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Treatments:
-Made charms to ward off evil spirits
-Mud casts for broken limbs
-Herbal remedies made from plants/herbs andhoney
-Trephining to release evil spirits
-Sweat lodges for pain/fevers
Injuries/illnesses:
-Broken limbs (mud casts)
-Headaches (Trephining)
-Soar throats/Cuts etc. (herbal remedies)
-Fevers
-Wounds
Why people died:
-Those who were ill were left behind because the tribe has to
keep moving to keep up with the herd (for food) - starvation
-People did not survive from Trephining
-Many died from gangrene (infected open wounds)
-Polluted water supplies (by animals)
-Severe bleeding and blood loss (hunting/war wounds)
-Fever (very common)
Who treated the ill:
-The medicine man (who could communicate
with the Gods)
-Women (made home remedies)
Hunter-gatherers (19-25)
Farmers(20-27)
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Treatments:
-Simple Surgery (cutting out swellings,
sewing up wounds, trephining to ease pain)
-Herbal remedies made from plants/herbshoney and trading ingredients (e.g cinnamon)
-Charms, Prayers and Chants
-Purging
Theories:
-Blocked Channels (natural theory), people stayed
healthy as long as blood, air and water flowed through
the channels around the body (undigested food would
cause blockage)
-Gods and spirits caused diseases
Specialist Doctorse.g eye diseases and stomach or
rectum etc
General Doctors
Priests
Developments:
-Discovered and developed writing
-Found many organs in the body (although did not know
function)
-Bronze surgical instruments (developed metal working skills)
-Purging
Factors Helping and Hindering:
-War allowed doctors to discover organs from wounded and
injured soldiersimproved knowledge of anatomy
-Religion prevented dissection (believed that the body isneeded for afterlife so should be preserved)
-However Religion encouraged cleanliness so youre
respectful and stay at peace with the gods.
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Treatments:
-Prayers
-Herbal remedies from minerals and animal parts
-Rest, diet, exercise (Asclepia)
-Purging and Bleeding
-Opium, Alcohol and Wine to stop infections
Anatomy:
-Aristotles work on the importance ofthe heart
-Discoveries at Alexandria about thebrain and the heart
Public Health:
-Doctors emphasises the value of good
cleanliness
-People took care of themselves
-A few toilets were maid
Theories:
-4 humours
-Gods and spirits caused diseases
Healers:
-Priests at Asclepia
-Priests at the temple
-Specialist doctors
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Public Health:
-Hard to keep towns clean because it was full of animals and
houses were overcrowded
-The government and the King did not do anything to impro
public health, they believed that their role was to protect thecountry and keep order
-Epidemic diseases (plague) could not be stopped
Discoveries about the body:
-Doctors knew about Greek and Roman discoveries but made
none of their own and dissection was only carried out to
illustrate what Galen had said
Treatments:
-Simple Surgery on visible tumours and wounds
-Trephining
-Opium Plants to dull pain
-Surgeons used wine, vinegar and honey to clean wounds but
could not prevent heavy bleeding or infections
-Prayers and Charms
-Herbal remedies
-Rest, diet, exercise
-Purging and Bleeding
Ideas about the causes of illness:
-No change, they still believed it was caused by God, and they
still followed Hippocrates theory of unbalanced humours
-But came up with a natural theory that miasma caused
disease-Some minority groups were blamed such as Jews
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Treatments:
-Rest, diet and exercise
-Herbal remedies made from plants/herbs honey and
new trading ingredients from abroad. Successful
remedies were written down and passed from mother
to daughter
-Smoking (tobacco used to cure toothaches, joint
pains, wounds and against the black plague)
-Purging, continued to believe illness was due to
unbalanced humours
-Prayer
Public Health:
-After the first plague (1348), it didnt completely disappear
and government did not issue any orders to clean the towns
which were overcrowded and dirty
-After the second plague (1665), houses were ordered to
sweep the street outside their door and animals were not to be
kept in the city. It only helped a little
Theories:
-Par, Harvey, Vesalius theories were learnt but was not fully
accepted till later on
-Galen and Hippocrates theory of humours were learnt and
essential to them. Still a very heavy influence. Also Ibn Sina
-Believed that God sent the plague on them so they prayed
often. But had a natural theory that miasma caused Black
plague so fires were often lit in the streets
Birth ofEnquiry
Developments:
