a n d y e t r e m a i n m y s e l f . L ik e t h e n ig h t s k y i n — th e G r e e k p o e m , I s e e w ith a m y r i a d e y e s , b u t i t i s s t i l l I w h o s e e . H e r e , a s in w o r s h i p , i n lo v e , in m o r a l a c t i o n , a n d in k n o w in g , I t r a n s c e n d m y s e l f ; a n d a m n e v e r m o r e m y s e l f th a n w h e n I d o .

N o tes o n T h is Issu eT h e l a s t i s s u e to o k a g r e a t d e a l o f t i m e t o b e c o m e f a c t .

T h i s w a s i n p a r t d u e to m y p e r s o n a l s a d d e n in g r e s u l t i n g f r o m th e d e a th o f J . R . R . T o lk i e n , a m a n I , a lo n g w i th m a n y o t h e r s , r e s p e c t e d a n d a d m i r e d d e e p ly . N e v e r t h e l e s s t h e i s s u e n e e d e d to b e f i n i s h e d , a n d g r a d u a l l y m y o w n p e r s o n a l f e e l i n g s w e r e f o r c e d to c o m e t o a h e a d a s I w r o t e t h e e d i t o r ­i a l " D e a th a n d t h e D e s i r e f o r D e a t h l e s s n e s s . " I t s w r i t i n g w a s a c a t h a r t i c e x p e r i e n c e , a n d n o l o n g e r h e ld b a c k b y th e i n e r t i a o f b e r e a v e m e n t , I c o u ld lo o k a g a i n lo o k f o r w a r d .

I r e a l i z e d M y th lo r e n e e d e d a l a r g e r s t a f f , in o r d e r to p u b l i s h i t , h o p e f u l ly w i th g r e a t e r f r e q u e n c y . I a s k e d L a u r e n c e K r i e g , G r a c i a F a y E l lw o o d , a n d G e o r g e C o lv in to j o i n t h e s t a f f , a n d t h e y a g r e e d . L a u r e n c e K r i e g w o u ld u n d e r t a k e t h e r o l e o f M a n a g in g E d i t o r i n a s i m i l a r f a s h io n a s h e h a d d o n e p r e v i o u s l y w i th M y t h p r i n t . A s a r e s u l t , c r e d i t g o e s to h im f o r t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n , a r r a n g i n g o f a r t , a n d l a y o u t o f m o s t o f t h e i n t e r i o u r o f t h e i s s u e (p p . 3 - 7 , a n d 1 0 - 3 1 ) . I a m d i r e c t l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n t e n t o f th e tw o c o v e r s , p a g e s 2 , 9 , a n d th e l o w e r h a l f o f t h i s p a g e . I r e g r e t I w a s n o t a b l e t o fo l lo w t h e M a n a g in g E d i t o r 's p o l i c y o f n o t c o n t in u in g e n d s o f a r t i c l e s l a t e r i n th e i s s u e . G r a c i a F a y E l lw o o d m a d e th e a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r p a g e 8 . I e x p r e s s m y t h a n k s to a l l t h e s t a f f f o r t h e i r v i t a l a s s i s t a n c e , e s ­p e c i a l l y L a u r e n c e K r i e g , i n g e t t i n g t h i s i s s u e in to f a c th o o d . P l a n s a r e n e a r l y f i n i s h e d o n th e w o r k in g o u t o f a n e w w a y o f p r o d u c in g M y th lo r e o n a r e g u l a r b a s i s . I h a v e l e a r n e d n o t t o m a k e p r e m a t u r e p r o m i s e s in p r i n t , b u t d o b o th h o p e a n d e x p e c t t h a t y o u w i l l b e s e e i n g th e n e x t i s s u e s o o n e r t h a n y o u m a y e x p e c t . — G le n H . G o o d K n ig h t

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