Van Hoang Nguyen
Mail: [email protected]
Department of Computer Science
Introduction to Computer Architecture
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Agenda
• What is a computer?
• Classes of computers
• What is computer architecture?
• History of computers
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What is a computer ?
Introduction to Computer ArchitectureVAN HOANG NGUYEN
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What is a computer ?
Introduction to Computer ArchitectureVAN HOANG NGUYEN
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What is a computer ?
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What is a computer ?
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What is a computer ?
Is a device which processes information
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Classes of computers
• Have many ways to clasify
• Essential of Material
– Machanics
– Electronics
– Biology
• How is used
– Desktop computer
– Server computer
– Embedded computer
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What „s computer architecture?
How to make a computer?
Step 04
Determine
requirementsSpecify
requirements
Design
Step 1 Sep 02 Step 03
Implementation
Instruction Set Architecture(ISA) Organization Hardware
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What‟s computer architecture?
• Programer‟view: ISA – Amdahl,1964
• Design of Computer system from it‟sinstruction set and structure down to functionunits – Harold S. Stone, 1987
• System concept integrating hardware,softwarem algorithm and languages – Hwangand Briggs, 1984
• Instruction Set Design, Organization, andHardware – Hennessy and Patterson, 1990
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What‟s computer architecture?
Computer system‟s Abstraction Levels
Compiler
Instr. Set Proc I/O System
Data Path and Control
Digital Design
Circuit Design
Layout
OS
ISA
Application• Coordination of many levelsof abstraction
• Under a rapidly changingset of forces
• Design, Measurement, andEvaluation
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History of computers
Abacus
• Abacus considered first mechanicalcomputing device
• Used beads and rods to count numbers.
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History of computers
William Oughtred (1575–1660)
• 1612, John Napier used floating pointarithmetic and invented the logarithm
• 1622, William Oughtred created the sliderule based on Napier‟s logarithms.
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History of computers
Blaise Pascal (1623–1662)
• 1642, Blaise Pascal created a machinewhich could add and substract,automatically carrying numbers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal
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History of computers
Gottfried Leibniz(1646–1716)
• 1673, Gottfried Leibnitz built a calculatorwhich could mutiply as well.
http://history-computer.com/MechanicalCalculators/Pioneers/Lebniz.html
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History of computers
Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752–1834)
• Starting the industrial age
http://www.thocp.net/timeline/1773.htmhttp://www.robinsonlibrary.com/technology/manufactures/textile/jacquard.htm
• He invented an automatic loom usingpunched cards to control patterns in thefabrics.
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History of computers
Charles Babbage(1752–1834)
• 1833, He designed the Analytical Engine
http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/DifferenceEngineBabbage.htmhttp://www.electronicsweekly.com/Articles/2008/04/01/43442/babbages-difference-engine-heads-for-california.htm
• 1822, He designed the Difference Enginewhich can compute navigational tables.
• 1991, it is built by the Science Museum inLondon
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History of computers
Herman Hollerith(1860–1929)
• Founded Hollerith Tabulating CompanyWhich became IBM in 1924
http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102630712http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hollerith
http://s960.photobucket.com/albums/ae87/writeaprogram/Nov2010/?action=view¤t=herman-hollerith-tabulating-machine.gif&newest=1
• He developed a mechanical tabulatorbased on puched cards to rapidly tabulatestatistics from millions of pieces of data
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History of computers
• 0th Generation( - 1900): Mechanics
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History of computers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zusehttp://mytechnologyworld9.blogspot.com/2009/01/most-powerful-supercomputers-brains-and.html
Konrad Zuse(1910-1995)
• 1935 – 38, He developed Z1 and Z2mechanical computers using binaryarithmetic.
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History of computers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vincent_Atanasoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Berry
John Vincent Atanasoff(1903-1995)
• 1936 – 39, They built Atanasoff-BerryComputer(ABC) for solving linear systemsin physics. Introduced ALU and rewritingmemory
Clifford Berry(1918-1963)
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History of computers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turinghttp://www.umass.edu/wsp/methodology/outline/turing.html
Alan Turing(1912-1954)
• 1943, Alan Turing built Colossus which isused to break German codes(is encryptedby ENIGMA machine).