-Invention of the microscope in the
1600s allowed scientists for the first
time to see tiny organisms but no one
connected this to disease
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Smallpox:
-Treatment was inoculation (spreading pus from a smallpox pustule into a
cut in the skin of a healthy personsome were lucky developing only a
weak form of smallpox (antibodies), they did not know how this worked)
-Inoculations became good business, making people wealthy because
treatment was costly, but there were dangers: There was a chance that
person could catch the full disease and dies, they could accidentally pass it
on to someone else and many could not afford inoculations
Theories:
-FADING THEORY: Disease was caused by God or was caused
because of unbalanced humours-Still believed miasma caused illness
-Spontaneous Generation (automatically generated by decay)
-Germ Theory (Pasteur believed illness was caused by bacteria)
Smallpox Treatment:
-Vaccination (Jenner) against smallpox
Changes - Healers:
-Nursing reform (Seacole and Nightingale,
improving conditions and hygiene, and
tending to the wounded on the battlefield)
-First women to become doctors (Elizabeth
Anderson and Elizabeth Blackwell (US))
Discoveries:
-Germ Theory
-Koch identified specific bacterium
-Pasteurs discovery of vaccinationmethod to treat a range of diseases
Koch
Pasteur
Blackwell
Anderson
Nightingale
Seacole
Jenner
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New Discoveries:
-James Simpsons chloroform was a new and
effective anaesthetic allowing longer and deeper
operations
-Listers Carbolic Acid was a very effective
antiseptic, starting aseptic surgery so less germs
were carried and death rates lowered
-Microscopes developed to study bacteria/germs in
detaillead to Koch, Pasteur and Jenner's
discoveries. Joseph Lister developed a much more
powerful microscope
Simpson
Lister
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Public Health:
-Passed a Public Health Act1848 setting up a national board of
health: Tried to improve water supply and sewers and medical
officers to inspect encouraged reform
-Most had to share outside toilets and got water from a street
pump
-Toilets cleaned by night men and waste was carried away by
carts
-Taxes to pay for cleaning streets and building sewers and
water pipes
-Government becomes more involved
-1875 enforces reform on towns with high death rates
New Discoveries:
-Chadwicks Public Health Act 1848
-Snows discovery that dirty water caused cholera
-Octavia Hills act of cleanliness led to similar
schemes and persuaded the government to pass the
1975 Artisans Dwelling Act
The Great Clean-Up:
-Based on 1875 Public Health Act
-Locals councils forced to provide clean water,
public toilets, and proper sewers/drains
-Councils forced to appoint a Medical Officer ofHealth and sanitary inspectors to inspect public
health facilities
-Other laws were passed helping improve standards
of housing, stopped pollution of rivers
Hill
Snow Chadwick
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Theories:
-Germ Theory
-Genetic Causes (Inherited - DNA)
Discoveries and Treatments:
-Chemical drugs (sulphonamides) e.g. magic bullet
-Antibiotic (Penicillin- discovered by Fleming and
developed and mass produced by Florey and Chain)
-Genetic Medicine (developed after the discovery ofDNA structure and what each part does)
Fleming
Florey and Chain
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Surgery:
-Discovery of blood type groups which enabled blood
transfusions
-McIndoe introduced plastic surgery to the world
(originally skin grafts for soldiers who were severely
disfigured), now used for a range of different purposes
(beauty)
-Transplants (after effective anaesthetics), surgeons
could perform more complex operations (first heart
transplant)
-Keyhole and micro surgery (better technology)
allowed surgery to be performed under a tiny hole
Knowledge of body:
-Discovery of DNA allowed to link with inherited
factors from parent to child
-Invented X-Rays to examine bones and fractures indetail
McIndoe
Crick and Watson Barnard
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Lloyd George
Beveridge
Rowntree
Booth
Bevan
Public Health:
-Government became increasingly concerned about
the welfare of citizens and became more involved
with public health schemes
-In the 1900s help was given to the poor, sick, and
unemployed (benefits), paid by tax-payers (1911
National Insurance Act) introduced by Lloyd George
-1942 Beveridge Report recommended the NHS
scheme (doctors, nurses etc. became governmentemployed and basically NHS set up today)
-1948 NHS was set up providing free healthcare for
all citizens, paid by the government and tax-payers
increasing life expectancy and decreasing death rates