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History of computers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aikenhttp://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1944
Howard Hathaway Aiken(1900-1973)
• 1944, Harvard Mark 1 is built, which isused to compute artillery and navigationtables
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History of computers
• ENIAC – The first Electronic Computer
• 1943, work started on ENIAC atUniversity of Pennsylvania under JohnMauchly and J. Presper Eckert withHerman Goldstein
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History of computers
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
• Used 18000 vacuum tubes
• U shaped, 25m long, 2.5m high, 1.5m wide
• Programmed by plugging cables and setting switches
• From 1 hour to 1 day to programm
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History of computers
• 1944, He joined to ENIAC team
John von Neumann(1900-1973)
• Credited with the idea of storing programs as numbers
• 1945, He proposed a stored program computer called EDVAC
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History of computers
John von Neumann‟s Architecture
• Stored program
• Instructions in a linear memory array
• Instructions in memory can be modified just like data
• Sequential instruction processing
• Program counter identifies the current instruction
• Instruction is fetched from memory and excuted
• Program counter is advanced(according to instruction)
• repeat
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History of computers
• 1947, William Shockley, John Bardeen,Walter Brattain invent the transistor
• 1949, Maurice Wilkes at Cambridgedeveloped EDSAC, the first large scale,fully operational stored program computer
• 1951, Remington-Rand sold UNIVAC 1 toUS government for $1 000 000
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History of computers• 1947, William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter
Brattain invent the transistor
• 1949, Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge developedEDSAC, the first large scale, fully operational storedprogram computer
• 1951, Remington-Rand sold UNIVAC 1 to USgovernment for $1 000 000
• 1950‟s, IBM produces series of computers(IBM701,702)
• 1957, Fortran - the first programming language isinstroduced
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History of computers
• 0th Generation( - 1900): Mechanics
• 1th Generation(1900-1957): Vancuum tube
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History of computers• 1958, Integrated Circuit invented
• 1960, DEC PDP-1, Precursor to the Minicomputer
• 1965, IBM/360 Mainframe is introduced using integrated circuits
• 1965, DEC introduced PDP-8, first minicomputer
http://www.galeon.com/colposfesz/hiacomp/tercerag.htm http://www.cedmagic.com/history/dec-pdp-8.html
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History of computers
• 0th Generation( - 1900): Mechanics
• 1th Generation(1900-1957): Vancuum tube
• 2th Generation(1957-1965): Transitor
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History of computers
• Integrated Circuit(IC): Small Scale Integration(SSI), Medium Scale Integration(MSI), Large Scale Integration(LSI).
• 1971, Intel 4004 the first microprocessor
• 1973, Xerox invents Ethernet
• 1975, First PC, MITS Altair 8800, Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote a BASIC compiler for the Altair.
http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/filmi_sangeet/film_song_1971.html http://oldcomputers.net/altair.html
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History of computers• 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak develop Apple I
in their parent‟s garage.
• 1976, Cray-1: The first supercomputer announced
• 1977, TRS-80 released by Tandy Corporation
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History of computers
• 0th Generation( - 1900): Mechanics
• 1th Generation(1900-1957): Vancuum tube
• 2th Generation(1957-1965): Transitor
• 3th Generation(1966-1980): SSI, MSI, LSI
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History of Computers
• Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and Super Large Scale Integration(SLSI)
• IBM PC 1981, Intel 8088 and DOS OS
• 1981, First “Portable Computer”
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History of Computers
• 1982, Commodore 64 released
• Sold in Retail Stores
• 10 000 commerical software titles
• Best-selling single personal computer model of all time
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History of Computers
• 1983, First PDA released
– Had 8K of RAM
– Cost $199,95 (US)
• 1984, Apple Macintosh introduced
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History of Computers
• 1991 – First 64bit Microprocessor produced by MIPS Technologies –R4000
• 2000 – IBM Releases first “Dual-Core” CPU –Power4
• 2003 – 64 bits brought mainstream with AMD64
• 2004 – Intel follows with EMT64
• 2005 – Intel releases Pentium D Dual-Core 64 bit processor
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History of computers
• 0th Generation( - 1900): Mechanics
• 1th Generation(1900-1957): Vancuum tube
• 2th Generation(1957-1965): Transitor
• 3th Generation(1966-1980): SSI, MSI, LSI
• 4th Generation(1981-): VLSI, SLSI
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References
• Computer Architecture and Parallel Processing, Kai Hwang & Fayer A. Briggs, McGraw-Hill Colege, 1984, ISBN 13: 9780070315563
• High Performance Computer Architecture, Harold S. Stone, Printice Hall, 1993, ISBN 13: 9780201526882
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